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"Shan Women and Girls and the SexIndustry in Southeast Asia: Political Causes and Human Rights Implications"
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Beyrer (see note 8).
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Social Science and Medicine
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Beyrer, C.1
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24
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33846937486
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"Health Consequences of the Trafficking of Women and Girls in Southeast Asia"
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Brown Journal of World Affairs
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Beyrer, C.1
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25
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0003446788
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"Thailand's Response to AIDS: Building on Success, Confronting the Future"
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referring to World Bank Thailand Office, (Bangkok: The World Bank)
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C. Beyrer, Ibid., p. 109, referring to World Bank Thailand Office, "Thailand's Response to AIDS: Building on Success, Confronting the Future" (Bangkok: The World Bank, 2000).
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Beyrer, C.1
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26
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33846901288
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27
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33846902983
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S. Kasem and P. Charoensuthipan, "350,000 Working Without Work Permits," Bangkok Post (June 18, 2005).
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Bangkok Post
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Kasem, S.1
Charoensuthipan, P.2
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33846922937
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"Migrant's Big Dream Built on Sorting Shrimps"
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(July 24). Available at
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S. Nolen, "Migrant's Big Dream Built on Sorting Shrimps," The Globe and Mail (July 24, 2004). Available at http://www.workopohs.com/ servlet/Content/fasttrack/20040724/THAI24?section=Trades.
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The Globe and Mail
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33846904453
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AVERT.org, HIV & AIDS in Thailand. Available at http://www.avert.org/ aidsthai.htm.
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HIV & AIDS in Thailand
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(2003)
Health Policy
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Ainsworth, M.1
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33846929562
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UNAIDS, Available at
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Evaluation of the 100% Condom Programme in Thailand
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36
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Beyrer (see note 8).
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Social Science and Medicine
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Beyrer, C.1
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39
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33846938458
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We defined unsafe migration to mean the situation in which the movement of persons is insecure, particularly for those who are undocumented, because of the unscrupulous behavior of border officials, traffickers, and others and a lack of information with which to make choices and assess risks. Trafficking in persons is a form of unsafe migration and is defined in international law as "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation." Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children
-
We defined unsafe migration to mean the situation in which the movement of persons is insecure, particularly for those who are undocumented, because of the unscrupulous behavior of border officials, traffickers, and others and a lack of information with which to make choices and assess risks. Trafficking in persons is a form of unsafe migration and is defined in international law as "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation." Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, General Assembly Res. 25, anne II, 55 UN GAOR Supp. No. 49, at 60, UN Doe. A/45/49 (Vol. 1) (2001).
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55 UN GAOR Supp. No. 49
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40
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33846898423
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Smuggling is another form of unsafe migration; however, in contrast to trafficking, adults consent to be smuggled. Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Crime, G.A. Res. 55/25, annex II, UN Doc. A/45/49
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Smuggling is another form of unsafe migration; however, in contrast to trafficking, adults consent to be smuggled. Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Crime, G.A. Res. 55/25, annex II, 55 UN GAOR Supp. No. 49, at 65, UN Doc. A/45/49 (Vol. I) (2001).
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55 UN GAOR Supp. No. 49
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C. Zimmerman, K. Yun, C. Watts, I. Shvab, L. Trappolin, M. Trappete, F. Bimbi, S. Jiraporn, L. Beci, M. Albrecht, J. Bindel, and L. Regan, The Health Risks and Consequences of Trafficking of Women and Adolescents: Findings from a European Study. Available at http://www.Ishtm.ac.uk/hpu/ docs/traffickingfinal.pdf#search=%22zimmerman%20health%20risks% 20trafficking%22.
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The Health Risks and Consequences of Trafficking of Women and Adolescents: Findings from a European Study
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Zimmerman, C.1
Yun, K.2
Watts, C.3
Shvab, I.4
Trappolin, L.5
Trappete, M.6
Bimbi, F.7
Jiraporn, S.8
Beci, L.9
Albrecht, M.10
Bindel, J.11
Regan, L.12
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42
-
-
33846936420
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
43
-
-
33846910649
-
-
Interview with Nang Hseng Noung Nang Pi, and Shan Women's Action Network (SWAN), May 14, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview with Nang Hseng Noung Nang Pi, and Shan Women's Action Network (SWAN), May 14, 2004, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
45
-
-
33846902497
-
-
Interview with Nang Hseng Noung, Nang Pi, and Shan Women's Action Network (SWAN), May 14, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview (see note 39).
