Child and early adolescent personality: Its structure, age trends and gender differences

Studia Psychologica

Volumn 48, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 311-332

  Zupančič, Maja ^a   Gril, Alenka ^b   Kavčič, Tina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA   (Slovenia)

^b Educational Research Institute   (Slovenia)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Age trends; Childhood; Five factor model; Gender differences

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846705021     PISSN: 00393320     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. ABE, J.A.A., IZARD, C.E., 1999, A longitudinal study of emotion expression and personality relations in early development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 566-577.
2. ALLIK, J., LAIDRA, K., REALO, A., PULLMAN, H., 2004, Personality development from 12 to 18 years of age: Changes in mean levels and structure of traits. European Journal of Personality, 18, 445-462.
3. ANGLEITNER, A., OSTENDORF, F., 1994, Temperament and the Big Five factors of personality. In: C.F. Halverson, G.A. Kohnstamm, R.P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 60-90.
4. BARBARANELLI, C., CAPRARA, G.V., RABASCA, A., PASTORELLI, C., 2003, A questionnaire for measuring the Big Five in late childhood. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 645-664.
5. BARRICK, M.R., MOUNT, M.K., 1991, The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.
6. BERK, L.E., 1997, Child development. Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, MA.
7. BLOCK, J.H., 1976, Debatable conclusions about sex differences. Contemporary Psychology, 21, 517-522.
8. BUSS, A.H., 1989, Temperament as personality traits. In: G.A. Kohnstamm, J.E. Bates, M.K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 49-58.
9. BUSS, A.H., PLOMIN, R., 1984, Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
10. COHEN, J., 1988, Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
11. COSTA, P.T., McCRAE, R.R., 1997, Longitudinal stability of adult personality. In: R. Hogan, J. Johnson, S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 269-292.
12. COSTA, P.T., WIDIGER, T.A. (Eds.), 2002, Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
13. DE FRUYT, F., MERVIELDE, I., HOEKSTRA, H.A., ROLLAND, J.P., 2000, Assessing adolescents' personality with the NEO PI-R. Assessment, 7, 329-345.
14. DE FRUYT, F., VAN HIEL, A., BUYST, V., 1998, Parental personality descriptions of boys and girls. In: G.A. Kohnstamm, C.F. Halverson, I. Mervielde, V.L. Havill (Eds.), Parental descriptions of child personality, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, 155-167.
15. DIGMAN, J.M., 1989, Five robust trait dimensions: Development, stability, and utility. Journal of Personality, 57, 195-214.
16. DIGMAN, J.M., 1990, Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
17. DIGMAN, J.M., 1994, Child personality and temperament: Does the five-factor model embrace both domains? In: C.F. Halverson, G.A. Kohnstamm, R.P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 323-338.
18. DIGMAN, J.M., INOUYE, J., 1986, Further specifications of the five robust factors of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 116-123.
19. DIGMAN, J.M., SHMELYOV, A.G., 1996, The structure of temperament and personality in Russian children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 341-351.
20. EAGLY, A.H., WOOD, W., 1991, Explaining sex differences in social behaviour: A meta-analytic perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 306-315.
21. EATON, W.O., 1994, Temperament, development, and the five-factor model: Lessons from activity level. In: C.F. Halverson, G.A. Kohnstamm, R.P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 173-187.
22. FEINGOLD, A., 1994, Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 429-456.
23. GOLDBERG, L.R., 1981, Language and individual differences: The search for universal in personality lexicons. In: L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 203-234.
24. GOLDBERG, L.R., 1990, An alternative 'Description of Personality': The Big Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229.
25. HAGEKULL, B., 1994, Infant temperament and early childhood functioning: Possible relations to the five-factor model. In: C.F. Halverson, Jr., G.A. Kohnstamm, R.P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 227-240.
26. HALVERSON, C.F., Jr., 2001, The structure of childhood personality as revealed by parental language in three cultures. Paper presented at the Xth European Conference on Developmental Psychology, Uppsala, Sweden.
27. HALVERSON, C.F., Jr., 2003, Culture, age, and personality development. Paper presented at the 11th European Conference on Developmental Psychology, Milano, Italy.
28. HALVERSON, C.F., Jr., HAVILL, V.L., DEAL, J., BAKER, S.R., VICTOR, B.J., PAVLOPOULOS, V., BESEVEGIS, E., WEN, L., 2003, Personality structure as derived from parental ratings of free descriptions of children: The Inventory of Child Individual Differences. Journal of Personality, 71, 995-1026.
29. HAVILL, V.L., ALLEN, K., HALVERSON, C.F., JR., KOHNSTAMM, G.A., 1994, Parents' use of Big-Five categories in their natural language descriptions of children. In: C.F. Halverson, Jr., G.A. Kohnstamm, R.P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 371-386.
30. HAVILL, V.L., BAKER, S.R., HALVERSON, C.F., JR., PAVLOPOULOS, V., WEN, L., VICTOR, J.B., 2003, Parental personality language: A cross-cultural comparison of the basic dimensions, Unpublished manuscript, University of Georgia, Athens.
31. HAVILL, V.L., HALVERSON, C.F., DEAL, J., 2002, Developmental measures of child and young adult personality. Paper presented at the 11th European Conference on Personality, Jena, Germany.
