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Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 88-111

Human rights abuses and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS: The experiences of Burmese women in Thailand

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; GENDER ISSUE; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH SERVICES; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN RIGHTS; WOMENS HEALTH;

EID: 33846928263     PISSN: 10790969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4065403     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (109)
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    • We defined unsafe migration to mean the situation in which the movement of persons is insecure, particularly for those who are undocumented, because of the unscrupulous behavior of border officials, traffickers, and others and a lack of information with which to make choices and assess risks. Trafficking in persons is a form of unsafe migration and is defined in international law as "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation." Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children
    • We defined unsafe migration to mean the situation in which the movement of persons is insecure, particularly for those who are undocumented, because of the unscrupulous behavior of border officials, traffickers, and others and a lack of information with which to make choices and assess risks. Trafficking in persons is a form of unsafe migration and is defined in international law as "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation." Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, General Assembly Res. 25, anne II, 55 UN GAOR Supp. No. 49, at 60, UN Doe. A/45/49 (Vol. 1) (2001).
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    • Smuggling is another form of unsafe migration; however, in contrast to trafficking, adults consent to be smuggled. Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Crime, G.A. Res. 55/25, annex II, 55 UN GAOR Supp. No. 49, at 65, UN Doc. A/45/49 (Vol. I) (2001).
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    • Interview with Nang Hseng Noung Nang Pi, and Shan Women's Action Network (SWAN), May 14, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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  • 45
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    • Interview (see note 39).
    • (2004)
  • 46
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  • 49
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  • 50
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    • (2004)
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    • (2004)
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    • (2004)
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    • (2004)
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    • (2004)
  • 76
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    • (2004)
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    • Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10 and 11, Mae Sot, Thailand
    • Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10 and 11, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
    • (2004)
  • 79
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    • Interview with Burmese migrant, May 11, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
    • (2004)
  • 80
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    • Interview with volunteer physician, May 11, Mae Sot, Thailand
    • Interview with volunteer physician, May 11, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
    • (2004)
  • 81
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    • Interview with Burmese Migrant, May 14, Chiang Mai, Thailand
    • Interview with Burmese Migrant, May 14, 2004. Chiang Mai, Thailand.
    • (2004)
  • 82
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    • "Fertility and Abortion: Burmese Women's Health on the Thai-Burma Border"
    • S. Belton, and C. Maung, "Fertility and Abortion: Burmese Women's Health on the Thai-Burma Border," Forced Migration Review 19 (2004): pp. 36-7.
    • (2004) Forced Migration Review , vol.19 , pp. 36-37
    • Belton, S.1    Maung, C.2
  • 83
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    • Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
    • Interview with Burmese migrant, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
    • (2004)
  • 84
    • 33846921721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Burmese migrant, May 15, Chiang Mai, Thailand
    • Interview with Burmese migrant, May 15, 2004, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
    • (2004)
  • 85
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    • Interview with staff physician, Mae Sot Provincial Hospital, May, Mae Sot Thailand
    • Interview with staff physician, Mae Sot Provincial Hospital, May 2004, Mae Sot Thailand.
    • (2004)
  • 86
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    • Interview with staff physician, Mae Sot Provincial Hospital, May, Mae Sot Thailand
    • Ibid.
    • (2004)
  • 87
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    • Ibid.
    • (2004)
  • 88
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    • Interview with Burmese community health outreach worker, May 10, Mae Sot, Thailand
    • Interview with Burmese community health outreach worker, May 10, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
    • (2004)
  • 89
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    • HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Burmese Migrant Factory Workers in Tak Province, Thailand"
