Archaeologically recovered ammonites: Evidence for long-term continuity in Nitsitapii1 ritual

Plains Anthropologist

Volumn 47, Issue 181, 2002, Pages 147-164

  Peck, Trevor R ^a  

^a Heritage Resource Management Branch   (Canada)

Author keywords

Ammonite; Buffalo stone; Iniskim; Nitsitapii (Blackfoot); Old Women's Phase

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846698458     PISSN: 00320447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/2052546.2002.11949237     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Barrett, S.A. 1921 The Blaekfoot Iniskim or Buffalo Bundle. Year-book of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 1:80-84.
2. Blackfoot Gallery Committee 2001 Nitsitapiisinni, The Story of the Blackfoot People. Key Porter Books Limited, Toronto.
3. Bowers, A. W. 1950 Mandan Social and Ceremonial Organization. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
4. Bowers, A. W. 1965 Hidatsa Social Ceremonial Organization. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 194. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
5. Branch, E. D. 1997 The Hunting of the Buffalo. Reprinted. Bison Books, Lincoln Originally published 1929, D. Appleton and Company, New York.
6. Brasser, T. J. 1991 The Sarcee: Athapaskans on the Northern Plains. Arctic Anthropology 28(1):67-73.
7. Brumley, J. 1975a The Cactus Flower Site in Southeast Alberta: 1972-1974 Excavations. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series Paper 46. Archaeological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.
8. Brumley, J. 1975b Radiocarbon Dates from the Wahkpa Chu'gn Site. Archaeology in Montana 16(3): 105-116.
9. Brumley, J. 1995 Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence in the Plains of Southern Alberta and Northern Montana: The Seasonal Evidence. Ms. on file, Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.
10. Brumley, J. J., and B. J. Dau 1988 Historical Resources Investigations within the Forty Mile Coulee Reservoir. Manuscript Series No. 13. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.
11. Brumely, J. H., and P. J. Rennie 1995 A Culture History Model for the Plains of Northern Montana and Surrounding Regions. Ms on file, Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.
12. Burpee, L. J. (editor) 1908 Journal of Matthew Cocking, From York Factory to the Blackfeet Country, 1772-73. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. Ottawa.
13. Byrne, W. J. 1973 The Archaeology and Prehistory of Southern Alberta as Reflected by Ceramics. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series Paper No. 4. Archaeological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.
14. Calder, J. 1977 The Majorville Cairn and Medicine Wheel Site, Alberta. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series No. 62. Archaeological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.
15. Coues, E. (editor) 1897 New Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest. The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry, Fur Trader, and David Thompson, Official Geographer and Explorer of the North West Company. 3 vols. Francis P. Harper, New York.
16. Coues, E. (editor), 1898 Forty Years a fur Trader on the Upper Missouri: The Personal Narrative of Charles Larpenteur, 1833-1875. 2 vols. Arthur Clark, Cleveland.
17. Curtis, E. S. 1970 The North American Indian, vol 6. Reprinted. Johnson Reprints, New York. Originally published 1908, The University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
18. Davis, L. B., and E. Stallcop 1966 The Wahkpa Chu'gn Site (24HL101): Late Hunters in the Milk River Valley, Montana. Archaeology in Montana, Memoir 3 (November).
19. Denig, E. T. 1930 Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri. In Forty-sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, edited by J.N.B. Hewitt, pp. 375-625. Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington D.C.
20. Densmore, F. 1918 Teton Sioux Music. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 61. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
21. Flanncry, R. 1953a The Gros Ventres of Montana: Part I, Social Life. The Catholic University of America, Anthropological Series No. 15. The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C.
22. Flanncry, R. 1953b The Gros Ventres of Montana: Part II, Religion and Ritual. The Catholic University of America, Anthropological Series No. 15. The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C.
