메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 124, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 276-290

Annual variation in the benefits of a nesting association between Red Phalaropes (Phalaropus fulicarius) and Sabine's Gulls (Xema sabini)

Author keywords

Nest defense; Nest predation; Nesting association; Phalaropus fulicarius; Red Phalarope; Sabine's Gull; Shorebird; Xema sabini

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; DEFENSE BEHAVIOR; NEST GUARDING; NEST PREDATION; NEST SITE; NESTING; REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR; ROCKY SHORE; WADER;

EID: 33846846522     PISSN: 00048038     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[276:AVITBO]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 84995183132 scopus 로고
    • Distraction display and the human predator
    • ARMSTRONG, E. A. 1956. Distraction display and the human predator. Ibis 98:641-654.
    • (1956) Ibis , vol.98 , pp. 641-654
    • ARMSTRONG, E.A.1
  • 2
    • 0034941589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are goose nesting success and lemming cycles linked? Interplay between nest density and predators
    • BETY, J., G. GAUTHIER, J.-F. GIROUX, AND E. KORPIMÄKI. 2001. Are goose nesting success and lemming cycles linked? Interplay between nest density and predators. Oikos 93:388-400.
    • (2001) Oikos , vol.93 , pp. 388-400
    • BETY, J.1    GAUTHIER, G.2    GIROUX, J.-F.3    KORPIMÄKI, E.4
  • 3
    • 0036194541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shared predators and indirect trophic interactions: Lemming cycles and Arctic-nesting geese
    • BETY, J., G. GAUTHIER, E. KORPIMÄKI, AND J.-F. GIROUX. 2002. Shared predators and indirect trophic interactions: Lemming cycles and Arctic-nesting geese. Journal of Animal Ecology 71:88-98.
    • (2002) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 88-98
    • BETY, J.1    GAUTHIER, G.2    KORPIMÄKI, E.3    GIROUX, J.-F.4
  • 4
    • 0024199217 scopus 로고
    • King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) nesting in association with Long-tailed Skua (Stercorarius longicaudus)
    • BLOMQVIST, S., AND M. ELANDER. 1988. King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) nesting in association with Long-tailed Skua (Stercorarius longicaudus). Arctic 41:138-142.
    • (1988) Arctic , vol.41 , pp. 138-142
    • BLOMQVIST, S.1    ELANDER, M.2
  • 5
    • 0001319439 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of avian incubation
    • CAREY, C. 1980. The ecology of avian incubation. BioScience 30:819-824.
    • (1980) BioScience , vol.30 , pp. 819-824
    • CAREY, C.1
  • 6
    • 0000153536 scopus 로고
    • Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations
    • CLARK, P. J., AND F. C. EVANS. 1954. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology 35:445-453.
    • (1954) Ecology , vol.35 , pp. 445-453
    • CLARK, P.J.1    EVANS, F.C.2
  • 7
    • 0032897379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avian habitat selection: Pattern from process in nest-site use by ducks?
    • CLARK, R. G., AND D. SHUTLER. 1999. Avian habitat selection: Pattern from process in nest-site use by ducks? Ecology 80:272-287.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 272-287
    • CLARK, R.G.1    SHUTLER, D.2
  • 8
    • 0001827992 scopus 로고
    • Simulations to determine the variance and edge-effect of total nearest neighbour distance
    • I. Hodder, Ed, Cambridge University Press, London
    • DONNELLY, K. 1978. Simulations to determine the variance and edge-effect of total nearest neighbour distance. Pages 91-95 in Simulation Models in Archaeology (I. Hodder, Ed.). Cambridge University Press, London.
    • (1978) Simulation Models in Archaeology , pp. 91-95
    • DONNELLY, K.1
  • 9
    • 0019745263 scopus 로고
    • Nesting of 'timid' waders in the vicinity of 'bold' ones as an antipredator adaptation
    • DYRCZ, A., J. WITKOWSKI, AND J. OKULEWICZ. 1981. Nesting of 'timid' waders in the vicinity of 'bold' ones as an antipredator adaptation. Ibis 123:542-545.
    • (1981) Ibis , vol.123 , pp. 542-545
    • DYRCZ, A.1    WITKOWSKI, J.2    OKULEWICZ, J.3
  • 10
    • 0036168048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do Brent Geese (Branta b. bernicla) cope with evil? Complex relationships between predators and prey
    • EBBINGE, B. S., AND B. SPAANS. 2002. How do Brent Geese (Branta b. bernicla) cope with evil? Complex relationships between predators and prey. Journal für Ornitholgie 143:33-42.