    • L. Mullany, C. Maung, and C. Beyrer, HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Burmese Migrant Factory Workers in Tak Province, Thailand," AIDS Care 15/1 (2003): pp. 63-70.
    • (2003) AIDS Care , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 63-70
    • Mullany, L.1    Maung, C.2    Beyrer, C.3
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    • Interview with Burmese migrant, May 14, Chiang Mai, Thailand
    • Interview with Burmese migrant, May 14, 2004, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
    • (2004)
  • 91
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    • Interview, NGO worker, May 14, Chiang Mai, Thailand
    • Interview, NGO worker, May 14, 2004, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
    • (2004)
  • 92
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    • Interview with Daw Htay Htay and Nyo Nyo Soe of Burma Women's Union (BWU), May 12, Mae Sot, Thailand
    • Interview (see note 64).
    • (2004)
  • 93
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    • Interview with Burmese migrant, May 12 and 13, Mae Sot, Thailand
    • Interview with Burmese migrant, May 12 and 13, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
    • (2004)
  • 94
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    • Interview, Burmese NGO worker, May 12, Mae Sot, Thailand
    • Interview, Burmese NGO worker, May 12, 2004, Mae Sot, Thailand.
    • (2004)
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    • Thailand acceded to the ICCPR in 1997. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A.. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, UN Doc. A/6316
    • Thailand acceded to the ICCPR in 1997. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A.. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16 at 49, UN Doe. A/6316 (1966).
    • (1966) 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16 , pp. 49
  • 96
    • 33846938097 scopus 로고
    • Thailand acceded to the ICESCR in 1999. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), UN GAOR, UN Doc. A/6316
    • Thailand acceded to the ICESCR in 1999. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), UN GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, at 49, UN Doc. A/6316 (1966).
    • (1966) 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16 , pp. 49
  • 97
    • 33846935131 scopus 로고
    • Thailand acceded to the CEDA in 1985. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), G.A. Res. 34/180, UN GAOR, UN Doc. A/34/46
    • Thailand acceded to the CEDA in 1985. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), G.A. Res. 34/180, UN GAOR, 34th Sess., Supp. No. 46, at 193, UN Doc. A/34/46 (1979).
    • (1979) 34th Sess., Supp. No. 46 , pp. 193
  • 98
    • 33846921962 scopus 로고
    • Employment Policy Convention (ILO No. 122), entered into force July 9, Thailand ratified it in 1969
    • Employment Policy Convention (ILO No. 122), 569 U.N.T.S. 65, entered into force July 9, 1965. Thailand ratified it in 1969.
    • (1965) U.N.T.S. , vol.569 , pp. 65
  • 99
    • 33846923723 scopus 로고
    • Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (ILO No. 105), entered into force January 17, Thailand ratified it in 1969
    • Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (ILO No. 105), 320 U.N.T.S. 291, entered into force January 17, 1959. Thailand ratified it in 1969.
    • (1959) U.N.T.S. , vol.320 , pp. 291
  • 100
    • 33846939204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a list of signatures and ratifications, see
    • For a list of signatures and ratifications, see http://www.unodc.org/ unodc/crime_cicp_signatures_trafficking.html.
  • 101
    • 33846938097 scopus 로고
    • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 6(1)
    • ICCPR (see note 91), Article 6(1).
    • (1966) 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16 , pp. 49
  • 102
    • 33846938097 scopus 로고
    • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 9(1)
    • Ibid., Article 9(1).
    • (1966) 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16 , pp. 49
  • 103
    • 33846938097 scopus 로고
    • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 19(2)
    • Ibid., Article 19(2).
    • (1966) 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16 , pp. 49
  • 104
    • 33846938097 scopus 로고
    • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 6(1)
    • ICESCR (see note 92), Article 6(1).
    • (1966) 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16 , pp. 49
  • 105
    • 33846938097 scopus 로고
    • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 12
    • ICESCR (see note 92), Article 12;
    • (1966) 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16 , pp. 49
  • 106
    • 33846935131 scopus 로고
    • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), G.A. Res. 34/180, UN GAOR, UN Doc. A/34/46 Article 11.1(f)
    • CEDAW (see note 93), Article 11.1(f).
    • (1979) 34th Sess., Supp. No. 46 , pp. 193
  • 107
    • 33846925220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For example, Article 3 of CEDAW requires the promotion of gender equality in every aspect of life; Articles 3 of the ICESCR and ICCPR require assurance of equality for women and men of the rights set forth in each treaty.
  • 108
    • 33846938097 scopus 로고
    • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), 21 UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316. Article 26
    • ICCPR (see note 91), Article 26;
    • (1966) 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16 , pp. 49
  • 109
    • 33846938097 scopus 로고
    • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), UN GAOR, UN Doc.A/6316 Article 3
    • ICESCR (see note 92), Article 3.
    • (1966) 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16 , pp. 49


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