23. Forbis, R. G. 1960 Some Late Sites in the Oldman River Region, Alberta. Contributions to Anthropology 1957, Bulletin 162:119-164. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
24. Forbis, R. G. 1977 Cluny, an Ancient Fortified Village in Alberta. Occasional Paper 4. University of Calgary, Department of Archaeology, Calgary.
25. Fosha, M. 1993 Two Iniskims from the Anton Rygh Village Site in Campbell County, South Dakota. Newsletter of the South Dakota Archaeological Society 23(4):3-5.
26. Franklin, J. 1969 Narrative of a Journey to the Polar Sea: 1819, 1820, 1821 and 1822. M.G. Hurtig Ltd., Edmonton.
27. Frantz, D. G., and N. J. Russell 1989 Blackfoot Dictionary of Stems, Roots, and Affixes. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
28. Garvin, J. W. (editor) 1925 Wanderings of an Artist Among the Indians of North America, vol. 7. Master-Works of Canadian Authors, Radisson Society of Canada, Toronto.
29. Goddard, P. E. 1915 Sarsi Texts. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 11 (3): 189-277.
30. Grinnell, G. B. 1901 The Lodges of the Blackfeet. American Anthropologist 3(4):650-668.
31. Grinnell, G. B. 1962a Blackfoot Lodge Tales: The Story of A Prairie People. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
32. Grinnell, G. B. 1962b The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life. Cooper Square Publishers, Inc., New York.
33. Hoebel, E. A. 1960 The Cheyennes, Indians of the Great Plains. Holt, Rinchart, and Winston, New York.
34. Hungry Wolf, A. 1977 The Blood People: A Division of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Harper and Row, San Francisco.
35. Jefferson, R. 1929 Fifty Years on the Saskatchewan. Canadian Northwest Historical Society Publications 1 (5): 1-160.
36. Jenness, D. 1938 The Sarcee Indians of Alberta. National Museum of Canada, Bulletin 90. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
37. Kehoe, T. 1965 Buffalo Stones: An Addendum to "Folklore of Fossils". Antiquity 39( 155):212-213.
38. 1973 The Gull Lake Site: A Prehistoric Bison Drive Site in Southwestern Saskatchewan. Publications in Anthropology and History No. 1. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee.
39. Kidd, K. E. 1986 Blackfoot Ethnography. Manuscript Scries No. 8. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.
40. Kroeber, A. L. 1907 The Arapaho. American Museum of Natural History, Bulletin 18, XVIII(1-4).
41. 1908 Ethnology of the Gros Ventre. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 1(4).
42. Lehmann, U. 1981 The Ammonites, Their life and their world. Translated by J. Lettau. Cambridge University Press, New York.
43. Lowie, R. H. 1910 The Assiniboine. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 4(1).
44. Lowie, R. H. 1922 The Religion of the Crows. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 25.
45. Magne, M., and Contributors to the Saskatchewan-Alberta Dialogue 1987 Distributions of Native Groups in Western Canada, A.D. 1700 to A.D. 1850. In Archaeology in Alberta 1986, edited by M. Magne, pp. 220-231. Occasional Papers No. 31. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.
46. Malainey, M. E. 1991 Internal and External Relationships of Saskatchewan Plains Pottery Assemblages: Circa A.D. 1300 to Contact. Unpublished M.A. thesis. Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.
47. Mandelbaum, D. G. 1979 The Plains Cree: An Ethnographic, Historical, and Comparative Study. Canadian Plains Studies 9. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina.
48. McClintock, W. 1968 The Old North Trail: Life, Legends, and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians. A Bison Book, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
49. McDougall, J. 1896 Saddle, Sled and Snowshoe. Williams Briggs, Toronto.
50. Mclean, J. 1889 The Indians: Their Manners and Customs. William Briggs, Book Steward of the Methodist Book and Publishing House, Toronto.
51. Meyer, D. 1988 The Old Women's Phase on the Saskatchewan Plains: Some Ideas. In Archaeology in Alberta 1987, edited by M. Magne, pp. 55-63. Occasional Paper No. 32. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.
52. Milne-Brumley, L. 1978 The Saamis Site: A Late Prehistoric-Protohistoric Campsite in Medicine Hat, Alberta. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series No. 79. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
53. Neuman, R. W. 1975 The Sonota Complex and Associated Sites on the Northern Great Plains. Publications in Anthropology No. 6. Nebraska State Historical Society, Lincoln.
54. Palliser, J. 1863 The Journals, Detailed Reports and Observations Relating to the Exploration by Captain Palliser...1857-1860. Eyre and Spottiswoode, London.