-
(2004)
-
-
-
46
-
-
33846902745
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 12, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 12, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
47
-
-
33846909665
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
48
-
-
33846901063
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
49
-
-
33846916603
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Ibid.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
50
-
-
33846931718
-
-
Interview with Philippa Curwen of Burma Relief Centre (BRC), May 15, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview with Philippa Curwen of Burma Relief Centre (BRC), May 15, 2004, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
51
-
-
33846917083
-
-
Interview with NGO staff member, May 14, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with NGO staff member, May 14, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
52
-
-
33846896086
-
-
Interview with Nang Hseng Noung, Nang Pi, and Shan Women's Action Network (SWAN), May 14, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview (see note 39).
-
(2004)
-
-
-
53
-
-
33846897703
-
-
Interview with Philippa Curwen of Burma Relief Centre (BRC), May 15, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview (see note 46).
-
(2004)
-
-
-
54
-
-
33846900359
-
-
Interview with Nang Hseng Noung, Nang Pi, and Shan Women's Action Network (SWAN), May 14, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview (see note 48).
-
(2004)
-
-
-
55
-
-
33846931477
-
-
Interview with Philippa Curwen of Burma Relief Centre (BRC), May 15, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview (see note 46).
-
(2004)
-
-
-
57
-
-
33846914578
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
58
-
-
33846919030
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 11, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 11, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
59
-
-
33846939203
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 15, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 15, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
-
-
-
-
60
-
-
33846912648
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
61
-
-
33846920023
-
-
Interview with volunteer physician, May 13, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with volunteer physician, May 13, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
62
-
-
33846925810
-
-
Interview with Migrant community leader, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Migrant community leader, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
63
-
-
33846912400
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
64
-
-
33846921722
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
65
-
-
33846932946
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
66
-
-
33846917399
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
67
-
-
33846933922
-
-
Interview with Burmese Migrant, May 10, Mae Sot. Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese Migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot. Thailand.
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(2004)
-
-
-
68
-
-
33846914794
-
-
Interview with Daw Htay Htay and Nyo Nyo Soe of Burma Women's Union (BWU), May 12, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Daw Htay Htay and Nyo Nyo Soe of Burma Women's Union (BWU), May 12, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
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(2004)
-
-
-
69
-
-
33846915620
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 18, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 18, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
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(2004)
-
-
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70
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10744228287
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"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquisition Associated with Genital Ulcer Disease and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection: A Nested Case-Control Study in Rakai, Uganda"
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D. Serwadda, R. Gray, N. Sewankambo, M. Chen, T. Quinn, T. Lutalo, N. Kiwanuka, G. Kigozi, F. Nalugoda, M. Meehan, R. Ashley Morrow, and M. Wawer, "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquisition Associated with Genital Ulcer Disease and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection: A Nested Case-Control Study in Rakai, Uganda," The Journal of Infectious Diseases 188/10 (2003): pp. 1259-63.
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Serwadda, D.1
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Chen, M.4
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Lutalo, T.6
Kiwanuka, N.7
Kigozi, G.8
Nalugoda, F.9
Meehan, M.10
Ashley Morrow, R.11
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71
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"Relative Risks and Population Attributable Fraction of Incident HIV Associated with Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Treatable Symptomatic Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Rakai District, Uganda"
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R. Gray, M. Wawer, N. Sewankambo, D. Serwadda, C. Li, L. Moulton, T. Lutalo, F. Wabwire-Mangen, M. Meehan, S. Ahmed, L. Paxton, N. Kiwanuka, F. Nalugoda, E. Korenromp, and T. Quinn, "Relative Risks and Population Attributable Fraction of Incident HIV Associated with Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Treatable Symptomatic Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Rakai District, Uganda," AIDS 13/15 (1999): pp. 2113-23.
