메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 55, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 441-448

Isotopic signatures of extinct low-temperature hydrothermal chimneys in the Jaroso Mars analog

Author keywords

Carbon; Hydrothermal; Isotopes; Jarosite; Mars; Oxygen

Indexed keywords

CALCITE; CARBON; HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS; ISOTOPES; MARTIAN SURFACE ANALYSIS; ORIFICES; OXYGEN;

EID: 33846955812     PISSN: 00320633     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2006.09.004     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 0025230987 scopus 로고
    • Stable isotope analysis of multiple carbonate samples using selective acid extraction
    • Al-Aasm I., Taylor B.E., and South B. Stable isotope analysis of multiple carbonate samples using selective acid extraction. Chem. Geol. (Isot. Geosci. Sect.) 80 (1990) 119-125
    • (1990) Chem. Geol. (Isot. Geosci. Sect.) , vol.80 , pp. 119-125
    • Al-Aasm, I.1    Taylor, B.E.2    South, B.3
  • 3
    • 0021034052 scopus 로고
    • Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems
    • Arthur M.A., Anderson T.F., Kaplan I.R., Veizer J., and Land L.S. (Eds), SEPM Short Course, Columbia
    • Anderson T.F., and Arthur M.A. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems. In: Arthur M.A., Anderson T.F., Kaplan I.R., Veizer J., and Land L.S. (Eds). Stable isotopes in sedimentary geology vol. 10 (1983), SEPM Short Course, Columbia 1-151
    • (1983) Stable isotopes in sedimentary geology , vol.10 , pp. 1-151
    • Anderson, T.F.1    Arthur, M.A.2
  • 4
    • 33846966315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barnes, H.L., (Ed.). 1997. Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, third ed. Wiley, New York, 972p.
  • 6
    • 0021082128 scopus 로고
    • Chronologie du magmatisme neogene des Cordilleres Betiques (Espagne meridionale)
    • Bellon H., Bordet P., and Montenat C. Chronologie du magmatisme neogene des Cordilleres Betiques (Espagne meridionale). Bull. Soc. Geol. France 25 (1983) 205-217
    • (1983) Bull. Soc. Geol. France , vol.25 , pp. 205-217
    • Bellon, H.1    Bordet, P.2    Montenat, C.3
  • 7
    • 33846950825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benito, R., 1993. Hibridacion del manto y asimilacion de corteza continental en el magmatismo calco-alcalino y shoshonýtico' del SE de Espana. Ph.D. Thesis, UAM, 222p.
  • 8
    • 0344850190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sr and O isotope constraints on source and crustal contamination in the high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic neogene volcanic rocks of SE Spain
    • Benito R., López-Ruiz J., Cebriá J.M., Hertogen J., Doblas M., Oyarzun R., and Demaiffe D. Sr and O isotope constraints on source and crustal contamination in the high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic neogene volcanic rocks of SE Spain. Lithos 46 4 (1999) 773-802
    • (1999) Lithos , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 773-802
    • Benito, R.1    López-Ruiz, J.2    Cebriá, J.M.3    Hertogen, J.4    Doblas, M.5    Oyarzun, R.6    Demaiffe, D.7
  • 9
    • 33846990121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bishop, J.L., 1999. Hydrothermal alteration products as key to formation of duricrust and rock coatings on Mars. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXX 1887.pdf.
  • 10
    • 33847000551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bishop, L., Schiffman, P., Lane, M.D., Dyar, M.D., 2005. Solfataric alteration in Hawaii as a mechanism for formation of the sulfates observed on Mars by Omega and the MER instruments. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVI 1456.pdf.
  • 11
    • 0025592896 scopus 로고
    • Iron-sulfur mineralogy of Mars: magmatic evolution and chemical weathering products
    • Burns R.G., and Fisher D.S. Iron-sulfur mineralogy of Mars: magmatic evolution and chemical weathering products. J. Geophys. Res. 95 (1990) 14415-14421
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95 , pp. 14415-14421
    • Burns, R.G.1    Fisher, D.S.2
  • 12
    • 0036321826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ancient hydrocarbon seeps from the Mesozoic convergent margin of California: carbonate geochemistry, fluids and palaeoenvironments
    • Campbell K.A., Farmer J.D., and Des Marais D. Ancient hydrocarbon seeps from the Mesozoic convergent margin of California: carbonate geochemistry, fluids and palaeoenvironments. Geofluids 2 (2002) 63-91
    • (2002) Geofluids , vol.2 , pp. 63-91
    • Campbell, K.A.1    Farmer, J.D.2    Des Marais, D.3
  • 13
    • 33846955086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carrillo Rosua, F.J., 2005. El depósito epitermal de oro-cobre de Palai-Islica (Carboneras, Almería). Mineralogía, Geoquímica y metalogenia. Tesis Doctoral, Univ. Granada, 421pp.
