Endocrine Effects of Breast Cancer Treatment

Seminars in Oncology Nursing

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 55-70

  Stricker, Carrie Tompkins ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Fertility preservation; Menopausal symptoms; Osteoporosis; Ovarian toxicity

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BONE; BREAST TUMOR; DRUG EFFECT; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; FEMALE; FERTILITY; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; MENOPAUSE; MIDDLE AGED; NURSING; OSTEOPOROSIS; OVARY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RADIOGRAPHY; VAGINA;

ADULT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BONE AND BONES; BREAST NEOPLASMS; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; FEMALE; FERTILITY; HOT FLASHES; HUMANS; MENOPAUSE; MIDDLE AGED; OSTEOPOROSIS; OVARY; VAGINA;

EID: 33846892734     PISSN: 07492081     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2006.11.006     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Hewitt M., Greenfield S., and Stovall E. From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition (2006), The National Academies Press, Washington, DC
2. Partridge A.H., and Winer E.P. Long-term complications of adjuvant chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer. Breast Disease 21 (2004) 55-64
3. Hudson M.M. A model for care across the cancer continuum. Cancer 104 suppl 11 (2005) 2638-2642
4. Carlson R.W., Brown E., Burstein H.J., et al. NCCN Task Force Report: adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. J Natl Comp Cancer Ntwk 4 suppl 1 (2006) S1-S26
5. Oktay K., Nugent D., Newton H., et al. Isolation and characterization of primordial follicles from fresh and cryopreserved human ovarian tissue. Fertility Sterility 67 (1997) 481-486
6. Lobo R.A. Potential options for preservation of fertility in women. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 64-73
7. Bines J., Oleske D.M., and Cobleigh M.A. Ovarian function in premenopausal women treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 14 (1996) 1718-1729
8. Knobf M.T. The influence of endocrine effects of adjuvant therapy on quality of life outcomes in younger breast cancer survivors. Oncologist 11 (2006) 96-110
9. Partridge A.H., Gelber S., Gelber R., et al. Delayed premature menopause following chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer: long-term results from IBCSG trial V. [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 687
10. Goodwin P.J., Ennis M., Pritchard K.I., et al. Risk of menopause during the first year after breast cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 17 (1999) 2365-2370
11. Goldhirsch A., Gelber R.D., and Castiglione M. The magnitude of endocrine effects of adjuvant chemotherapy for premenopausal breast cancer patients. The International Breast Cancer Study Group. Ann Oncol 1 (1990) 183-188
12. Petrek J.A., Naughton M.J., Case L.D., et al. Incidence, time course, and determinants of menstrual bleeding after breast cancer treatment: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 1045-1051
13. Sonmezer M., and Oktay K. Fertility preservation in young women undergoing breast cancer therapy. Oncologist 11 (2006) 422-434
14. Ganz P.A. Adjuvant therapy for breast cancer: no pain, no gain?. Breast Diseases: A Year Book Quarterly 16 (2006) 320-322
15. Mom C.H., Buijs C., Willemse P.H., et al. Hot flushes in breast cancer patients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 57 (2006) 63-77
16. Gupta P., Sturdee D.W., Palin S.L., et al. Menopausal symptoms in women treated for breast cancer: the prevalence and severity of symptoms and their perceived effects on quality of life. Climacteric 9 (2006) 49-58
17. Carpenter J.S., Andrykowski M.A., Cordova M., et al. Hot flashes in postmenopausal women treated for breast carcinoma: prevalence, severity, correlates, management, and relation to quality of life. Cancer 82 (1998) 1682-1691
18. Carpenter J.S., Johnson D., Wagner L., et al. Hot flashes and related outcomes in breast cancer survivors and matched comparison women. Oncol Nurs Forum Online 29 (2002) E16-E25
19. Carpenter J.S. Hot flashes and their management in breast cancer. Semin Oncol Nurs 16 (2000) 214-225