    • (2002) Journal für Ornitholgie , vol.143 , pp. 33-42
    • EBBINGE, B.S.1    SPAANS, B.2
  • 11
    • 13644274774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The breeding association of Red Phalaropes with Arctic Terns: Response to a redistribution of terns in a major Greenland colony
    • EGEVANG, C., K. KAMPP, AND D. BOERTMANN. 2004. The breeding association of Red Phalaropes with Arctic Terns: Response to a redistribution of terns in a major Greenland colony. Waterbirds 27:406-410.
    • (2004) Waterbirds , vol.27 , pp. 406-410
    • EGEVANG, C.1    KAMPP, K.2    BOERTMANN, D.3
  • 13
    • 0036167009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative manipulation of predation risk in incubating birds reveals variability in the plasticity of responses
    • GHALAMBOR, C. K., AND T. E. MARTIN. 2002. Comparative manipulation of predation risk in incubating birds reveals variability in the plasticity of responses. Behavioral Ecology 13:101-108.
    • (2002) Behavioral Ecology , vol.13 , pp. 101-108
    • GHALAMBOR, C.K.1    MARTIN, T.E.2
  • 14
    • 0001303732 scopus 로고
    • Antipredator behavior: Aggressive and distraction displays of shorebirds
    • J. Burger and B. Olla, Eds, Plenum Press, New York
    • GOCHFELD, M. 1984. Antipredator behavior: Aggressive and distraction displays of shorebirds. Pages 289-377 in Behavior of Marine Animals, vol. 5 (J. Burger and B. Olla, Eds.). Plenum Press, New York.
    • (1984) Behavior of Marine Animals , vol.5 , pp. 289-377
    • GOCHFELD, M.1
  • 15
    • 0001453308 scopus 로고
    • Predation on birds' nests in relation to antipredator aggression and nest density: An experimental study
    • GÖRANSON, G., J. KARLSON, S. G. NILSSON, AND S. ULFSTRAND. 1975. Predation on birds' nests in relation to antipredator aggression and nest density: An experimental study. Oikos 26:117-120.
    • (1975) Oikos , vol.26 , pp. 117-120
    • GÖRANSON, G.1    KARLSON, J.2    NILSSON, S.G.3    ULFSTRAND, S.4
  • 16
    • 0028995169 scopus 로고
    • Nest site selection: A trade-off between concealment and view of the surroundings?
    • GÖTMARK, F., D. BLOMQVIST, O. C. JOHANSSON, AND J. BERGKVIST. 1995. Nest site selection: A trade-off between concealment and view of the surroundings? Journal of Avian Biology 26:305-312.
    • (1995) Journal of Avian Biology , vol.26 , pp. 305-312
    • GÖTMARK, F.1    BLOMQVIST, D.2    JOHANSSON, O.C.3    BERGKVIST, J.4
  • 17
    • 34248982435 scopus 로고
    • Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysis
    • GUTTMANN, L. 1954. Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysis. Psychometrika 19:149-161.
    • (1954) Psychometrika , vol.19 , pp. 149-161
    • GUTTMANN, L.1
  • 18
    • 0035025193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symbiotic nesting of birds with formidable animals: A review with applications to biodiversity conservation
    • HAEMIG, P. D. 2001. Symbiotic nesting of birds with formidable animals: A review with applications to biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 10:527-540.
    • (2001) Biodiversity and Conservation , vol.10 , pp. 527-540
    • HAEMIG, P.D.1
  • 19
    • 0028974726 scopus 로고
    • Microtine rodent dynamics in northern Europe: Parameterized models for the predator-prey interaction
    • HANSKI, I., AND E. KORPIMÄKI. 1995. Microtine rodent dynamics in northern Europe: Parameterized models for the predator-prey interaction. Ecology 76:840-850.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 840-850
    • HANSKI, I.1    KORPIMÄKI, E.2
  • 20
    • 0031961843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental condition and breeding effort in waders
    • HEGYI, Z., AND L. SASVÁRI. 1998. Parental condition and breeding effort in waders. Journal of Animal Ecology 67:41-53.