  • 14
    • 0346750586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron sulphides at the epithermal gold-copper deposit of Palai-Islica (Almería, SE Spain)
    • Carrillo-Rosúa F.J., Morales S., and Fenoll Hach-Alí P. Iron sulphides at the epithermal gold-copper deposit of Palai-Islica (Almería, SE Spain). Miner. Mag. 67 (2003) 1059-1080
    • (2003) Miner. Mag. , vol.67 , pp. 1059-1080
    • Carrillo-Rosúa, F.J.1    Morales, S.2    Fenoll Hach-Alí, P.3
  • 17
    • 5044226966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Miocene Mud volcano and its plumbing system: a chaotic complex revisited (Monferrato, NW Italy)
    • Clari P., Cavagna S., Martire L., and Hunziker J. A Miocene Mud volcano and its plumbing system: a chaotic complex revisited (Monferrato, NW Italy). J. Sediment. Res. 74 5 (2004) 662-676
    • (2004) J. Sediment. Res. , vol.74 , Issue.5 , pp. 662-676
    • Clari, P.1    Cavagna, S.2    Martire, L.3    Hunziker, J.4
  • 18
    • 0141863498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary minerals of the Mazarron-Aguilas, Mining District, Murcia Province, Spain
    • De Baranda B.S., Tanago J.G., and Vinals J. Secondary minerals of the Mazarron-Aguilas, Mining District, Murcia Province, Spain. Mineral. Rec. 34 4 (2003) 315-318
    • (2003) Mineral. Rec. , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 315-318
    • De Baranda, B.S.1    Tanago, J.G.2    Vinals, J.3
  • 19
    • 0030434821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in clay minerals; a potential single-mineral paleothermometer
    • Delgado A., and Reyes E. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in clay minerals; a potential single-mineral paleothermometer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 4285-4289
    • (1996) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.60 , pp. 4285-4289
    • Delgado, A.1    Reyes, E.2
  • 21
    • 0034432243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrothermal systems: doorways to early biosphere evolution
    • Farmer J. Hydrothermal systems: doorways to early biosphere evolution. GSA Today 10 7 (2000) 1-4
    • (2000) GSA Today , vol.10 , Issue.7 , pp. 1-4
    • Farmer, J.1
  • 22
    • 0032416050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of Fe-silicates and Fe-oxides on bacterial surfaces in hydrothermal deposits collected near the Southern Explorer Ridge in the northeast Pacific Ocean
    • Fortin D., Ferris F.G., and Scott S.D. Formation of Fe-silicates and Fe-oxides on bacterial surfaces in hydrothermal deposits collected near the Southern Explorer Ridge in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Amer. Mineral. 83 (1998) 1399-1408
    • (1998) Amer. Mineral. , vol.83 , pp. 1399-1408
    • Fortin, D.1    Ferris, F.G.2    Scott, S.D.3
  • 24
    • 31844443732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory-simulated acid-sulfate weathering of basaltic materials: implications for formation of sulfates at Meridiani Planum and Gusev crater. Mars
    • Golden D.C., Ming D.W., Morris R.V., and Mertzman S.A. Laboratory-simulated acid-sulfate weathering of basaltic materials: implications for formation of sulfates at Meridiani Planum and Gusev crater. Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 110 E12 (2005) E12S07
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. Planets , vol.110 , Issue.E12
    • Golden, D.C.1    Ming, D.W.2    Morris, R.V.3    Mertzman, S.A.4
  • 25
    • 33846992279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grymes, R., Briggs, R., 2005. Astrobiological explorations in the NASA Astrobiology Institute: Earth analogues for Mars and beyond European Geosciences Union. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 7 ( abstract 09899).