20. Zibecchi L., Greendale G.A., and Ganz P.A. Comprehensive menopausal assessment: an approach to managing vasomotor and urogenital symptoms in breast cancer survivors. Oncol Nurs Forum 30 (2003) 393-405
21. Kronenberg F. Hot flashes: phenomenology, quality of life, and search for treatment options. Exp Gerontol 29 (1994) 319-336
22. Freedman R. Hot flashes: behavioral treatments, mechanisms, and relation to sleep. Am J Med 118 suppl 2 (2005) 124-130
23. Couzi R.J., Heelzlsouer K.J., and Fetting J.H. Prevalence of menopausal symptoms among women with a history of breast cancer and attitudes toward estrogen replacement therapy. J Clin Oncol 13 (1995) 2737-2744
24. Fellowes D., Fallowfield L.J., Saunders C.M., et al. Tolerability of hormone therapies for breast cancer: how informative are documented symptom profiles in medical notes for 'well-tolerated' treatments?. Breast Cancer Res Treat 66 (2001) 73-81
25. Ganz P. Menopause and breast cancer. Innov Breast Cancer Care 2 (1997) 42-47
26. Ganz P.A., Rowland J.H., Desmond K., et al. Life after breast cancer: understanding women's health related quality of life and sexual functioning. J Clin Oncol 16 (1998) 501-514
27. Young-McCaughan S. Sexual functioning in women with breast cancer after treatment with adjuvant therapy. Cancer Nurs 19 (1996) 308-319
28. Whelan T.J., Goss P.E., Ingle J.N., et al. Assessment of quality of life in MA.17: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of letrozole after 5 years of tamoxifen in postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 6931-6940
29. Coombes R.C., Hall E., Gibson L.J., et al. A randomized trial of exemestane after two to three years of tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 1081-1092
30. Fallowfield L., Cella D., Cuzick J., et al. Quality of life of postmenopausal women in the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) adjuvant breast cancer trial. J Clin Oncol 22 (2004) 4261-4271
31. Nystedt M., Berglund G., Bolund C., et al. Randomized trial of adjuvant tamoxifen and/or goserelin in premenopausal breast cancer-self rated physiological effects and symptoms. Acta Oncologica 39 (2000) 959-968
32. Hickey M., Saunders C.M., and Stuckey B. Management of menopausal symptoms in patients with breast cancer: an evidence-based approach. Lancet Oncol 6 (2005) 687-695
33. Holmberg L., and Anderson H. HABITS (Hormone Replacement Therapy after Breast Cancer - is it safe?), a randomized comparison: trial stopped. Lancet 363 (2004) 453-455
34. Batur P., Blixen C.E., Moore H.C., et al. Menopausal hormone therapy (HT) in patients with breast cancer. Maturitas 53 (2006) 123-132
35. Loprinzi C., Levitt R., Barton D., et al. Phase III comparison of depomedroxyprogesterone acetate to venlafaxine for managing hot flashes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial N99C7. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 1409-1414
36. Loprinzi C., Michalak J., Quella S., et al. Megestrol acetate for the prevention of hot flashes. N Engl J Med 331 (1994) 347-352
37. Quella S., Loprinzi C., Sloan J., et al. Long term use of megestrol acetate by cancer survivors for the treatment of hot flashes. Cancer 82 (1998) 1784-1788
38. Barton D., Loprinzi C., Quella S., et al. Depomedroxyprogesterone acetate for hot flashes. J Pain Symptom Manage 24 (2002) 603-607
39. Bertelli G., Venturini M., Del Mastro L., et al. Intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone versus oral megestrol for the control of post-menopausal hot flashes in breast cancer patients: a randomized study. Ann Oncol 13 (2002) 883-888
40. Landgren M., Bennink H., Helmond F., et al. Dose-response analysis of effects of tibolone on climacteric symptoms. Br J Obstet Gynecol 109 (2002) 1109-1114
41. Biglia N., Torta R., Roagna R., et al. Evaluation of low-does venlafaxine hydrochloride for the therapy of hot flushes in breast cancer survivors. Maturitas 52 (2005) 78-85
42. Loprinzi C.L., Kugler J.W., Sloan J.A., et al. Venlafaxine in management of hot flashes in survivors of breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 356 (2000) 2059-2063