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Gray, R.1
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Li, C.5
Moulton, L.6
Lutalo, T.7
Wabwire-Mangen, F.8
Meehan, M.9
Ahmed, S.10
Paxton, L.11
Kiwanuka, N.12
Nalugoda, F.13
Korenromp, E.14
Quinn, T.15
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72
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"HIV-1 Infection among Female Commercial Sex Workers in Rural Thailand"
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J. Gray, G. Dore, Y. Li, S. Supawitkul, P. Effler, J. Kaldor, "HIV-1 Infection among Female Commercial Sex Workers in Rural Thailand," AIDS 11/1 (1997): pp. 89-94.
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Gray, J.1
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Li, Y.3
Supawitkul, S.4
Effler, P.5
Kaldor, J.6
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73
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"Non-ulcerative Sexually Transmitted Diseases as Risk Factors for HIV-1 Transmission in Women: Results from a Cohort Study"
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M. Laga, A. Manoka, M. Kivuvu, B. Malele, M. Tuliza, N. Nzila, J. Goeman, F. Behets, V. Batter, and M. Alary, "Non-ulcerative Sexually Transmitted Diseases asRisk Factors for HIV-1 Transmission in Women: Results from a Cohort Study," AIDS 7/1 (1993): pp. 95-102.
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Laga, M.1
Manoka, A.2
Kivuvu, M.3
Malele, B.4
Tuliza, M.5
Nzila, N.6
Goeman, J.7
Behets, F.8
Batter, V.9
Alary, M.10
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74
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0025119346
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"The Association of Genital Ulcer Disease and HIV Infection at a Dermatology-STD Clinic in Uganda"
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P. Nsubuga, R. Mugerwa, and J. Nsibambi, "The Association of Genital Ulcer Disease and HIV Infection at a Dermatology-STD Clinic in Uganda," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 3/10 (1990): pp. 1002-5.
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Nsubuga, P.1
Mugerwa, R.2
Nsibambi, J.3
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75
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-
33846910729
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 18, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 18, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
76
-
-
33846935864
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 18, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Ibid.
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(2004)
-
-
-
77
-
-
33846899153
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 18, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 18, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
78
-
-
33846927664
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10 and 11, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10 and 11, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
79
-
-
33846909924
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 11, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 11, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
80
-
-
33846915619
-
-
Interview with volunteer physician, May 11, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with volunteer physician, May 11, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
81
-
-
33846910150
-
-
Interview with Burmese Migrant, May 14, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese Migrant, May 14, 2004. Chiang Mai, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
82
-
-
85044814523
-
"Fertility and Abortion: Burmese Women's Health on the Thai-Burma Border"
-
S. Belton, and C. Maung, "Fertility and Abortion: Burmese Women's Health on the Thai-Burma Border," Forced Migration Review 19 (2004): pp. 36-7.
-
(2004)
Forced Migration Review
, vol.19
, pp. 36-37
-
-
Belton, S.1
Maung, C.2
-
83
-
-
33846921203
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
84
-
-
33846921721
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 15, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 15, 2004, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
85
-
-
33846938693
-
-
Interview with staff physician, Mae Sot Provincial Hospital, May, Mae Sot Thailand
-
Interview with staff physician, Mae Sot Provincial Hospital, May 2004, Mae Sot Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
86
-
-
33846937743
-
-
Interview with staff physician, Mae Sot Provincial Hospital, May, Mae Sot Thailand
-
Ibid.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
87
-
-
33846902982
-
-
Interview with staff physician, Mae Sot Provincial Hospital, May, Mae Sot Thailand
-
Ibid.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
88
-
-
33846916821
-
-
Interview with Burmese community health outreach worker, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese community health outreach worker, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
89
-
-
0037309345
-
HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Burmese Migrant Factory Workers in Tak Province, Thailand"
-
L. Mullany, C. Maung, and C. Beyrer, HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Burmese Migrant Factory Workers in Tak Province, Thailand," AIDS Care 15/1 (2003): pp. 63-70.
-
(2003)
AIDS Care
, vol.15
, Issue.1
, pp. 63-70
-
-
Mullany, L.1
Maung, C.2
Beyrer, C.3
-
90
-
-
33846913607
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 14, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 14, 2004, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
91
-
-
33846921468
-
-
Interview, NGO worker, May 14, Chiang Mai, Thailand
-
Interview, NGO worker, May 14, 2004, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
92
-
-
33846926685
-
-
Interview with Daw Htay Htay and Nyo Nyo Soe of Burma Women's Union (BWU), May 12, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview (see note 64).
