Gendered career paths: A life course perspective on returning to school

Sex Roles

Volumn 56, Issue 1-2, 2007, Pages 85-103

  Hostetler, Andrew J ^a   Sweet, Stephen ^b   Moen, Phyllis ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL   (United States)

^b ITHACA COLLEGE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Careers; Gender; Life course; Returning students

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846818465     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-006-9150-8     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Altucher, K., & Williams, L. (2003). Family clocks; Timing of parenthood. In P. Moen (Ed.), It's about time: Career strains, strategies, and successes (pp. 49-59). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
2. Amstey, H. F., & Whitbourne, S. K. (1981). Continuing education, identity, sex role, and psychosocial development in adult women. Sex Roles, 7, 49-58.
3. Arnett, J. J. (1998). Learning to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context. Human Development, 41, 295-315.
4. Ashton, P. J., & ladicola, P. (1989). The differential impact of a plant closing on the reemployment and income patterns of displaced blue- and white-collar employees. Sociological Focus, 22, 119-142.
5. Aslanian, C. (2001). You're never too old: Excerpts from adult students today. Community College Journal, 71(5), 56-58.
6. Astone, N. M., Shoen, R., Ensminger, M., & Rothert, K. (2000). School reentry in early adulthood: The case of inner-city African Americans. Sociology of Education, 73(3), 133-154.
7. Attewell, P. (1999). The impact of family on job displacement and recovery, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 562, 66-82.
8. Badenhoop, M. S., & Johansen, M. K. (1980). Do reentry women have special needs? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 4, 591-595.
9. Ballmer, H., & Cozby, P. C. (1981). Family environment of women who return to college. Sex Roles, 7, 1019-1026.
10. Bandura, A. (1982). The self and mechanisms of agency. In J. Suis (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self(pp, 3-39). Hills-dale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S., & Wolff, E. N. (2003). Downsizing in America: Reality, causes, and consequences, New York: Russell Sage.
12. Bay, L. (1999). Twists, turns, and returns: Returning adult students. Teaching English in the two-year college, 26, 305-312.
13. Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. New York: Columbia University Press.
14. Becker, P. E., & Moen, P. (1999). Scaling back: Dual-earner couples' work-family strategies. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 995-1007.
15. Bem, S. L. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
16. Beutell, W. P., & O'Hare, M. M. (1987). Coping with role conflict among returning students: Professional versus nonprofessional women. Journal of College Student Personnel, 28, 141-145.
17. Bielby, W. T., & Bielby, D. D. (1992). I will follow him: Family ties, gender-role beliefs, and reluctance to relocate for a better job. American Journal of Sociology, 97, 1241-1267.
18. Bradburn, E. M., Moen, P., & Dempster-McClain, D. (1995). Women's return to school following the transition to motherhood. Social Forces, 73, 1517-1551.
19. Britton, C., & Baxter, A. (1999). Becoming a mature student: Gendered narratives of the self. Gender and Education, II, 179-193.
20. Carr, D., & Sheridan, J. (2001). Family turning-points and career transitions at midlife. In V. W. Marshall, W. R. Heinz, H. Kruger, & A. Verma (Eds.), Restructuring work and the life course (pp. 201-227). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
21. Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
22. Christensen, K. E., & Staines, G. L. (1990). Flextime: A viable solution to work/family conflict? Journal of Family Issues, 11, 455-476.
23. Chudacoff, H. P. (1999). The age of the bachelor: Creating an American subculture, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
24. Clarkberg, M. (1999). The price of partnering: The role of economic well-being in young adults' first union experiences. Social Forces, 77, 945-968.
25. Clausen, J. A. (1991). Adolescent competence and the shaping of the life course. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 805-842.
