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▶ Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Tandberg E, Laake K. Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson's disease: a population-based, prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:938-942. Older age, functional impairment, dementia, and hallucinations were independent predictors of nursing home placement.
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▶ Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Tandberg E, Laake K. Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson's disease: a population-based, prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:938-942. Older age, functional impairment, dementia, and hallucinations were independent predictors of nursing home placement.
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2
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▶ Adler CH, Caviness JN, Hentz JG, et al. Randomized trial of modafinil for treating subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003;18(3):287-293.
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▶ Adler CH, Caviness JN, Hentz JG, et al. Randomized trial of modafinil for treating subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003;18(3):287-293.
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▶ Adler CH, Singer C, O'Brien C, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled study of tolcapone in patients with fluctuating Parkinson's disease treated with levodopa-carbidopa. Tolcapone Fluctuator Study Group III. Arch Neurol 1998;55:1089-1095. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, tolcapone significantly reduced off time by 2.5 hours per day.
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▶ Adler CH, Singer C, O'Brien C, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled study of tolcapone in patients with fluctuating Parkinson's disease treated with levodopa-carbidopa. Tolcapone Fluctuator Study Group III. Arch Neurol 1998;55:1089-1095. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, tolcapone significantly reduced off time by 2.5 hours per day.
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4
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▶ Adler CH, Thorpy MJ. Sleep issues in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2005;64:S12-S20.
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▶ Adler CH, Thorpy MJ. Sleep issues in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2005;64:S12-S20.
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▶ Arnulf I, Konofal E, Merino-Andreu M, et al. Parkinson's disease and sleepiness: an integral part of PD. Neurology 2002;58:1019-1024. Subjective sleepiness in patients with PD does not correlate with motor or cognitive abnormalities or pharmacotherapy.
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▶ Arnulf I, Konofal E, Merino-Andreu M, et al. Parkinson's disease and sleepiness: an integral part of PD. Neurology 2002;58:1019-1024. Subjective sleepiness in patients with PD does not correlate with motor or cognitive abnormalities or pharmacotherapy.
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6
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▶ Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ, et al. Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy. Mov Disord 2001;16:622-630. Clinically suspected and documented rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder is much more common in multiple system atrophy, PD, and dementia with Lewy bodies than in other forms of parkinsonism.
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▶ Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ, et al. Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy. Mov Disord 2001;16:622-630. Clinically suspected and documented rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder is much more common in multiple system atrophy, PD, and dementia with Lewy bodies than in other forms of parkinsonism.
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7
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▶ Braak H, Ghebremedhin E, Rub U, et al. Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res 2004;318(1):121-134. Epub 2004 Aug 24. Review.
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▶ Braak H, Ghebremedhin E, Rub U, et al. Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res 2004;318(1):121-134. Epub 2004 Aug 24. Review.
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▶ Brown RG, Dittner A, Findley L, Wessely SC. The Parkinson fatigue scale. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2005;11:49-55.
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▶ Brown RG, Dittner A, Findley L, Wessely SC. The Parkinson fatigue scale. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2005;11:49-55.
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▶ Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AH, et al. International multicentre pilot study of the first comprehensive self-completed nonmotor symptoms questionnaire for Parkinson's disease: the NMSQuest study. Mov Disord 2006;21(7):916-923. A screening questionnaire for nonmotor features.
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▶ Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AH, et al. International multicentre pilot study of the first comprehensive self-completed nonmotor symptoms questionnaire for Parkinson's disease: the NMSQuest study. Mov Disord 2006;21(7):916-923. A screening questionnaire for nonmotor features.
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10
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▶ Cotzias GC, Papavasiliou PS, Gellene R. Experimental treatment of parkinsonism with L-Dopa. Neurology 1968;18:276-277. A classic paper describing one of the first uses of levodopa in parkinsonism.
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▶ Cotzias GC, Papavasiliou PS, Gellene R. Experimental treatment of parkinsonism with L-Dopa. Neurology 1968;18:276-277. A classic paper describing one of the first uses of levodopa in parkinsonism.
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11
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▶ Driver-Dunckley E, Samanta J, Stacy M. Pathological gambling associated with dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2003;61:422-423. A concerning report indicating the tendency of these drugs to produce disinhibited behavior.
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▶ Driver-Dunckley E, Samanta J, Stacy M. Pathological gambling associated with dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2003;61:422-423. A concerning report indicating the tendency of these drugs to produce disinhibited behavior.