43. Stearns V., Beebe K.L., Iyengar M., et al. Paroxetine controlled release in the treatment of menopausal hot flashes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 289 (2003) 2827-2834
44. Loprinzi C.L., Sloan J.A., Perez E.A., et al. Phase III evaluation of fluoxetine for treatment of hot flashes. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 1578-1583
45. Kimmick G.G., Lovato J., McQuellon R., et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of sertraline (Zoloft) for the treatment of hot flashes in women with early stage breast cancer taking tamoxifen. Breast J 12 (2006) 114-122
46. Evans M., Pritts E., Vittinghoff E., et al. Management of postmenopausal hot flushes with venlafaxine hydrochloride: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 105 (2005) 161-166
47. Suvanto-Luukkonen E., Koivunen R., Sundstrom H., et al. Citalopram and fluoxetine in the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms: a prospective, randomized, 9-month, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Menopause 12 (2005) 18-26
48. Stearns V., Johnson M., Rae J., et al. Active tamoxifen metabolite plasma concentrations after coadministration of tamoxifen and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine. J Natl Cancer Inst 95 (2003) 1758-1764
49. Jin Y., Desta Z., Stearns V., et al. CYP2D6 genotype, antidepressant use, and tamoxifen metabolism during adjuvant breast cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (2005) 30-39
50. Loprinzi C., Stearns V., and Barton D. Centrally active nonhormonal hot flash therapies. Am J Med 118 suppl 2 (2005) 118-123
51. Pandya K., Morrow G., Roscoe J., et al. Gabapentin for hot flashes in 420 women with breast cancer: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 366 (2005) 818-824
52. Guttuso T., Kurlan R., McDermott M., et al. Gabapentin's effects on hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 101 (2003) 337-345
53. Laufer L., Erlik Y., Meldrum D., et al. Effect of clonidine on hot flashes in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 60 (1982) 583-586
54. Nagamani M., Kelver M., and Smith E. Treatment of menopausal hot flashes with transdermal administration of clonidine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156 (1987) 561-565
55. Pandya K., Raubertas R., Flynn P., et al. Oral clonidine in post-menopausal patients with breast cancer experiencing tamoxifen-induced hot flashes: a University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program study. Ann Intern Med 132 (2000) 788-793
56. Goldberg R., Loprinzi C., O'Fallon J., et al. Transdermal clonidine for ameliorating tamoxifen-induced hot flashes. J Clin Oncol 12 (1994) 155-158
57. Aiello E., Yasui Y., Tworoger S., et al. Effects of a yearlong, moderate-intensity exercise intervention on the occurrence and severity of menopause symptoms in postmenopausal women. Menopause 11 (2004) 382-388
58. Ueda M. A 12-week structured education and exercise program improved climacteric symptoms in middle-aged women. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 23 (2004) 143-148
59. Lindh-Astrand L., Nedstrand E., Wyon Y., et al. Vasomotor symptoms and quality of life in previously sedentary postmenopausal women randomized to physical activity or estrogen therapy. Maturitas 48 (2004) 97-105
60. Carpenter J.S., Wells N., Lambert B., et al. A pilot study of magnetic therapy for hot flashes after breast cancer. Cancer Nurs 25 (2002) 104-109
61. Jacobs J., Herman P., Heron K., et al. Homeopathy for menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med 11 (2005) 21-27
62. Winther K., Rein E., and Hedman C. Femal, a herbal remedy made from pollen extracts, reduces hot flushes and improves quality of life in menopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study. Climacteric 8 (2005) 162-170
63. Freedman R., and Woodward S. Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flushes: evaluation by ambulatory monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 167 (1992) 436-439
64. Germaine L., and Freedman R. Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flashes: evaluation by ambulatory monitoring. J Consult Clin Psychol 52 (1984) 1072-1079
65. Irvin J., Domar A., Clark C., et al. The effects of relaxation response training on menopausal symptoms. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 17 (1996) 202-207