26. Clausen, J. A. (1993). American lives: Looking back at the children of the great depression. New York: Free.
27. Cott, N. (1990). On men's and women's history. In M. C. Carnes & C. Griffen (Eds.), Meanings for manhood: Constructions of masculinity in Victorian America (pp. 205-211). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
28. Cottle, T. J. (2001). Hardest times: The trauma of long term unemployment. Westport, CT: Praeger.
29. Davey, J. A. (2003). Opportunity or outrage? Redundancy and educational involvement in mid-life. Journal of Education and Work, 16, 87-102.
30. Elder, G. (1999). Children of the great depression: Social change in life experience. Boulder, CO: Westview.
31. Elder, G. H., Jr. (1978). Approaches to social change and the family. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 1-38.
32. Elman, C., & O'Rand, A. M. (1998). Midlife work pathways and educational entry. Research on Aging, 20, 475-505.
33. Florentine, R., & Cole, S. (1992). Why fewer women become physicians: Explaining the premed persistence gap. Sociological Forum, 7, 469-496.
34. Garson, G. D. (n.d.). Correlation, from Statnotes: Topics inmultivariate analysis. Retrieved 01/10/2006 from http://www2.chass.ncsu. edu/garson/pa765/statnote.htm.
35. Gerson, M. J. (1985). Women returning to school; The consequences of multiple roles. Sex Roles, 13, 77-92.
36. Gilbert, L. A., Manning, L., & Ponder, M. (1980). Conflicts with the student role: A comparison of female and male reentry students. Journal of the National Association of Women Deans, Administrators, & Counselors, 44(1), 26-32.
37. Goldstein, J. R., & Kenney, C. T. (2001). Marriage delayed or marriage foregone? New cohort forecasts of first marriage for U.S. women. American Sociological Review, 66, 506-519.
38. Gorard, S., Rees, G., Fevre, R., & Furlong, J. (1998). Learning trajectories: Travelling towards a learning society? International Journal of Lifelong Education, 17, 400-410.
39. Gorard, S., Rees, G., Fevre, R., & Welland, T. (2001). Lifelong learning trajectories: Some voices of those "in transit." International Journal of Lifelong Education, 20, 167-187.
40. Han, S. K., & Moen, P. (1999a). Clocking out: Temporal patterning of retirement. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 191-236.
41. Han, S.-K., & Moen, P. (1999b). Work and family over time: A life course approach. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 562, 98-110.
42. Henretta, J. (1994). Social structure and age-based careers. In M. W. Riley, R. L. Kahn, & A. Foner (Eds.), Age and structural lag (pp. 57-79). New York: Wiley.
43. Henry, G., & Basile, K. (1994). Understanding the decision to participate in formal adult education. Adult Education Quarterly, 44, 64-82.
44. Hogan, D. P.(1980). The transition to adulthood as a career contingency. American Sociological Review, 45, 261-276.
45. Home, A. M. (1998). Predicting role conflict, overload, and contagion in adult women university students with families and jobs. Adult Education Quarterly, 48, 85-97.
46. Hooper, J.O.(1979). Returning women students and their families: Support and conflict. Journal of College Student Personnel, 20, 145-152.
47. Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (1989). Applied logistic regression. New York: Wiley.
48. Huston-Hoburg, L., & Strange, C. (1986). Spouse support among male and female returning adult students. Journal of College Student Personnel, 27, 388-394.
49. Jacobs, J. A. (2003). Detours on the road to equality: Women, work and higher education. Contexts, 2(1), 32-41.
50. Jacobs, J. A., & King, R. B. (2002). Age and college completion: A life-history analysis of women aged 15-44. Sociology of Education, 75, 211-230.
51. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Work and family in the United States:A critical review and agenda for research and policy, New York: Russell Sage.
52. Kasworm, C. E. (2003). Setting the stage: Adults in higher education. New Directions for Student Services, 102, 3-10.
53. Kerckhoff, A. C., & Parrow, A. A. (1979). The effect of early marriage on the educational attainment of young men. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 97-107.