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12
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▶ Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, et al. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351(24):2509- 2518.
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▶ Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, et al. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351(24):2509- 2518.
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▶ Findley L, Aujla M, Bain et al. Direct economic impact of Parkinson's disease: a research survey in the United Kingdom. Mov Disord 2003;18:1139-1145. Direct costs for PD care correlate with stage of disease and increase dramatically when patients move from home to residential care.
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▶ Findley L, Aujla M, Bain PG, et al. Direct economic impact of Parkinson's disease: a research survey in the United Kingdom. Mov Disord 2003;18:1139-1145. Direct costs for PD care correlate with stage of disease and increase dramatically when patients move from home to residential care.
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14
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▶ Friedman J, Friedman H. Fatigue in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1993;43:2016-2018. Using a questionnaire, patients with PD were found to have more fatigue and depression than age-matched controls.
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▶ Friedman J, Friedman H. Fatigue in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1993;43:2016-2018. Using a questionnaire, patients with PD were found to have more fatigue and depression than age-matched controls.
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15
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▶ Frucht S, Rogers JD, Greene PE, et al. Falling asleep at the wheel: motor vehicle mishaps in persons taking pramipexole and ropinirole. Neurology 1999;52(9):1908-1910.
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▶ Frucht S, Rogers JD, Greene PE, et al. Falling asleep at the wheel: motor vehicle mishaps in persons taking pramipexole and ropinirole. Neurology 1999;52(9):1908-1910.
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▶ Hauser RA. Levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (Stalevo). Neurology 2004;62(1 suppl 1):S64-S71. Describes the development, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use of Stalevo.
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▶ Hauser RA. Levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (Stalevo). Neurology 2004;62(1 suppl 1):S64-S71. Describes the development, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use of Stalevo.
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▶ Hauser RA, Gauger L, Anderson WM, Zesiewicz TA. Pramipexole-induced somnolence and episodes of daytime sleep. Mov Disord 2000a;15:658-663.
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▶ Hauser RA, Gauger L, Anderson WM, Zesiewicz TA. Pramipexole-induced somnolence and episodes of daytime sleep. Mov Disord 2000a;15:658-663.
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▶ Hauser RA, Wahba MN, Zesiewicz TA, McDowell Anderson W. Modafinil treatment of pramipexole-associated somnolence. Mov Disord 2000b;15(6):1269-1271.
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▶ Hauser RA, Wahba MN, Zesiewicz TA, McDowell Anderson W. Modafinil treatment of pramipexole-associated somnolence. Mov Disord 2000b;15(6):1269-1271.
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▶ Hickler RB, Thompson GR, Fox LM, Hamlin JT 3rd. Successful treatment of orthostatic hypotension with 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone. N Engl J Med 1959;261:788-791.
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▶ Hickler RB, Thompson GR, Fox LM, Hamlin JT 3rd. Successful treatment of orthostatic hypotension with 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone. N Engl J Med 1959;261:788-791.
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▶ Hogl B, Saletu M, Brandauer E, et al. Modafinil for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled polygraphic trial. Sleep 2002;25:905-909. In this small, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, modafinil improved daytime sleepiness in patients with PD.
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▶ Hogl B, Saletu M, Brandauer E, et al. Modafinil for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled polygraphic trial. Sleep 2002;25:905-909. In this small, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, modafinil improved daytime sleepiness in patients with PD.
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21
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▶ Holloway RG, Shoulson I, Fahn S, et al. Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a 4-year randomized controlled trial. Arch Neurol 2004;61:1044-1053. This classic trial compared initial treatment of PD with pramipexole versus levodopa. Treatment with pramipexole resulted in significantly less dyskinesias, however at the expense of less-robust improvement in parkinsonism.
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▶ Holloway RG, Shoulson I, Fahn S, et al. Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a 4-year randomized controlled trial. Arch Neurol 2004;61:1044-1053. This classic trial compared initial treatment of PD with pramipexole versus levodopa. Treatment with pramipexole resulted in significantly less dyskinesias, however at the expense of less-robust improvement in parkinsonism.
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22
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▶ Karlsen KH, Larsen JP, Tandberg E, Maeland JG. Influence of clinical and demographic variables on quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;66:431-435. PD has a substantial negative impact on quality of life, with depression and sleep disorders making major contributions to disability.
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▶ Karlsen KH, Larsen JP, Tandberg E, Maeland JG. Influence of clinical and demographic variables on quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;66:431-435. PD has a substantial negative impact on quality of life, with depression and sleep disorders making major contributions to disability.