    • (1998) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 41-53
    • HEGYI, Z.1    SASVÁRI, L.2
  • 21
    • 0001782711 scopus 로고
    • Breeding biology of the Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus in Finland
    • HILDÉN, O., AND S. VUOLANTO. 1972. Breeding biology of the Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus in Finland. Ornis Fennica 49:57-85.
    • (1972) Ornis Fennica , vol.49 , pp. 57-85
    • HILDÉN, O.1    VUOLANTO, S.2
  • 22
    • 0024870985 scopus 로고
    • Program CONTRAST: A general program for the analysis of several survival or recovery rate estimates. U.S
    • Department of the Interior, no. 24
    • HINES, J. E., AND J. R. SAUER. 1989. Program CONTRAST: A general program for the analysis of several survival or recovery rate estimates. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Technical Report, no. 24.
    • (1989) Fish and Wildlife Service Technical Report
    • HINES, J.E.1    SAUER, J.R.2
  • 23
    • 0028995040 scopus 로고
    • Do avian and mammalian nest predators select for different nest dispersion patterns of Fieldfares Turdus pilaris? A 15-year study
    • HOGSTAD, O. 1995. Do avian and mammalian nest predators select for different nest dispersion patterns of Fieldfares Turdus pilaris? A 15-year study. Ibis 137:484-489.
    • (1995) Ibis , vol.137 , pp. 484-489
    • HOGSTAD, O.1
  • 24
    • 84981982501 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the breeding behaviour of Grey and Red-necked phalaropes
    • HÖHN, E. O. 1971. Observations on the breeding behaviour of Grey and Red-necked phalaropes. Ibis 113:335-348.
    • (1971) Ibis , vol.113 , pp. 335-348
    • HÖHN, E.O.1
  • 25
    • 85018000707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JENNESS, J. 2002. Nearest features, with distances and bearings, version 3.6d. ARCVIEW extension, ESRI, Redlands, California, Online, Available at
    • JENNESS, J. 2002. Nearest features, with distances and bearings, version 3.6d. ARCVIEW extension, ESRI, Redlands, California. [Online.] Available at arcscripts.esri.com.
  • 26
    • 0000075740 scopus 로고
    • Estimating nesting success: The Mayfield method and an alternative
    • JOHNSON, D. H. 1979. Estimating nesting success: The Mayfield method and an alternative. Auk 96:651-661.
    • (1979) Auk , vol.96 , pp. 651-661
    • JOHNSON, D.H.1
  • 27
    • 84985154235 scopus 로고
    • Breeding biology and behaviour of the Grey Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius in East Siberia
    • KISTCHINSKI, A. A. 1975. Breeding biology and behaviour of the Grey Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius in East Siberia. Ibis 117:285-301.
    • (1975) Ibis , vol.117 , pp. 285-301
    • KISTCHINSKI, A.A.1
  • 28
    • 0000286763 scopus 로고
    • Why does intensity of avian nest defense increase during the nesting cycle?
    • KNIGHT, R. L., AND S. A. TEMPLE. 1986. Why does intensity of avian nest defense increase during the nesting cycle? Auk 103:318-327.
    • (1986) Auk , vol.103 , pp. 318-327
    • KNIGHT, R.L.1    TEMPLE, S.A.2
  • 29
    • 0002789399 scopus 로고
    • Terns and gulls as features of habitat recognition for birds nesting in their colonies
    • KOSKIMIES, J. 1957. Terns and gulls as features of habitat recognition for birds nesting in their colonies. Ornis Fennica 34:1-6.
    • (1957) Ornis Fennica , vol.34 , pp. 1-6
    • KOSKIMIES, J.1
  • 31
    • 0030725732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal choice of neighbour: Predator protection among tundra birds
    • LARSEN, T., AND S. GRUNDETJERN. 1997. Optimal choice of neighbour: Predator protection among tundra birds. Journal of Avian Biology 28:303-308.
    • (1997) Journal of Avian Biology , vol.28 , pp. 303-308
    • LARSEN, T.1    GRUNDETJERN, S.2
  • 32
    • 0029999940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors related to aggressive nest protection behaviour: A comparative study of Holarctic waders
    • LARSEN, T., T. A. SORDAHL, AND I. BYRKJEDAL. 1996. Factors related to aggressive nest protection behaviour: A comparative study of Holarctic waders. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 58:409-439.