54. Laslett, P. (1991). Afresh map of life: The emergence of the Third Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
55. Levy, F. (1986). Dollars and dreams. New York: Russell Sage.
56. Light, A. (1995). The effects of interrupted schooling on wages. Journal of Human Resources, 30, 472-502.
57. Lowe, G. D., Hughes, D. L., & Witt, D. D. (1989). Changes in the influence of early marriage on the education attainment of men and women. Sociological Spectrum, 9, 163-173.
58. Lowe, G. D., & Witt, D. D. (1984). Early marriage as a career contingency: The prediction of educational attainment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 689-698.
59. Marcus, R. D. (1986). Earnings and the decision to return to school. Economics of Education Review, 5, 309-317.
60. Marshall, R., & Tucker, M. (1992). Thinking for a living: Education and the wealth of nations. New York: Basic.
61. Maynard, E. M., & Pearsall, S. J. (1994). What about male mature students? A comparison of the experiences of men and women students. Journal of Access Studies, 9, 229-240.
62. Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. New York: Free.
63. Mincer, J. (1958). Investment in human capital and personal income distribution. Journal of Political Economy, 66, 281-302.
64. Modell, J. (1989). Into one's own: From youth to adulthood in the United States, 1920-1975. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
65. Moen, P. (1985). Continuities and discontinuities in women's labor force activity. In G. H. Elder, Jr. (Ed.), Life course dynamics: Trajectories and transitions, 1968-1980 (pp. 113-155). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
66. Moen, P. (1991). Transitions in mid-life: Women's work and family roles in the 1970s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 135-150.
67. Moen, P. (1992). Women's two roles: A contemporary dilemma, Westport CT: Greenwood.
68. Moen, P. (2002). The career quandary. Population Reference Bureau Reoorts America, 2(1).
69. Moen, P. (2003). It's about time: Career strains, strategies, and successes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
70. Moen, P., & Man, S.-K. (2001). Refraining careers: Work, family, and gender. In V. Marshall, W. Heinz, H. Krueger, & A. Verma (Eds.), Restructuring work and the life course (pp. 424-445). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
71. Moen, P., & Sweet, S. (2003). Time clocks: Couples' work hour strategies. In P. Moen (Ed.), It's about time: Career strains, strategies, and successes (pp. 17-34). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
72. Moen, P., Sweet, S., & Townsend, B. (2001). How family friendly is upstate New York? Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Employment and Family Careers Institute.
73. Moen, P., & Wethington, E. (1999). Midlife development in a life course context. In S. L. Willis & J. D. Reid (Eds.), Life in the middle: Psychological and social development in middle age (pp. 3-23). San Diego, CA: Academic.
74. Moen, P., & Yu, Y. (2000). Effective work/life strategies: Working couples, work conditions, gender and life quality. Social Problems, 47, 291-326.
75. Mohney, C., & Anderson, W. (1988). The effect of life events and relationships on adult women's decisions to enroll in college. Journal of Counseling and Development, 66, 271-274.
76. Morstain, B. R., & Smart, J. C. (1977). A motivational typology of adult learners. Journal of Higher Education, 48, 665-679.
77. National Center for Education Statistics (2003). Digest of education statistics. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
78. Neugarten, B. (1979). Time, age, and the life-cycle. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 887-894.
79. Oppenheimer, V. K. (2003). Cohabitating and marriage during young men's career-development process. Demography, 40, 127-149.
80. O'Rand, A., & Henretta, J. (1999). Age and inequality: Diverse pathways through later life. Boulder, CO: Westview.
81. Pascall, G., & Cox, R. (1993). Education and domesticity. Gender and Education, 5, 17-35.
82. Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2-21.
83. Piore, M., & Sabel, C. (1984). The second industrial divide: Possibilities for prosperity. New York: Basic.
84. Reich, R. (1991). The work of nations: Preparing ourselves for 21st century capitalism, New York: Knopf.
85. Rice, J. K. (1978). Divorce and a return to school, Journal of Divorce, 1, 247-257.
86. Riley, M. W., & Riley, J. W., Jr. (1999). Sociological research on age: Legacy and challenge. Ageing & Society, 19, 123-132.