  • 26
    • 0029415889 scopus 로고
    • Polymetallic massive sulfides at the modern seafloor: a review
    • Herzig P.M., and Hannington M.D. Polymetallic massive sulfides at the modern seafloor: a review. Ore Geol. Rev. 10 (1995) 95-115
    • (1995) Ore Geol. Rev. , vol.10 , pp. 95-115
    • Herzig, P.M.1    Hannington, M.D.2
  • 27
    • 33846964157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herzig, P.M., Petersen, S., 2002. Polymetallic massive sulphide deposits at the modern seafloor and their resource potential, International Seabed Area. International Seabed Authority, 29p.
  • 30
    • 0005665367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Martian exobiology: introduction
    • Jakosky B.M. Martian exobiology: introduction. J. Geophys. Res. Planet 102 E10 (1997) 23673-23674
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. Planet , vol.102 , Issue.E10 , pp. 23673-23674
    • Jakosky, B.M.1
  • 31
    • 0035849891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kelley, D.S., Karson, J.A., Blackman, D.K., Fruh-Green, G.L., Butterfield, D.A., Lilley, M.D., Olson, E.J., Schrenk, M.O., Roe, K.K., Lebon, G.T., Rivizzigno, P., AT3-60 Shipboard Party, 2001. An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30°N. Nature 412, 145.
  • 33
    • 85130073768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2O, pH, and oxidation state on the stability of Fe minerals on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 110(e12), Art. no. E12S10.
  • 35
    • 14844360647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sulfates in the north polar region of Mars detected by OMEGA/Mars express
    • Langevin Y., Poulet F., Bibring J.P., and Gondet B. Sulfates in the north polar region of Mars detected by OMEGA/Mars express. Science 307 5715 (2005) 1584-1586
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , Issue.5715 , pp. 1584-1586
    • Langevin, Y.1    Poulet, F.2    Bibring, J.P.3    Gondet, B.4
  • 36
    • 0019234351 scopus 로고
    • La region volcanica neogena del sureste de Espana
    • Lopez-Ruiz J., and Rodriguez Badiola E. La region volcanica neogena del sureste de Espana. Estud. Geol. 36 (1980) 563-569
    • (1980) Estud. Geol. , vol.36 , pp. 563-569
    • Lopez-Ruiz, J.1    Rodriguez Badiola, E.2
  • 37
    • 33846969171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • López Gutiérrez, J., López García, J.A., Martínez-Frías, J., Lunar, R., 1993a. Fluid inclusion study of the seafloor hydrothermal deposit of Las Herrerías (SE Spain). Arch. Mineral. XLIX.(1), 133-134.
  • 38
    • 28244482189 scopus 로고
    • El Rombohorst mineralizado de Las Herrerías: un caso de "Doming" e hidrotermalismo submarino mioceno en el SE Ibérico
    • López Gutiérrez J., Martínez-Frías J., Lunar R., and López García J.A. El Rombohorst mineralizado de Las Herrerías: un caso de "Doming" e hidrotermalismo submarino mioceno en el SE Ibérico. Estud. Geol. 49 1-2 (1993) 13-19
    • (1993) Estud. Geol. , vol.49 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 13-19
    • López Gutiérrez, J.1    Martínez-Frías, J.2    Lunar, R.3    López García, J.A.4
  • 39
    • 7244236319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jarosite as an indicator of water-limited chemical weathering on Mars
    • Madden M.E.E., Bodnar R.J., and Rimstidt J.D. Jarosite as an indicator of water-limited chemical weathering on Mars. Nature 431 (2004) 821-823
    • (2004) Nature , vol.431 , pp. 821-823
    • Madden, M.E.E.1    Bodnar, R.J.2    Rimstidt, J.D.3
  • 40
    • 33846953931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Madoz, P., 1847. Diccionario Geográfico-Estadístico-Histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar. Madrid, La Ilustración. Est. Tipográfico-literario Universal, vol. VII, 270p.
  • 41
    • 0026397297 scopus 로고
    • Sulphide and sulphosalt mineralogy and paragenesis from the Sierra Almagrera veins (Betic Cordillera)
    • Martínez-Frías J. Sulphide and sulphosalt mineralogy and paragenesis from the Sierra Almagrera veins (Betic Cordillera). Estud. Geol. 47 5-6 (1991) 271-279
    • (1991) Estud. Geol. , vol.47 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 271-279
    • Martínez-Frías, J.1
  • 42
    • 33846978085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Martínez-Frías, J., 1993. The Fe-Mn-Ag deposit of Las Herrerías (SE Spain). In: Fenoll, P., Torres Ruiz, J., Gervilla, F., Velasco, F. (Eds.) Field Trip Guide Book, second Biennial. Society of Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, SGA, pp. 45-58.
