The effect of running, strength, and vibration strength training on the mechanical, morphological, and biochemical properties of the Achilles tendon in rats

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 102, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 564-572

  Legerlotz, Kirsten ^a,d   Schjerling, Peter ^b   Langberg, Henning ^c   Brüggemann, Gert Peter ^a   Niehoff, Anja ^a  

^a GERMAN SPORT UNIVERSITY COLOGNE   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^c BISPEBJERG HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^d Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cross sectional area; Failure test; Hysteresis; Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2

Indexed keywords

COLLAGEN TYPE 1; COLLAGEN TYPE 3; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR; GELATINASE A; MESSENGER RNA; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ACHILLES TENDON; ADAPTATION; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOMECHANICS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROL GROUP; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXERCISE; EXPERIMENTATION; FEMALE; GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE; GROUPS BY AGE; MORPHOLOGY; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE TRAINING; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; RAT; RUNNING; SOLEUS MUSCLE; STRENGTH; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TISSUE SECTION; TRAINING; VIBRATION; VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT;

ACHILLES TENDON; ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; COLLAGEN; FEMALE; IMMEDIATE-EARLY PROTEINS; INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; RNA, MESSENGER; RUNNING; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE-1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VIBRATION;

EID: 33846852429     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: 15221601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00767.2006     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Barbu V, Dautry F. Northern blot normalization with a 28S rRNA oligonucleotide probe. Nucleic Acids Res 17: 7115, 1989.
2. Bennett MB, Ker RF, Dimery NJ, Alexander RM. Mechanical properties of various mammalian tendons. J Zool Lond 209: 537-548, 1986.
3. Birch HL, McLaughlin L, Smith RK, Goodship AE. Treadmill exercise-induced tendon hypertrophy: assessment of tendons with different mechanical functions. Equine Vet J Suppl 30: 222-226, 1999.
4. Buchanan CI, Marsh RL. Effects of long-term exercise on the biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon of guinea fowl. J Appl Physiol 90: 164-171, 2001.
5. De Zee M, Bojsen-Moller F, Voigt M. Dynamic viscoelastic behavior of lower extremity tendons during simulated running. J Appl Physiol 89: 1352-1359, 2000.
6. Gillis C, Sharkey N, Stover SM, Pool RR, Meagher DM, Willits N. Effect of maturation and aging on material and ultrasonographic properties of equine superficial digital flexor tendon. Am J Vet Res 56: 1345-1350, 1995.
7. Hansen P, Aagaard P, Kjaer M, Larsson B, Magnusson SP. Effect of habitual running on human Achilles tendon load-deformation properties and cross-sectional area. J Appl Physiol 95: 2375-2380, 2003.
8. Heinemeier K, Langberg H, Olesen JL, Kjaer M. Role of TGF-β1 in relation to exercise-induced type I collagen synthesis in human tendinous tissue. J Appl Physiol 95: 2390-2397, 2003.
9. Holy X, Zerath E. Bone mass increases in less than 4 wk of voluntary exercising in growing rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: 1562-1569, 2000.
10. Huang TF, Perry SM, Soslowsky LJ. The effect of overuse activity on Achilles tendon in an animal model: a biomechanical study. Ann Biomed Eng 32: 336-341, 2004.
11. Inhofe PD, Grana WA, Egle D, Min KW, Tomasek J. The effects of anabolic steroids on rat tendon. An ultrastructural, biomechanical, and biochemical analysis. Am J Sports Med 23: 227-232, 1995.
12. Järvinen TA, Kannus P, Paavola M, Järvinen TL, Jozsa L, Järvinen M. Achilles tendon injuries. Curr Opin Rheumatol 13: 150-155, 2001.
13. Judex S, Boyd S, Qin YX, Turner S, Ye K, Muller R, Rubin C. Adaptations of trabecular bone to low magnitude vibrations result in more uniform stress and strain under load. 31: 12-20, 2003.
14. Karamanidis K, Arampatzis A. Mechanical and morphological properties of human quadriceps femoris and triceps surae muscle-tendon unit in relation to aging and running. J Biomech 39: 406-417, 2006.
15. Ker RF. Dynamic tensile properties of the plantaris tendon of sheep (Ovis aries). J Exp Biol 93: 283-302, 1981.
16. Kiiskinen A. Physical training and connective tissues in young mice - physical properties of Achilles tendons and long bones. Growth 41: 123-137, 1977.
17. Klitgaard H. A model for quantitative strength training of hindlimb muscles of the rat. J Appl Physiol 64: 1740-1745, 1988.