66. Wyon Y., Wijma K., Nedstrand E., et al. A comparison of acupuncture and oral estradiol treatment of vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 7 (2004) 153-164
67. Nedstrand E., Wijma K., Wyon Y., et al. Vasomotor symptoms decrease in women with breast cancer randomized to treatment with applied relaxation or electro-acupuncture: a preliminary study. Climacteric 8 (2005) 243-250
68. Filshie J., Bolton T., Browne D., et al. Acupuncture and self acupuncture for long-term treatment of vasomotor symptoms in cancer patients-audit and treatment algorithm. Acupunct Med 23 (2005) 171-180
69. Krebs E., Ensrud K., MacDonald R., et al. Phytoestrogens for treatment of menopausal symptoms: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 104 (2004) 824-836
70. Jacobson J.S., Troxel A.B., Evans J., et al. Randomized trial of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes among women with a history of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 19 (2001) 2739-2745
71. Pockaj B., Loprinzi C., Sloan J., et al. Pilot evaluation of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes in women. Cancer Invest 22 (2004) 515-521
72. Lontos S., Jones R., Angus P., et al. Acute liver failure associated with the use of herbal preparations containing black cohosh. Med J Aust 179 (2003) 390-391
73. Barton D., Loprinzi C., Quella S., et al. Prospective evaluation of vitamin E for hot flashes in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 16 (1998) 495-500
74. Keefer L., and Blanchard E. A behavioral group treatment program for menopausal hot flashes: results of a pilot study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 30 (2005) 21-30
75. Schover L., Jenkins R., Sui D., et al. Randomized trial of peer counseling on reproductive health in African American breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 1620-1626
76. Ganz P.A., Greendale G.A., Petersen L., et al. Managing menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 92 (2000) 1054-1064
77. Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. SOCG Clinical Practice Guidelines. The detection and management of vaginal atrophy. Int J Gynecol Obstet 88 (2005) 222-228
78. Castelo-Branco C., Cancelo M., Villero J., et al. Management of post-menopausal vaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis. Maturitas 52S (2005) S46-S52
79. Bachmann G., and Nevadunsky N. Diagnosis and treatment of atrophic vaginitis. Am Fam Physician 61 (2000) 3090-3096
80. Anderson E., Forrest A., Hawkins R., et al. Primary systemic therapy for operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer 63 (1991) 561-566
81. Kalogeraki A., Tamiolakis D., Relakis K., et al. Cigarette smoking and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. In Vivo 10 (1996) 597-600
82. Cardozo L., Bachmann G., McClish D., et al. Meta-analysis of estrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women: second report of the hormones and urogenital therapy committee. Obstet Gynecol 92 (1998) 722-727
83. Barentsen R., van de Weijer P.H., and Schram J.H. Continuous low dose estradiol released from a vaginal ring versus vaginal cream for urogenital atrophy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 71 (1997) 73-80
84. Dew J., Wren B., and Eden J. A cohort study of topical vaginal estrogen therapy in women previously treated for breast cancer. Climacteric 6 (2003) 45-52
85. Kendall A.H., Dowsett M., Folkerd E.J., et al. Vaginal estrogens appear to be contraindicated in postmenopausal women on adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. [abstract]. Breast Cancer Res Treat 94 suppl 1 (2005) 6044
86. Johnston A. Estrogens - pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with special reference to vaginal administration and the new estradiol formulation - Estring. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 163 suppl (1996) 16-25
87. Handa V., Bachus K., Johnston W., et al. Vaginal administration of low-dose conjugated estrogens: systemic absorption and effects on the endometrium. Obstet Gynecol 84 (1994) 215-218