  • 43
    • 0032936624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mining vs. Geological Heritage: The Cuevas del Almanzora Natural Area (SE Spain), AMBIO
    • Martínez-Frías J. Mining vs. Geological Heritage: The Cuevas del Almanzora Natural Area (SE Spain), AMBIO. J. Hum. Environ. 28 2 (1999) 204-207
    • (1999) J. Hum. Environ. , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 204-207
    • Martínez-Frías, J.1
  • 44
  • 46
    • 33846997561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Martínez-Frías, J., Navarro, A., Font, X., Viladevall, M., 1993. Preliminary modelling of the hydrothermal system "Herrerías-Almagrera-Almenara" (Betic Cordillera, Spain). In: Fenoll, P., Torres Ruiz, J., Gervilla, F. (Eds.), Current Research in Geology Applied to Ore deposits, Society of Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, vol. I, pp. 747-751.
  • 47
    • 0040510721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First reference of pyrite framboids in a Hg-Sb mineralization: the Valle del Azogue mineral deposit (SE Spain). Neues
    • Martínez-Frías J., Navarro A., and Lunar R. First reference of pyrite framboids in a Hg-Sb mineralization: the Valle del Azogue mineral deposit (SE Spain). Neues. Neues Jb. Miner. Mh 4-97 (1997) 175-184
    • (1997) Neues Jb. Miner. Mh , vol.4-97 , pp. 175-184
    • Martínez-Frías, J.1    Navarro, A.2    Lunar, R.3
  • 48
    • 33846971629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Martínez-Frías, J., Lunar, R., Rodriguez Losada, J.A., 2000. Hydrothermal mineralization in SE Spain as possible volcanics-related metallogenetic model for the early Mars, second Astrobiology Minisymposium, CAB (CSIC/INTA), associated to NASA Astrobiology Institute, Madrid, Spain (abstract).
  • 49
    • 33846991275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Martínez-Frías, J., Lunar, R., Mangas, J., Delgado, A., Barragan, G., Sanz-Rubio, E., Diaz, E., Benito, R., Boyd, T., 2001. Evaporitic and hydrothermal gypsum from SE iberia: geology, geochemistry, and implications for searching for life on Mars, Geological Society of America (GSA) Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, November 5-8 (abstract).
  • 50
    • 20544434290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The volcanism-related multistage hydrothermal system of El Jaroso (SE Spain): implications for the exploration of Mars
    • Martínez-Frías J., Lunar R., Rodríguez-Losada J.A., and Delgado A. The volcanism-related multistage hydrothermal system of El Jaroso (SE Spain): implications for the exploration of Mars. Earth Planets Space 56 (2004) 5-8
    • (2004) Earth Planets Space , vol.56 , pp. 5-8
    • Martínez-Frías, J.1    Lunar, R.2    Rodríguez-Losada, J.A.3    Delgado, A.4
  • 52
    • 0001175714 scopus 로고
    • On the isotope chemistry of carbonates and a paleotemperature scale
    • McCrea J.M. On the isotope chemistry of carbonates and a paleotemperature scale. J. Chem. Phys. 18 (1950) 849-857
    • (1950) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.18 , pp. 849-857
    • McCrea, J.M.1
  • 53
    • 33846947950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Merinero, R., 2005. Procesos de biomineralización multiframboidal en chimeneas submarinas metanógenas del Golfo de Cádiz, Diploma de Estudios Avanzados, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 71p.
  • 54
    • 33846984612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Montenat, C., Seilacher, A., 1978. Les turbidites messinienses à Helminthoides et Paleodictyon du bassin de Vera (Cordillère bétiques orientales). Indications PalÈobathymetriques. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 7, T.XX.
  • 55
    • 33846949710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morales, S., 1994. Mineralogía, geoquímica y metalogenia de los yacimientos hidrotermales del SE de Espana (Aguilas-Sierra Almagrera). Tesis Doctoral, CSIC-U. de Granada, 254p.