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23
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▶ Lieberman A, Ranhosky A, Korts D. Clinical evaluation of pramipexole in advanced Parkinson's disease: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Neurology 1997;49:162-168. Pramipexole was efficacious and useful in patients with advanced PD.
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▶ Lieberman A, Ranhosky A, Korts D. Clinical evaluation of pramipexole in advanced Parkinson's disease: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Neurology 1997;49:162-168. Pramipexole was efficacious and useful in patients with advanced PD.
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24
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▶ Mandel S, Weinreb O, Amit T, Youdim MB. Mechanism of neuroprotective action of the anti-Parkinson drug rasagiline and its derivatives. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2005;48(2):379-387. Review.
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▶ Mandel S, Weinreb O, Amit T, Youdim MB. Mechanism of neuroprotective action of the anti-Parkinson drug rasagiline and its derivatives. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2005;48(2):379-387. Review.
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▶ Oertel WH, Wolters E, Sampaio C, et al. Pergolide versus levodopa monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease patients: The PELMOPET study. Mov Disord 2006;21:343-353. This multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial comparing pergolide and levodopa in patients with early PD showed that levodopa produced greater symptomatic relief, but at the expense of increased motor complications and dyskinesias.
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▶ Oertel WH, Wolters E, Sampaio C, et al. Pergolide versus levodopa monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease patients: The PELMOPET study. Mov Disord 2006;21:343-353. This multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial comparing pergolide and levodopa in patients with early PD showed that levodopa produced greater symptomatic relief, but at the expense of increased motor complications and dyskinesias.
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26
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▶ Olanow CW, Fahn S, Muenter M, et al. A multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial of pergolide as an adjunct to Sinemet in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1994;9:40-47. This study of patients with advanced PD showed that pergolide was efficacious, allowing for a 25% reduction in levodopa dose.
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▶ Olanow CW, Fahn S, Muenter M, et al. A multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial of pergolide as an adjunct to Sinemet in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1994;9:40-47. This study of patients with advanced PD showed that pergolide was efficacious, allowing for a 25% reduction in levodopa dose.
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27
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▶ Ondo WG, Dat Vuong G, Khan H, et al. Daytime sleepiness and other sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2001;57:1392-1396. Daytime sleepiness is common in PD and correlates with duration of disease and treatment with dopamine agonists.
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▶ Ondo WG, Dat Vuong G, Khan H, et al. Daytime sleepiness and other sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2001;57:1392-1396. Daytime sleepiness is common in PD and correlates with duration of disease and treatment with dopamine agonists.
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▶ Parashos SA, Maraganore DM, O'Brien PC, Rocca WA. Medical services utilization and prognosis in Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:918-925. Patients with PD used outpatient and nursing home services more often than subjects without PD.
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▶ Parashos SA, Maraganore DM, O'Brien PC, Rocca WA. Medical services utilization and prognosis in Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:918-925. Patients with PD used outpatient and nursing home services more often than subjects without PD.
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▶ Parkinson Study Group. Entacapone improves motor fluctuations in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients. Parkinson Study Group. Ann Neurol 1997;42:747-755. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, entacapone improved on time by 5%.
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▶ Parkinson Study Group. Entacapone improves motor fluctuations in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients. Parkinson Study Group. Ann Neurol 1997;42:747-755. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, entacapone improved on time by 5%.
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▶ Poewe WH, Deuschl G, Gordin A, et al, and the Celomen Study Group. Efficacy and safety of entacapone in Parkinson's disease patients with suboptimal levodopa response: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study in Germany and Austria (Celomen study). Acta Neurol Scand 2002; 105:245-255. In this parallel-group, double-blind study, entacapone increased on time by 1.7 hours and decreased off time by 1.5 hours.
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▶ Rajput AH, Martin W, Saint-Hilaire MH, et al. Tolcapone improves motor function in parkinsonian patients with the wearing- off phenomenon: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Neurology 1997;49:1066-1071. In this randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial, tolcapone significantly decreased off time by 3.25 hours.
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▶ Rajput AH, Martin W, Saint-Hilaire MH, et al. Tolcapone improves motor function in parkinsonian patients with the "wearing- off" phenomenon: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Neurology 1997;49:1066-1071. In this randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial, tolcapone significantly decreased off time by 3.25 hours.