88. Henriksson L., Stjernquist M., Boquist L., et al. A one-year mulitcenter study of efficacy and safety of a continuous, low-dose, estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) in postmenopausal women with symptoms and signs of urogenital aging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174 (1996) 85-92
89. Bygdeman M., and Swahn M.L. Replens versus dienoestrol cream in the symptomatic treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 23 (1996) 259-263
90. Nachtigall L. Comparative study: replens vs. local estrogen in menopausal women. Fertil Steril 61 (1994) 178-180
91. Partridge A.H., Gelber S., Peppercorn J., et al. Web-based survey of fertility issues in young women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 22 (2004) 4174-4183
92. Lee S.J., Schover L.R., Partridge A.H., et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology Recommendations for Fertility Preservation in Cancer Patients. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 2917-2931
93. Schover L., Brey K., Lichtin A., et al. Knowledge and experience regarding cancer, infertility, and sperm banking in younger male survivors. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 1880-1889
94. Fossa S., Aass N., and Molne K. Is routine pre-treatment cryopreservation of semen worthwhile in the management of patients with testicular cancer?. Br J Urol 64 (1989) 524-529
95. Schover L., Rybicki L., Martin B., et al. Having children after cancer: a pilot survey of survivors' attitudes and experiences. Cancer 86 (1999) 697-709
96. Partridge A., and Schapira L. Pregnancy and breast cancer: epidemiology, treatment, and safety issues. Oncology (Huntingt) 19 (2005) 693-700
97. Fanale M.A., Uyei A.R., Theriault R.L., et al. Treatment of metastatic breast cancer with trastuzumab and vinorelbine during pregnancy. Clin Breast Cancer 6 (2005) 354-356
98. Waterston A.M., and Graham J. Effect of adjuvant trastuzumab on pregnancy. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 321-322
99. Barthelmes L., and Gateley C.A. Tamoxifen and pregnancy. Breast 13 (2004) 446-451
100. Oktay K. Further evidence on the safety and success of ovarian stimulation with letrozole and tamoxifen in breast cancer patients undergoing in vitro fertilization to cryopreserve their embryos for fertility preservation. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 3858-3859
101. Oktay K., Buyuk E., Libertella N., et al. Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: a prospective controlled comparison of ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen and letrozole for embryo cryopreservation. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 4347-4353
102. Oktay K., Buyuk E., Davis O., et al. Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: IVF and embryo cryopreservation after ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen. Hum Reprod 18 (2003) 90-95
103. Oktay K., and Buyuk E. Ovarian transplantation in humans: indications, techniques and the risk of reseeding cancer. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 113 suppl 1 (2004) S45-S47
104. Fox K.R., Scialla J., and Moore H. Preventing chemotherapy-associated amenorrhea (CRA) with leuprolide during adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. [abstract 50]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22 (2003) 528
105. Recchia F., Saggio G., Amiconi G., et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues added to adjuvant chemotherapy protect ovarian function and improve clinical outcomes in young women with early breast carcinoma. Cancer 106 (2005) 514-523
106. Tilstone C. UK clinicians to screen embryos for BRCA mutations. Lancet Oncol 6 (2005) 358
107. Theriault R., Biermann J., Brown E., et al. NCCN Task Force Report: Bone Health and Cancer Care. J Natl Compr Cancer Ntwk 4 suppl 2 (2006) S-1-S-20
108. Winer E.P., Hudis C., Burstein H.J., et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment working group update: use of aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant setting. J Clin Oncol 21 (2003) 2597-2599
109. World Health Organization (WHO). Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis: Report of a WHO Scientific Group. WHO Technical Report Series. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_921.pdf. (accessed April 24, 2006).