    • (1996) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.58 , pp. 409-439
    • LARSEN, T.1    SORDAHL, T.A.2    BYRKJEDAL, I.3
  • 33
    • 0000264334 scopus 로고
    • On the influence of the arctic fox Alopex lagopus on the distribution of arctic birds
    • LARSON, S. 1960. On the influence of the arctic fox Alopex lagopus on the distribution of arctic birds. Oikos 11:276-305.
    • (1960) Oikos , vol.11 , pp. 276-305
    • LARSON, S.1
  • 36
    • 0030969623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using eggshell evidence to determine nest fate of shorebirds
    • MABEE, T. J. 1997. Using eggshell evidence to determine nest fate of shorebirds. Wilson Bulletin 109:307-313.
    • (1997) Wilson Bulletin , vol.109 , pp. 307-313
    • MABEE, T.J.1
  • 37
    • 0033929191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertain nest fates in songbird studies and variation in Mayfield estimation
    • MANOLIS, J. C., D. E. ANDERSEN, AND F. J. CUTHBERT, 2000. Uncertain nest fates in songbird studies and variation in Mayfield estimation. Auk 117:615-626.
    • (2000) Auk , vol.117 , pp. 615-626
    • MANOLIS, J.C.1    ANDERSEN, D.E.2    CUTHBERT, F.J.3
  • 38
    • 0000179665 scopus 로고
    • Breeding productivity considerations: What are the appropriate habitat features for management?
    • J. M. Hagan III and D. W. Johnston, Eds, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C
    • MARTIN, T. E. 1992. Breeding productivity considerations: What are the appropriate habitat features for management? Pages 455-473 in Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds (J. M. Hagan III and D. W. Johnston, Eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (1992) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds , pp. 455-473
    • MARTIN, T.E.1
  • 39
    • 0028976972 scopus 로고
    • Avian life history evolution in relation to nest sites, nest predation, and food
    • MARTIN, T. E. 1995. Avian life history evolution in relation to nest sites, nest predation, and food. Ecological Monographs 65:101-127.
    • (1995) Ecological Monographs , vol.65 , pp. 101-127
    • MARTIN, T.E.1
  • 40
    • 0031819603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are microhabitat preferences of coexisitng species under selection and adaptive?
    • MARTIN, T. E. 1998. Are microhabitat preferences of coexisitng species under selection and adaptive? Ecology 79:656-670.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 656-670
    • MARTIN, T.E.1
  • 41
    • 0034703841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest predation increases with parental activity: Separating nest site and parental activity effects
    • MARTIN, T. E., J. SCOTT, AND C. MENGE. 2000. Nest predation increases with parental activity: Separating nest site and parental activity effects. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 267:2287-2293.
    • (2000) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B , vol.267 , pp. 2287-2293
    • MARTIN, T.E.1    SCOTT, J.2    MENGE, C.3
  • 42
    • 0001544728 scopus 로고
    • Nesting success calculated from exposure
    • MAYFIELD, H. F. 1961. Nesting success calculated from exposure. Wilson Bulletin 73:255-261.
    • (1961) Wilson Bulletin , vol.73 , pp. 255-261
    • MAYFIELD, H.F.1
  • 43
    • 0343022713 scopus 로고
    • Red Phalaropes breeding on Bathurst Island
    • MAYFIELD, H. F. 1979. Red Phalaropes breeding on Bathurst Island. Living Bird 17:7-39.
    • (1979) Living Bird , vol.17 , pp. 7-39
    • MAYFIELD, H.F.1
  • 44
    • 0005662745 scopus 로고
    • Spacing and chasing in breeding ducks
    • MCKINNEY, F. 1965. Spacing and chasing in breeding ducks. Wildfowl 16:92-106.
    • (1965) Wildfowl , vol.16 , pp. 92-106
    • MCKINNEY, F.1
  • 46
    • 0001614656 scopus 로고
    • Information parasitism' in mixed colonies of Western Grebes and Forster's Terns
    • NUECHTERLEIN, G. L. 1981. 'Information parasitism' in mixed colonies of Western Grebes and Forster's Terns. Animal Behaviour 29:985-989.
    • (1981) Animal Behaviour , vol.29 , pp. 985-989
    • NUECHTERLEIN, G.L.1
  • 47
    • 0242655294 scopus 로고
    • Buff-breasted Sandpipers nesting in association with Black-bellied Plovers
    • PAULSON, D. R., AND W. J. ERCKMANN. 1985. Buff-breasted Sandpipers nesting in association with Black-bellied Plovers. Condor 87:429-430.