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▶ Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Korczyn AD, et al. A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson's disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa. 056 Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1484-1491. This classic trial compared initial treatment of PD with ropinirole versus levodopa to which open-label levodopa could be added. Treatment with ropinirole resulted in significantly less dyskinesia; however, parkinsonian motor scores were more improved in patients treated with levodopa.
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▶ Rinne UK, Larsen JP, Siden A, Worm-Petersen J. Entacapone enhances the response to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with motor fluctuations. Nomecomt Study Group. Neurology 1998;51:1309-1314. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, entacapone increased on time from 9.3 hours to 10.7 hours per day.
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▶ Rinne UK, Larsen JP, Siden A, Worm-Petersen J. Entacapone enhances the response to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with motor fluctuations. Nomecomt Study Group. Neurology 1998;51:1309-1314. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, entacapone increased on time from 9.3 hours to 10.7 hours per day.
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▶ Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38% of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Neurology 1996;46(2):388-393.
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▶ Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38% of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Neurology 1996;46(2):388-393.
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▶ Shulman LM, Taback RL, Rabinstein AA, Weiner WJ. Non-recognition of depression and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2002;8:193-197. Neurologists routinely underdiagnose depression, anxiety, fatigue, and sleep disturbances.
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▶ Shulman LM, Taback RL, Rabinstein AA, Weiner WJ. Non-recognition of depression and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2002;8:193-197. Neurologists routinely underdiagnose depression, anxiety, fatigue, and sleep disturbances.
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▶ Suchowersky O, Furtado S, Rohs G. Beneficial effect of intranasal desmopressin for nocturnal polyuria in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1995;10(3):337-340. This small pilot study indicates that desmopressin may be a safe and effective medication to treat nocturnal polyuria in PD.
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▶ Suchowersky O, Furtado S, Rohs G. Beneficial effect of intranasal desmopressin for nocturnal polyuria in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1995;10(3):337-340. This small pilot study indicates that desmopressin may be a safe and effective medication to treat nocturnal polyuria in PD.
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▶ Sullivan KL, Staffetti JF, Hauser RA, et al. Tegaserod (Zelnorm) for the treatment of constipation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006a;21(1):115-116.
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▶ Sullivan KL, Staffetti JF, Hauser RA, et al. Tegaserod (Zelnorm) for the treatment of constipation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006a;21(1):115-116.
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▶ Sullivan KL, Ward CL, Hauser RA, et al. Prevalence and treatment of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2006b; 66(suppl 2):P04.031.
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▶ Thomas A, Iacono D, Luciano AL, et al. Duration of amantadine benefit on dyskinesia of severe Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75(1):141-143. Amantadine (300 mg/d) reduced dyskinesia by approximately 45%. However, its benefit lasted less than 8 months.
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▶ Thomas A, Iacono D, Luciano AL, et al. Duration of amantadine benefit on dyskinesia of severe Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75(1):141-143. Amantadine (300 mg/d) reduced dyskinesia by approximately 45%. However, its benefit lasted less than 8 months.
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▶ Wheadon DE, Wilson-Lynch K, Gardiner D, Kreider MS. Ropinirole, a non-ergoline D2 agonist, is effective in early parkinsonian patients not treated with L-dopa. Mov Disord 1996;11(suppl 1):162.
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▶ Wheadon DE, Wilson-Lynch K, Gardiner D, Kreider MS. Ropinirole, a non-ergoline D2 agonist, is effective in early parkinsonian patients not treated with L-dopa. Mov Disord 1996;11(suppl 1):162.
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▶ Youdim MB, Wadia A, Tatton W, Weinstock M. The anti-Parkinson drug rasagiline and its cholinesterase inhibitor derivatives exert neuroprotection unrelated to MAO inhibition in cell culture and in vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;939:450-458.
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▶ Youdim MB, Wadia A, Tatton W, Weinstock M. The anti-Parkinson drug rasagiline and its cholinesterase inhibitor derivatives exert neuroprotection unrelated to MAO inhibition in cell culture and in vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;939:450-458.
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▶ Zesiewicz TA, Helal M, Hauser RA. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2000;15(2):305-308. This small pilot study found that sildenafil citrate significantly improved sexual function in men with PD with erectile dysfunction.
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▶ Zesiewicz TA, Helal M, Hauser RA. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2000;15(2):305-308. This small pilot study found that sildenafil citrate significantly improved sexual function in men with PD with erectile dysfunction.
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