110. Boonen S., Laan R.F., Barton I.P., et al. Effect of osteoporosis treatments on risk of non-vertebral fractures: review and meta-analysis of intention-to-treat studies. Osteoporosis Int 16 (2005) 1291-1298
111. Cummings S.R., Bates D., and Black D.M. Clinical use of bone densitometry: scientific review. JAMA 288 (2002) 1889-1897
112. Love R.R., Mazess R.B., and Barden H.S. Effects of tamoxifen on bone mineral density in post-menopausal women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med 326 (1992) 852-856
113. Ahlborg H.G., Johnell O., Turner C.H., et al. Bone loss and bone size after menopause. N Engl J Med 349 (2003) 327-334
114. Bringhurst F.R., Demay M.B., Krane S.M., et al. Bone and mineral metabolism in health and disease. In: Kasper D.L., Braunwald E., Fauci A.S., Hauser S.L., Longo D.L., and Jameson J.L. (Eds). Harrison's Internal Medicine. Ed 16 (2005), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 2238-2249
115. Hillner B.E., Ingle J.N., Chlebowski R.T., et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2003 update on the role of bisphosphonates and bone health issues in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 21 (2003) 4042-4057
116. Saarto T., Blomqvist C., Valimaki M., et al. Chemical castration induced by adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil chemotherapy causes rapid bone loss that is reduced by clodronate: a randomized study in premenopausal breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 15 (1997) 1341-1347
117. Vehmanen L., Elomaa I., Blomqvist C., et al. Tamoxifen treatment after adjuvant chemotherapy has opposite effects on bone mineral density in premenopausal patients depending on menstrual status. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 675-680
118. Bruning P.F., Pit M.J., de Jong-Bakker M., et al. Bone mineral density after adjuvant chemotherapy for premenopausal breast cancer. Br J Cancer 61 (1990) 308-310
119. Vehmanen L., Saarto T., Risteli J., et al. Short-term intermittent intravenous clodronate in the prevention of bone loss related to chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure. Breast Cancer Res Treat 87 (2004) 181-188
120. Shapiro C.L., Manola J., and Leboff M. Ovarian failure after adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with rapid bone loss in women with early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 19 (2001) 3306-3311
121. Saarto T., Blomquist C., Valimaki M., et al. Chemical castration induced by adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil chemotherapy causes rapid bone loss that is reduced by clodronate: a randomized study in premenopausal breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 15 (1997) 1341-1347
122. Filipponi P., Pedetti M., Fedeli L., et al. Cyclic clodronate is effective in preventing postmenopausal bone loss: a comparative study with transcutaneous hormone replacement therapy. J Bone Miner Res 10 (1995) 697-703
123. Genant H.K., Cann C.E., Ettinger B., et al. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: A sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med 97 (1982) 699-705
124. Vehmanen L., Saarto T., Elomaa I., et al. Long-term impact of chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure on bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal breast cancer patients. The effect of adjuvant clodronate treatment. Eur J Cancer 37 (2001) 2373-2378
125. Saarto T., Blomqvist C., Valimaki M., et al. Clodronate improves bone mineral density in post-menopausal breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant antioestrogens. Br J Cancer 75 (1997) 602-605
126. Eastell R., and Hannon R. Long-term effects of aromatase inhibitors on bone. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 95 (2005) 151-154
127. Sverrisdottir A., Fornander T., Jacobsson H., et al. Bone mineral density among premenopausal women with early breast cancer in a randomized trial of adjuvant endocrine therapy. J Clin Oncol 22 (2004) 3694-3699
128. Fisher B., Costantino J.P., Wickerham D.L., et al. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 90 (1998) 1371-1388
129. Gnant M., Jakesz R., Mlineritsch B., et al. Zoledronic acid effectively counteracts cancer treatment induced bone loss (CTIBL) in premenopausal breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant endocrine treatment with goserelin plus anastrozole versus goserelin plus tamoxifen-bone density subprotocol results of a randomized multicenter trial (ABCSG-12). [abstract]. Breast Cancer Res Treat 88 suppl 1 (2004) S8