    • (1985) Condor , vol.87 , pp. 429-430
    • PAULSON, D.R.1    ERCKMANN, W.J.2
  • 48
    • 84989995070 scopus 로고
    • Notes on birds observed on the Yenisei river, Siberia, in 1895
    • POPHAM, H. L. 1897. Notes on birds observed on the Yenisei river, Siberia, in 1895. Ibis 3:89-108.
    • (1897) Ibis , vol.3 , pp. 89-108
    • POPHAM, H.L.1
  • 49
    • 0001506818 scopus 로고
    • Sandhill Crane use of nest markers as cues for predation
    • REYNOLDS, J. D. 1985. Sandhill Crane use of nest markers as cues for predation. Wilson Bulletin 97:106-108.
    • (1985) Wilson Bulletin , vol.97 , pp. 106-108
    • REYNOLDS, J.D.1
  • 51
    • 0019236126 scopus 로고
    • The breeding behavior and feeding ecology of Grey Phalaropes Phalaropus fulicarius in Svalbard
    • RIDLEY, M. W. 1980. The breeding behavior and feeding ecology of Grey Phalaropes Phalaropus fulicarius in Svalbard. Ibis 122: 210-226.
    • (1980) Ibis , vol.122 , pp. 210-226
    • RIDLEY, M.W.1
  • 52
    • 0001463217 scopus 로고
    • On the antipredator advantages of coloniality: A word of caution
    • RODGERS, J. A., JR. 1987. On the antipredator advantages of coloniality: A word of caution. Wilson Bulletin 99:269-271.
    • (1987) Wilson Bulletin , vol.99 , pp. 269-271
    • RODGERS JR., J.A.1
  • 53
    • 0000093317 scopus 로고
    • Latitudinal trends in breeding Red Phalaropes
    • SCHAMEL, D., AND D. M. TRACY. 1987. Latitudinal trends in breeding Red Phalaropes. Journal of Field Ornithology 58:126-134.
    • (1987) Journal of Field Ornithology , vol.58 , pp. 126-134
    • SCHAMEL, D.1    TRACY, D.M.2
  • 54
    • 85152780419 scopus 로고
    • The nature of the predator-reactions of breeding birds
    • SIMMONS, K. E. L. 1952. The nature of the predator-reactions of breeding birds. Behaviour 4: 161-171.
    • (1952) Behaviour , vol.4 , pp. 161-171
    • SIMMONS, K.E.L.1
  • 57
    • 0035133681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive biology of Sabine's Gull in the Eastern Canadian Arctic
    • STENHOUSE, I. J., H. G. GILCHRIST, AND W. A. MONTEVECCHI. 2001. Reproductive biology of Sabine's Gull in the Eastern Canadian Arctic. Condor 103:98-107.
    • (2001) Condor , vol.103 , pp. 98-107
    • STENHOUSE, I.J.1    GILCHRIST, H.G.2    MONTEVECCHI, W.A.3
  • 58
    • 23944453610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experimental study examining the anti-predator behavior of Sabine's Gulls (Xema sabini) during breeding
    • STENHOUSE, I. J., H. G. GILCHRIST, AND W. A. MONTEVECCHI. 2005. An experimental study examining the anti-predator behavior of Sabine's Gulls (Xema sabini) during breeding. Journal of Ethology 23:103-108.
    • (2005) Journal of Ethology , vol.23 , pp. 103-108
    • STENHOUSE, I.J.1    GILCHRIST, H.G.2    MONTEVECCHI, W.A.3
  • 59
    • 0026340237 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal patterns of prey availability and the foraging behaviour of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in a waterfowl nesting area
    • STICKNEY, A. 1991. Seasonal patterns of prey availability and the foraging behaviour of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in a waterfowl nesting area. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:2853-2859.
    • (1991) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.69 , pp. 2853-2859
    • STICKNEY, A.1
  • 60
    • 0001126868 scopus 로고
    • Breeding production of Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla in relation to lemming cycles
    • SUMMERS, R. W. 1986. Breeding production of Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla in relation to lemming cycles. Bird Study 33:105-108.