-
(2004)
-
-
-
93
-
-
33846928850
-
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 12 and 13, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview with Burmese migrant, May 12 and 13, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
94
-
-
33846918803
-
-
Interview, Burmese NGO worker, May 12, Mae Sot, Thailand
-
Interview, Burmese NGO worker, May 12, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
-
(2004)
-
-
-
95
-
-
33846938097
-
-
Thailand acceded to the ICCPR in 1997. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A.. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, UN Doc. A/6316
-
Thailand acceded to the ICCPR in 1997. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A.. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16 at 49, UN Doe. A/6316 (1966).
-
(1966)
21st Sess., Supp. No. 16
, pp. 49
-
-
-
96
-
-
33846938097
-
-
Thailand acceded to the ICESCR in 1999. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), UN GAOR, UN Doc. A/6316
-
Thailand acceded to the ICESCR in 1999. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), UN GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, at 49, UN Doc. A/6316 (1966).
-
(1966)
21st Sess., Supp. No. 16
, pp. 49
-
-
-
97
-
-
33846935131
-
-
Thailand acceded to the CEDA in 1985. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), G.A. Res. 34/180, UN GAOR, UN Doc. A/34/46
-
Thailand acceded to the CEDA in 1985. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), G.A. Res. 34/180, UN GAOR, 34th Sess., Supp. No. 46, at 193, UN Doc. A/34/46 (1979).
-
(1979)
34th Sess., Supp. No. 46
, pp. 193
-
-
-
98
-
-
33846921962
-
-
Employment Policy Convention (ILO No. 122), entered into force July 9, Thailand ratified it in 1969
-
Employment Policy Convention (ILO No. 122), 569 U.N.T.S. 65, entered into force July 9, 1965. Thailand ratified it in 1969.
-
(1965)
U.N.T.S.
, vol.569
, pp. 65
-
-
-
99
-
-
33846923723
-
-
Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (ILO No. 105), entered into force January 17, Thailand ratified it in 1969
-
Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (ILO No. 105), 320 U.N.T.S. 291, entered into force January 17, 1959. Thailand ratified it in 1969.
-
(1959)
U.N.T.S.
, vol.320
, pp. 291
-
-
-
100
-
-
33846939204
-
-
For a list of signatures and ratifications, see
-
For a list of signatures and ratifications, see http://www.unodc.org/ unodc/crime_cicp_signatures_trafficking.html.
-
-
-
-
101
-
-
33846938097
-
-
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 6(1)
-
ICCPR (see note 91), Article 6(1).
-
(1966)
21st Sess., Supp. No. 16
, pp. 49
-
-
-
102
-
-
33846938097
-
-
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 9(1)
-
Ibid., Article 9(1).
-
(1966)
21st Sess., Supp. No. 16
, pp. 49
-
-
-
103
-
-
33846938097
-
-
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 19(2)
-
Ibid., Article 19(2).
-
(1966)
21st Sess., Supp. No. 16
, pp. 49
-
-
-
104
-
-
33846938097
-
-
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 6(1)
-
ICESCR (see note 92), Article 6(1).
-
(1966)
21st Sess., Supp. No. 16
, pp. 49
-
-
-
105
-
-
33846938097
-
-
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 12
-
ICESCR (see note 92), Article 12;
-
(1966)
21st Sess., Supp. No. 16
, pp. 49
-
-
-
106
-
-
33846935131
-
-
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), G.A. Res. 34/180, UN GAOR, UN Doc. A/34/46 Article 11.1(f)
-
CEDAW (see note 93), Article 11.1(f).
-
(1979)
34th Sess., Supp. No. 46
, pp. 193
-
-
-
107
-
-
33846925220
-
-
note
-
For example, Article 3 of CEDAW requires the promotion of gender equality in every aspect of life; Articles 3 of the ICESCR and ICCPR require assurance of equality for women and men of the rights set forth in each treaty.
-
-
-
-
108
-
-
33846938097
-
-
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316. Article 26
-
ICCPR (see note 91), Article 26;
-
(1966)
21st Sess., Supp. No. 16
, pp. 49
-
-
-
109
-
-
33846938097
-
-
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 3
-
ICESCR (see note 92), Article 3.
-
(1966)
21st Sess., Supp. No. 16
, pp. 49
-
-
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