55. Peck, T. R. 1996 Late Side-notched Projectile Points on the Northwestern Plains. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
56. Peck, T. R. 2001 Bison Ethology and Native Settlement Patterns During the Old Women's Phase on the Northwestern Plains. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary.
57. Peck, T. R., and C. Hudecek 2002 Archaeology on the Alberta Plains. In Archaeology in Alberta: The Last 2000 Years, edited by J. Brink and J. Dormaar. Archaeological Society of Alberta, Medicine Hat Centre, in press.
58. Peck, T. R., and J. W. Ives 2001 Late Side-notched Projectile Points on the Northern Plains. Plains Anthropologist 46(176):115-232.
59. Peck, T. R., and L. Sinkey 2000 An Unprecedented Projectile Point Assemblage Associated With Col D'Arse Cave (EaPk-la). Alberta Archaeological Review 32:4-10.
60. Pepper, G. H., and G. L. Wilson 1908 An Hidatsa Shrine and the Beliefs Respecting It. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2:277-328.
61. Quaife, M. M. (editor) 1921 Alexander Henry s Travels and Adventures in the Years 1760-1776. R.R. Donnelley and Sons, Chicago.
62. Reeves, B. 1983 Culture Change in the Northern Plains, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1000. Occasional Paper No. 20. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.
63. Reeves, B. 1993 Iniskim: A Sacred Nitsitapii Religious Tradition. In Kunaitupii: Coming Together on Native Sacred Sites, Their Sacredness, Conservation, and Interpretation, edited by B.O.K. Reeves and M. A. Kennedy, pp. 194-259. Archaeological Society of Alberta, Calgary.
64. Riggs, S. R. 1893 Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography. Edited by James Owen Dorscy. Department of Interior, U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
65. Russell, D. R. 1991 Eighteen-Century Cree and Their Neighbours. Canadian Museum of Civilization, Mercury Series Paper No 143. Archaeological Survey of Canada, Hull.
66. Scriver, B. 1990 The Blackfeef. Artists of the Northern Plains. Lowell Press, Kansas City.
67. Skinner, A. 1914 Political Organization, Cults and Ceremonies of the Plains-Cree. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 11 (6):513-542.
68. Uhlenbeck, C.C. 1911 Original Blackfoot Texts From the Southern Peigans Blackfoot Reservation Teton County Montana. J. Muller, Amsterdam.
69. Verbicky-Todd, E. 1984 Communal Buffalo Hunting Among the Plains Indians. Occasional Paper No. 24. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.
70. Vickers, J. R. 1986 Alberta Plains Prehistory: A Review. Occasional Paper No. 27. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.
71. Vickers, J. R. 1989 The Ross Site (DlPd-3) 1980 Research. Manuscript Series No. 14. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.
72. Vickers, J. R. 1994 Cultures of the Northwestern Plains: from the Boreal Forest Edge to the Milk River. In Plains Indians, A.D. 500-1500, The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups, edited by K. H. Schlesier, pp. 3-33. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
73. Walde, D. A. 1994 The Mortlach Phase. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary.
74. Walde, D. A., D. Meyer, and W. Unfreed 1995 The Late Period on the Canadian and Adjacent Plains. Journal of American Archaeology 9:7-66.
75. Weekes, M. L. 1948 An Indian's Description of the Making of a Buffalo Pound. Saskatchewan History 1 (3): 14-17.
76. Wildschut, W. 1928 Blackfoot Pipe Bundles. Indian Notes 5(4):419-433.
77. Wildschut, W. 1960 Crow Indian Medicine Bundles. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Vol. 17. Museum of the American Indian, New York.
78. Wissler, C. 1912 Ceremonial Bundles of the Blackfoot Indians. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 7(1-2).
79. Wissler, C., and D. C. Duvall 1908 Mythology of the Blackfoot Indians. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 2(1).
80. Wood, W. R. 1967 An Interpretation of Mandan Culture History. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 198. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
81. Wood, W. R. 1971 A Proto-historic Mandan or Hidatsa Bundle. Archaeology in Montana 12(1):1-10.
82. Wood, W. R. (editor) 1986 Papers in Northern Plains Prehistory and Ethnohistory: Ice Glide 320L110. Special Publication of the South Dakota Archaeological Society, Number 10. South Dakota Archaeological Society, Sioux Falls.
83. Wyss, M. 1991 Wolf Point - West F 1-10(23) 581. Wolf Point Burial Report. Ms. on file, Montana Department of Transportation, Helena.