    • (1986) Bird Study , vol.33 , pp. 105-108
    • SUMMERS, R.W.1
  • 61
    • 0032420089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The breeding productivity of Dark-bellied Brent Geese and Curlew Sandpipers in relation to changes in the numbers of arctic foxes and lemmings on the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia
    • SUMMERS, R. W., L. G. UNDERHILL, AND E. E. SYROECHKOVSKI, JR. 1998. The breeding productivity of Dark-bellied Brent Geese and Curlew Sandpipers in relation to changes in the numbers of arctic foxes and lemmings on the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia. Ecography 21:573-580.
    • (1998) Ecography , vol.21 , pp. 573-580
    • SUMMERS, R.W.1    UNDERHILL, L.G.2    SYROECHKOVSKI JR., E.E.3
  • 62
    • 0028162889 scopus 로고
    • The breeding biology of Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla and King Eiders Somateria spectabilis on the northeastern Taimyr Peninsula, especially in relation to Snowy Owl Nyctea scandiaca nests
    • SUMMERS, R. W., L. G. UNDERHILL, E. E. SYROECHKOVSKI, JR., H. G. LAPPO, R. P. PRŶS-JONES, AND V. KARPOV. 1994. The breeding biology of Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla and King Eiders Somateria spectabilis on the northeastern Taimyr Peninsula, especially in relation to Snowy Owl Nyctea scandiaca nests. Wildfowl 45:110-118.
    • (1994) Wildfowl , vol.45 , pp. 110-118
    • SUMMERS, R.W.1    UNDERHILL, L.G.2    SYROECHKOVSKI JR., E.E.3    LAPPO, H.G.4    PRŶS-JONES, R.P.5    KARPOV, V.6
  • 63
    • 84956461662 scopus 로고
    • An experiment on spacing-out as a defence against predation
    • TINBERGEN, N., M. IMPEKOVEN, AND D. FRANCK. 1967. An experiment on spacing-out as a defence against predation. Behaviour 28:307-321.
    • (1967) Behaviour , vol.28 , pp. 307-321
    • TINBERGEN, N.1    IMPEKOVEN, M.2    FRANCK, D.3
  • 64
    • 85018033150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TRACY, D. M., D. SCHAMEL, AND J. DALE. 2002. Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius). In The Birds of North America, no. 698 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Birds of North America, Philadelphia.
    • TRACY, D. M., D. SCHAMEL, AND J. DALE. 2002. Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius). In The Birds of North America, no. 698 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Birds of North America, Philadelphia.
  • 65
    • 0030303061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term reproductive performance in White-fronted Geese Anser a. albifrons and Tundra Bean Geese A. fabalis rossicus wintering in Zeeland (the Netherlands)
    • VAN IMPE, J. 1996. Long-term reproductive performance in White-fronted Geese Anser a. albifrons and Tundra Bean Geese A. fabalis rossicus wintering in Zeeland (the Netherlands). Bird Study 43:280-289.
    • (1996) Bird Study , vol.43 , pp. 280-289
    • VAN IMPE, J.1
  • 66
    • 0001420939 scopus 로고
    • A simple device for determination of incubation stages in eggs
    • VAN PASSEN, A. G., D. H. VELDMAN, AND A. J. BEINTEMA. 1984. A simple device for determination of incubation stages in eggs. Wildfowl 35:173-178.
    • (1984) Wildfowl , vol.35 , pp. 173-178
    • VAN PASSEN, A.G.1    VELDMAN, D.H.2    BEINTEMA, A.J.3
  • 67
    • 0001977283 scopus 로고
    • Anti-predatory behavior of Lapwings: Field evidence of discriminative abilities
    • WALTERS, J. R. 1990. Anti-predatory behavior of Lapwings: Field evidence of discriminative abilities. Wilson Bulletin 102:49-70.
    • (1990) Wilson Bulletin , vol.102 , pp. 49-70
    • WALTERS, J.R.1
  • 68
    • 33846831603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus)
    • A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds, Birds of North America, Philadelphia
    • WILEY, R. H., AND D. S. LEE. 1999. Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus). In The Birds of North America, no. 445 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Birds of North America, Philadelphia.
    • (1999) The Birds of North America , Issue.445
    • WILEY, R.H.1    LEE, D.S.2
  • 69
    • 0035061139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional and numerical responses of predators to cyclic lemming abundance: Effects on loss of goose nests
    • WILSON, D. J., AND R. G. BROMLEY. 2001. Functional and numerical responses of predators to cyclic lemming abundance: Effects on loss of goose nests. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:525-532.
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.79 , pp. 525-532
    • WILSON, D.J.1    BROMLEY, R.G.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.