18. Kongsgaard M, Aagaard P, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Structural Achilles tendon properties in athletes subjected to different exercise modes and in Achilles tendon rupture patients. J Appl Physiol 99: 1965-1971, 2005.
19. Koskinen SO, Heinemeier KM, Olesen JL, Langberg H, Kjaer M. Physical exercise can influence local levels of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in tendon-related connective tissue. J Appl Physiol 96: 861-864, 2004.
20. Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Effects of resistance and stretching training programmes on the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo. J Physiol 538: 219-226, 2002.
21. Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T. Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 81: 181-187, 2000.
22. Langberg H, Skovgaard D, Petersen LJ, Bulow J, Kjaer M. Type I collagen synthesis and degradation in peritendinous tissue after exercise determined by microdialysis in humans. J Physiol 521: 299-306, 1999.
23. Lindemann-Sperfeld L, Marintschev I, Zeugner A, Wawro W. Achillessehnenrupturen und -druchtrennungen. Trauma Berufskankh 3: 344-350, 2001.
24. Majewski M, Rickert M, Steinbruck K. Achilles tendon rupture. A prospective study assessing various treatment possibilities. Orthopade 29: 670-676, 2000.
25. Mosley JR, March BM, Lynch J, Lanyon LE. Strain magnitude related changes in whole bone architecture in growing rats. Bone 20: 191-198, 1997.
26. Newhall KM, Rodnick KJ, van der Meulen MC, Carter DR, Marcus R. Effects of voluntary exercise on bone mineral content in rats. J Bone Miner Res 6: 289-296, 1991.
27. Nielsen HM, Skalicky M, Viidik A. Influence of physical exercise on aging rats. III. Life-long exercise modifies the aging changes of the mechanical properties of limb muscle tendons. Mech Ageing Dev 100: 243-260, 1998.
28. Oxlund BS, Ortoft G, Andreassen TT, Oxlund HVB. Low-intensity, high-frequency vibration appears to prevent the decrease in strength of the femur and tibia associated with ovariectomy of adult rats. Bone 32: 69-77, 2003.
29. Pollock CM, Shadwick RE. Relationship between body mass and biomechanical properties of limb tendons in adult mammals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 266: R1016-R1021, 1994.
30. Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Strength training alters the viscoelastic properties of tendons in elderly humans. Muscle Nerve 28: 74-81, 2003.
31. Riemersma DJ, Schamhardt HC. In vitro mechanical properties of equine tendons in relation to cross-sectional area and collagen content. Res Vet Sci 39: 263-270, 1985.
32. Rodnick KJ, Reaven GM, Haskell WL, Sims CR, Mondon CE. Variations in running activity and enzymatic adaptations in voluntary running rats. J Appl Physiol 66: 1250-1257, 1989.
33. Rosager S, Aagaard P, Dyhre-Poulsen P, Neergaard K, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Load-displacement properties of the human triceps surae aponeurosis and tendon in runners and non-runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 12: 90-98, 2002.
34. Simonsen EB, Klitgaard H, Bojsen-Moller F. The influence of strength training, swim training and ageing on the Achilles tendon and m. soleus of the rat. J Sports Sci 13: 291-295, 1995.
35. Sommer HM. The biomechanical and metabolic effects of a running regime on the Achilles tendon in the rat. Int Orthop 11: 71-75, 1987.
36. Soslowsky LJ, Thomopoulos S, Tun S, Flanagan CL, Keefer CC, Mastaw J, Carpenter JE. Neer Award 1999. Overuse activity injures the supraspinatus tendon in an animal model: a histologic and biomechanical study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 9: 79-84, 2000.
37. Tittel K, Otto H. Der Einfluss eines Lauftrainings unterschiedlicher Dauer und Intensität auf die Hypertrophie, Zugfestigkeit und Dehnungsfähigkeit des straffen, kollagenen Bindegewebes (am Beispiel der Achillessehne). Med Sport (Berl) 10: 308-315, 1970.
38. Tokuyama K, Saito M, Okuda H. Effects of wheel running on food intake and weight gain of male and female rats. Physiol Behav 28: 899-903, 1982.
39. Ulreich N, Kainberger F, Huber W, Nehrer S. Achilles tendon and sports. Radiologe 42: 811-817, 2002.
40. Viidik A. The effect of training on the tensile strength of isolated rabbit tendons. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1: 141-147, 1967.
41. Vilarta R, Vidal Bde C. Anisotropic and biomechanical properties of tendons modified by exercise and denervation: aggregation and macromolecular order in collagen bundles. Matrix 9: 55-61, 1989.
42. Vogel HG. Age dependence of mechanical properties of rat tail tendons (hysteresis experiments). Aktuelle Gerontol 13: 22-27, 1983.
43. Woo SL, Gomez MA, Amiel D, Ritter MA, Gelberman RH, Akeson WH. The effects of exercise on the biomechanical and biochemical properties of swine digital flexor tendons. J Biomech Eng 103: 51-56, 1981.
44. Woo SL, Ritter MA, Amiel D, Sanders TM, Gomez MA, Kuei SC, Garfin SR, Akeson WH. The biomechanical and biochemical properties of swine tendons-long term effects of exercise on the digital extensors. Connect Tissue Res 7: 177-183, 1980.