32. HOFSTEDE, G., 2001, Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviours, institutions, and organizations across nations. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
33. JOHN, O.P., CASPI, A., ROBINS, R.W., MOFFITT, T.E., STOUTHAMER-LOEBER, M., 1994, The "Little Five": Exploring the nomological network of the Five-Factor Model of personality in adolescent boys. Child Development, 65, 160-178.
34. KNYAZEV, G.G., SLOBODSKAYA, H.R., ZUPANČIČ, M., in preparation, Comparison of personality structure and mean trait scores in Slovenian and Russian children.
35. KOHNSTAMM, G.A., 1989, Temperament in childhood: Cross-cultural and sex differences. In: G.A. Kohnstamm, J.E. Bates, M.K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 483-508.
36. KOHNSTAMM, G.A., HALVERSON, C.F., MERVIELDE, I., HAVILL, V.L. (Eds.), 1998, Parental descriptions of child personality. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
37. LAMB, M.E., CHUANG, S.S., WESSELS, H., BROBERG, A.G., HWANG, C.P., 2002, Emergence and construct validation of the Big Five factors in early childhood: A longitudinal analysis of their ontogeny in Sweden. Child Development, 73, 1517-1524.
38. LITTLE, T.D., WANNER, B., 1998, Validity of a Big-Five Personality Inventory for Children (B5P-C). Poster presented at the Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, Bern, Switzerland.
39. MACCOBY, E.E., 2000, Gender and relationships: A developmental account. In: W. Craig (Ed.), Childhood social development, Blackwell Publishers Ltd., Oxford, 201-219.
40. MACCOBY, E.E., JACKLIN, C.N., 1974, The psychology of sex differences. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
41. McCRAE, R.R., COSTA, P.T., 1997, Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
42. McCRAE, R.R., COSTA, P.T., HŘEBÍČKOVÁ, M., URBÁNEK, T., MARTIN, T.A., ORYOL, V.E., RUKAVISHNIKOV, A.A., SENIN, I.G., 2004, Age differences in personality traits across cultures: Self-report and observer perspectives. European Journal of Personality, 18, 143-157.
43. McCRAE, R.R., JOHN, O.P., 1992, An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 170-215.
44. McCRAE, R.R., TERRACCIANO, A., 2005, Universal features of personality traits from the observer's perspective: Data from 50 cultures. Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 88, 547-561.
45. MERVIELDE, I., BUYST, V., DE FRUYT, F., 1995, The validity of the Big Five as a model for teacher's ratings of individual differences among children aged 4-12 years. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 4, 525-534.
46. MERVIELDE, I., DE FRUYT, F., 1999, Construction of the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children (HiPIC). In: I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, F. Ostendorpf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe. Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Personality Psychology, Tilburg University Press, Tilburg, 107-127.
47. MERVIELDE, I., DE FRUYT, F., 2002, Assessing children's traits with the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children. In: B. De Raad, M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five assessment, Hogrefe & Hoger Publishers, Gottingen, 129-146.
48. PUKLEK, M., GRIL, A., 1999, Socioemocionalne in vedenjske značilnosti otrok ob vstopu v šolo [Socio-emotional characteristics of children starting school]. In: M. Zupančič (Ed.), Razvojnopsihološke značilnosti različno starih otrok ob vstopu v šolo [Developmental characteristics in children starting school at different ages], i2, Ljubljana, 43-66.
49. THOMAS, A., CHESS, S., 1977, Temperament and development. Brunner/Mazel, New York.
50. SLOBODSKAYA, H.R., 2005, Personality as predictor of behavioural and emotional problems in Russian children of different ages. Paper presented at the 12th European Conference on Developmental Psychology, Tenerife, Spain.
51. TRIANDIS, H.C., SUH, E.M., 2002, Cultural influences on personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 133-160.
52. ZUPANČIČ, M., 2001, Parental free descriptions of their infants/toddlers: Do they resemble the Five-Factor Model of personality? Horizons of Psychology, 10, 3, 21-41.
53. ZUPANČIČ, M., 2004, Parental free descriptions of child personality: Applicability of the Five-Factor Model taxonomy from infancy through pre-school years. Studia Psychologica, 46, 2, 145-162.
54. ZUPANČIČ, M., KAVČIČ, T., 2004, Personality structure in Slovenian three-year-olds: The Inventory of Child Individual Differences. Horizons of Psychology, 13, 1, 9-27.
55. ZUPANČIČ, M., KAVČIČ, T., 2005a, Child personality measures as contemporaneous and longitudinal predictors of social behaviour in preschool. Horizons of Psychology, 14, 1, 17-34.
56. ZUPANČIČ, M., KAVČIČ, T., 2005b, Gender differences in personality through early childhood: A multi-informant perspective. Horizons of Psychology, 14, 2, 11-38.
57. ZUPANČIČ, M., KAVČIČ, T., FEKONJA, U., 2003, The personality structure of toddlers and preschool children as perceived by their pre-school teachers. Horizons of Psychology, 12, 1, 7-26.
58. ZUPANČIČ, M., PUKLEK, M., 1999, Napoved učne uspešnosti učencev v prvem razredu osnovne šole [Predicting school achievement in first-grade primary school pupils]. In: M. Zupančič (Ed.), Razvojnopsihološke značilnosti različno starih otrok ob vstopu v šolo [Developmental characteristics in children starting school at different ages], 12, Ljubljana, 76-92.
59. ZUPANČIČ, M., SOČAN, G., KAVČIČ, T., submitted, Consistency in personality traits and domains over the pre-school years.
60. ZUPANČIČ, M., SVETINA, M., 2004, Socialni razvoj v mladostništvu [Social development in ado lescence]. In: L. Marjanovič Umek, M. Zupančič (Eds.), Razvojna psihologija [Developmental psychology], Znanstvenoraziskovalni inštitut Filozofske fakultete, Ljubljana, 589-611.