130. Baum M., Buzdar A., Cuzick J., et al. Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination) trial efficacy and safety update analyses. Cancer 98 (2003) 1802-1810
131. Goss P.E., Ingle J.N., Martino S., et al. Randomized trial of letrozole following tamoxifen as extended adjuvant therapy in receptor-positive breast cancer: updated findings from NCIC CTG MA.17. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (2005) 1262-1271
132. Howell A. Effect of anastrozole on bone mineral density: 2-year results of the 'Arimidex' (anastrazole), tamoxifen, alone or in combination (ATAC) trial. [abstract]. Breast Cancer Res Treat 82 suppl 1 (2003) S27
133. Coleman R.E., Banks R.M., Hall E., et al. Intergroup Exemestane Study: 1 year results of the bone subprotocol. [abstract]. Breast Cancer Res Treat 88 suppl 1 (2004) S35
134. Lonning P.E., Geisler J., Krag L.E., et al. Effects of exemestane administered for 2 years versus placebo on bone mineral density, bone biomarkers, and plasma lipids in patients with surgically resected early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 5126-5137
135. Perez E.A., Josse R.G., Pritchard K.I., et al. Effect of letrozole versus placebo on bone mineral density in women completing >5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen: NCIC CTG MA-17B. [abstract]. Breast Cancer Res Treat 88 suppl 1 (2004) S36
136. Coleman R.E. Effect of anastrazole on bone mineral density: 5-year results from the 'Armidex', Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial. [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 5S
137. National Osteoporosis Foundation. NOF Physician's Guidelines. September 2005. Pharmacologic Options. Available at: http://www.nof.org/professionals/clinical.htm. (accessed April 20, 2006).
138. United States Preventive Services Task Force (U.S.P.S.T.F.). Screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 137 (2002) 526-528
139. Lindsay R., and Cosman F. Osteoporosis. In: Kasper D.L., Braunwald E., Fauci A.S., Hauser S.L., Longo D.L., and Jameson J.L. (Eds). Harrison's Internal Medicine. Ed 16 (2005), McGraw-Hill, New York 2268-2278
140. Van Poznak C., and Sauter N. Clinical management of osteoporosis in women with a history of breast carcinoma. Cancer 104 (2005) 443-456
141. Kanis J.A., Johnell O., Oden A., et al. Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds. Osteoporosis Int 12 (2001) 989-995
142. Cranney A., Guyatt G., Griffith L., et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IX: Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocrine Rev 23 (2002) 570-578
143. Jackson R.D., LaCroix A.Z., Gass M., et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 669-683
144. Finkelstein J.S. Calcium plus vitamin D for postmenopausal women-bone appetit?. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 750-752
145. Shea B., Wells G., Cranney A., et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocrine Rev 23 (2002) 552-559
146. Brufsky A., Harker G., Beck T., et al. Zoledronic acid effectively inhibits cancer treatment-induced bone loss in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant letrozole: 12-month BMD results of the Z-FAST trial. [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 533
147. Brown J.E., Lester J., Ellis S., et al. Can an annual infusion of zoledronic acid protect against cancer-treatment induced bone loss?. [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 8023
148. Bone H.G., Hosking D., Devogelaer J.P., et al. Ten years' experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 1189-1199
149. Farrugia M.C., Summerlin D.J., Krowiak E., et al. Osteonecrosis of the mandible or maxilla associated with the use of new generation bisphosphonates. Laryngoscope 116 (2006) 115-120
150. Marx R.E., Sawatari Y., Fortin M., et al. Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63 (2005) 1567-1575
151. Cranney A., Tugwell P., Zytaruk N., et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IV. Meta-analysis of raloxifene for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocrine Rev 23 (2002) 524-528
152. Ramaswamy B., and Shapiro C.L. Osteopenia and osteoporosis in women with breast cancer. Semin Oncol 30 (2003) 763-775
153. Chesnut III C.H., Silverman S., Andriano K., et al. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group. Am J Med 109 (2000) 267-276
154. Anderson G.L., Limacher M., Assaf A.R., et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291 (2004) 1701-1712
155. Rossouw J.E., Anderson G.L., Prentice R.L., et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288 (2002) 321-333