87. Ross, J. M. (1988). Transitions, triggers, and the return to college: No simple decision. Journal of College Student Development, 29, 112-118.
88. Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1996). Socioeconomic achievement in the life course of disadvantaged men: Military service as a turning point, circa 1940-1965. American Sociological Review, 61, 347-367.
89. Scala, M. A. (1996). Going back to school: Participation motives and experiences of older adults in an undergraduate classroom. Educational Gerontology, 22, 747-773.
90. Schlossberg, N. K. (1970). Adult men: Education or re-education. Vocational Guidance Quarterly, 19, 36-39.
91. Settersten, R. A. (1999). Lives in time and place: The problems and promises of developmental science. Amityville, NY: Baywood.
92. Settersten, R. A., Jr., & Lovegreen, L. D. (1998). Educational experiences throughout adult life: New hopes or no hope for life-course flexibility? Research on Aging, 20, 506-538.
93. Sewall, T. J. (1984). A study of adult undergraduates: What causes them to seek a degree? Journal of College Student Personnel, 25, 309-314.
94. Shanahan, M. J., Elder, G. H., Jr., & Miech, R. A. (1997). History and agency in men's lives: Pathways to achievement in cohort perspective. Sociology of Education, 70, 54-67.
95. Shields, N. (1993). Attribution processes and stages of adult life development among adult university students. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1321-1336.
96. Smith, V. (2002). Crossing the great divide: Worker risk and opportunity in the new economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
97. Staines, G. L. (1985). Men's work schedules and family life. Marriage and Family Review, 9, 43-65.
98. Staines, G. L., & Pleck, J. H. (1986). Work schedule flexibility and family life. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 7, 147-153.
99. Suitor, J. J. (1987). Marital happiness of returning women students and their husbands: Effects of part and full-time enrollment. Research in Higher Education, 27, 311-331.
100. Suitor, J. J. (1988). Husbands' educational attainment and support for wives' return to school. Gender & Society, 2, 482-495.
101. Sweet, S., & Moen, P. (2004). Intimate academics: Coworking couples in two universities. Innovative Higher Education, 28, 252-274.
102. Sweet, S., & Moen, P. (2006). Advancing a career focus on work and family: Insights from the life course perspective. In M. Pitt-Catsouphes, E. E. Kossek, & S. Sweet (Eds.), The work and family handbook: Multi-disciplinary perspectives, methods, and approaches (pp. 189-208). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
103. Sweet, S., & Moen, P. (2007). Integrating educational careers in work and family: Women's return to school and family life quality. Community, Work & Family (forthcoming).
104. Sweet, S., Moen, P., & Meiksins, P. (2007). Dual earners in double jeopardy: Preparing for job loss in the new risk economy. Research in the Sociology of Work; 17.
105. Tausig, M., & Fenwick, R. (2001). Unbinding time: Alternate work schedules and work-life balance. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 22, 101-119.
106. Thomas, L. T., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6-15.
107. Thomas, W. I., & Thomas, D. S. (1928). The child in America: Behavior problems and programs, New York: Knopf.
108. Thurow, L. (1992). Head to head: The coming economic battle among Japan, Europe and America. New York: Morrow.
109. Tittle, C. K., & Denker, E. R. (1977). Re-entry women: A selective review of the educational process, career choice, and interest measurement. Review of Educational Research, 47, 531-584.
110. Weiss, R. S., & Bass, S. A. (Eds.) (2002), Challenges of the third age: Meaning and purpose in later life. New York: Oxford University Press.
111. West, L. (1995). Beyond fragments: Adults, motivation, and higher education. Studies in the Education of Adults, 27, 133-156.
112. Widoff, J. C. (1999). The adult male undergraduate student experience: Real men do return to school. Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 47(2), 15-24.
113. Woodley, A, (1987). Choosing to learn: Adults in education. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
114. Zippay, A. (1991). Job-training and relocation experiences among displaced industrial workers. Evaluation Review, 15, 555-570.