  • 56
    • 33846979470 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of polysaline fluids during the ore genesis of the hydrothermal deposits at Aguilas-Sierra Almagrera (SE Spain)
    • Morales S., Quilez E., and Fenoll Hach-Ali P. The evolution of polysaline fluids during the ore genesis of the hydrothermal deposits at Aguilas-Sierra Almagrera (SE Spain). Bol. Soc. Esp. Mineral. 18 1 (1995) 292-293
    • (1995) Bol. Soc. Esp. Mineral. , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 292-293
    • Morales, S.1    Quilez, E.2    Fenoll Hach-Ali, P.3
  • 57
    • 33846970893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Navarro, A., Font, X., Viladevall, M., Virto, L., 1992. Caracterización geoquímica de los sistemas epitermales del borde oriental de las Cordilleras Béticas (Sector Almagrera-Almenara). V Congr. Geoquimica Soria. 98-106.
  • 58
    • 24144469155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of hydrothermal processes and systems on Earth and implications for Martian analogues
    • Pirajno F., and Van Kranendonk M.J. Review of hydrothermal processes and systems on Earth and implications for Martian analogues. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 52 3 (2005) 329-351
    • (2005) Aust. J. Earth Sci. , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 329-351
    • Pirajno, F.1    Van Kranendonk, M.J.2
  • 59
    • 0029171481 scopus 로고
    • Hyperthermophilic life at deep-sea hydrothermal vents
    • Prieur D., Erauso G., and Jeanthon C. Hyperthermophilic life at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Planet Space Sci. 43 1-2 (1995) 115-122
    • (1995) Planet Space Sci. , vol.43 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 115-122
    • Prieur, D.1    Erauso, G.2    Jeanthon, C.3
  • 61
    • 0037474087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resources of the sea floor
    • Rona P. Resources of the sea floor. Science 299 5607 (2003) 673-674
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , Issue.5607 , pp. 673-674
    • Rona, P.1
  • 62
    • 0001145089 scopus 로고
    • Seafloor hydrothermal mineralization: new perspectives
    • Rona P.A., and Scott S.D. Seafloor hydrothermal mineralization: new perspectives. Econ. Geol. 88 (1993) 1933-1975
    • (1993) Econ. Geol. , vol.88 , pp. 1933-1975
    • Rona, P.A.1    Scott, S.D.2
  • 63
    • 33846972661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rull, F., Martinez-Frias, J., Medina, J., Sanz, A., Gonzalez-Pastor, E., 2004. Comparative analysis of mineral sulphates from Rio Tinto and Jaroso Ravin (Spain) using XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Sixth International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy Applied to the Earth and Planetary Sciences (GeoRaman 2004), June 6-11 Honolulu, Hawai'I (abstract).
  • 64
    • 33846958058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rull, F., Martinez-Frias, J., Medina, J., 2005. Surface mineral analysis from two possible Martian analogs (Rio Tinto and Jaroso Ravine, Spain) using micro-, macro-, and remote laser Raman spectroscopy. European Geosciences Union, Geophys. Res. Abstr. 7 (abstract 09114).
  • 65
    • 11144296361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A perspective on the role of minerals in prebiotic synthesis AMBIO
    • Schoonen M., Smirnov A., and Cohn C. A perspective on the role of minerals in prebiotic synthesis AMBIO. J. Hum. Environ. 33 8 (2004) 539-551
    • (2004) J. Hum. Environ. , vol.33 , Issue.8 , pp. 539-551
    • Schoonen, M.1    Smirnov, A.2    Cohn, C.3
  • 67
    • 0032784621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cold-seeps and authigenic carbonate formation in Monterey Bay
    • Stakes D.S., Orange D., Paduan J.B., and Salamy K.A. Cold-seeps and authigenic carbonate formation in Monterey Bay. Calif. Mar. Geol. 159 (1999) 93-109
    • (1999) Calif. Mar. Geol. , vol.159 , pp. 93-109
    • Stakes, D.S.1    Orange, D.2    Paduan, J.B.3    Salamy, K.A.4
  • 68
    • 0036205605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teske, A., Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe, Edgcomb, V., Gomez, Alvin de Vera, Kysela, D., Sylva, S.P., Sogin, M.L., Jannasch, H.W., 2002. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68(4), 1994-2007.
  • 69
    • 33846969911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urquhart, M. L., Gulick, V., 2003. 〈http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/mer2003/pdf/9031.pdf〉.
  • 70
    • 0035849844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lost city found
    • Von Damm K.L. Lost city found. Nature 412 (2001) 127
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 127
    • Von Damm, K.L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.