Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): The case for a new structured professional judgment scheme

Behavioral Sciences and the Law

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 747-766

  Webster, Christopher D ^a   Nicholls, Tonia L ^b,c   Martin, Mary Lou ^d   Desmarais, Sarah L ^c   Brink, Johann ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission   (Canada)

^c SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL PRACTICE; DECISION MAKING; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT; RELAPSE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK MANAGEMENT; SHORT COURSE THERAPY; VALIDATION PROCESS; VIOLENCE;

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; DANGEROUS BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MENTAL DISORDERS; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; VIOLENCE;

EID: 33846624754     PISSN: 07353936     EISSN: 10990798     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bsl.737     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Almvik, R., & Woods, P. (2003). Short-term risk prediction: The Broset Violence Checklist. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10, 231-238.
2. Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. L. (2003). The psychology of criminal conduct (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
3. American Psychological Association (APA) Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 271-285.
4. Augimeri, L. K., Koegl, C. L., Webster, C. D., & Levine, K. S. (2001). Early assessment risk list for boys (EARL-20B): Version 2. Toronto: Earlscourt Child and Family Centre.
5. Beck, A. T. (1999). Prisoners of hate: The cognitive basis of anger, hostility, and violence. New York: Harper Collins.
6. Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The Hopelessness Scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 861-865.
7. Belfrage, H., Fransson, G., & Strand, S. (2004). Management of violent behavior in the correctional system using qualified risk assessments. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 9, 11-22.
8. Bloom, H., Webster, C. D., Hucker, S., & De Freitas, K. (2005). The Canadian contribution to violence risk assessment: History and implications for current psychiatric practice. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 3-11.
9. Borum, R., Bartel, P., & Forth, A. (2003). Manual for the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) (Version 1.1). Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Pane Florida Mental Health Institute.
10. Coccaro, E. F. (1995, Jan-Feb). The biology of aggression. Scientific American, 38-47.
11. Copas, J. B., & Marshall, P. (1998). The Offender Group Reconviction Scale: The statistical reconviction score for use by probation officers. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 47, 159-171.
12. Desmarais, S. L., Webster, C. D., Martin, M. L., Dassinger, C., Brink, J., & Nicholls, T. L. (2006). Short Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): Instructors' guide and workbook (Version 2). St. Joseph's Healthcare: Hamilton, Ontario-Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission: Port Coquitlam, BC.
13. Douglas, K. S., Ogloff, J. R. P., Nicholls, T. L., & Grant, I. (1999). Assessing the risk of violence in psychiatric outpatients: The predictive validity of the HCR-20 risk scheme. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 917-930.
14. Douglas, K. S., & Skeem, J. (2005). Violence risk assessment: Getting specific about being dynamic. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11, 347-383.
15. Douglas, K. S., Webster, C. D., Hart, S. D., Eaves, D., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2001). HCR-20 violence risk management companion guide. Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University: Burnaby, BC.
16. Douglas, K. S., Yeomans, M., & Boer, D. P. (2005). Comparative validity analysis of multiple measures of violence risk in a sample of criminal offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 479-510.
17. Drucker, P. F. (1999). Management challenges for the 21st century. New York: Harper.
18. Ennis, B. J., & Litwack, T. R. (1974). Psychiatry and the presumption of expertise: Flipping coins in the courtroom. California Law Review, 62, 693-752.
19. Farrington, D. P. (1979). Environmental stress, delinquent behavior, and convictions. In I. G. Sarason & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (pp. 93-107). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
20. Feinstein, R., & Plutchik, R. (1990). Violence and suicide risk assessment in the psychiatric emergency room. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31, 337-343.
21. Fluttert, F. (2005, April). Nursing study of personal based "early recognition and early intervention' schemes in forensic care. Paper presented at 5th Annual Conference, International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services, Melbourne.
22. Gagliardi, G. J., Lovell, D., Peterson, P. D., & Jemelka, R. (2004). Forecasting recidivism in mentally ill offenders released from prison. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 133-155.
23. Gendreau, P., Little, T., & Goggin, C. (1996). A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works! Criminology, 34, 575-604.
24. Gilgun, J., Klein, C., & Pranis, K. (2000). The significance of resources in models of risk. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 631-650.
25. Grann, M., Hiscoke, U. L., Haggard-Grann, U., Sturidsson, K., Dernevik, M., Hallqvist, J., et al. (2001). In U. Hiscoke et al. (Eds.), Structured Outcome Assessment and Community Risk Monitoring (SORM), English translation. Stockholm, Sweden: Centre for Violence Prevention, Karolinska Institute.
26. Gray, N. S., Hill, C., McGleish, A., Timmons, D., MacCulloch, M. J., & Snowden, R. J. (2003). Prediction of violence and self-harm in mentally disordered offenders: A prospective study of the efficacy of HCR-20, PCL-R, and psychiatric symptomatology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 443-451.
27. Haggard, U., Gumpert, C. H., & Grann, M. (2001). Against all odds: A qualitative follow-up study of high-risk violent offenders who were not reconvicted. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 1048-1065.
28. Hanson, R. K. (in press). Sex offenders. In C. D. Webster & S. J. Hucker (Eds.), Violence risk assessment and management. Chichester: Wiley.
29. Hanson, R. K., & Harris, A. J. R. (2000). Where should we intervene? Dynamic predictors of sexual offense recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, 6-35.
30. Hardy, G. (1997). Successfully managing change. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. Inc.
31. Hare, R. D. (2003). The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, 2nd ed. Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems.
32. Hart, S. D., Kropp, P. R., Laws, D. R., Klaver, J., Logan, C., & Watt, K. A. (2003). The Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP). Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University, Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute.
33. Hazelwood R. R., & Warren J. I. (2003). Linkage analysis: Modus operandi, ritual, and signature in serial sexual crime. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8, 587-598.
34. Heilbrun, K. (2001). Principles of forensic mental health assessment. New York: Kluwer-Plenum.
35. Hillbrand, M. (1992). Self-directed and other-directed aggressive behavior in a forensic sample. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 22, 333-340.
36. Hillbrand, M. (1995). Aggression against self and aggression against others in violent psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 668-671.
37. Hillbrand, M. (2001). Homicide-suicide and other forms of co-occurring aggression against self and against others. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 32, 626-635.
38. Hilton, Z., Harris, G. T., & Rice, M. E. (2006). Sixty-six years of research on the clinical versus actuarial prediction of violence. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 400-409.
39. Jackson M. (1997). A conceptual model for the study of violence. In C. D. Webster & M. A. Jackson (Eds.), Impulsivity: Theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 223-247). New York: Guilford.
40. Kanter, R. M. M. (1983). The change masters: Innovation and entrepreneurship. The American corporation. New York: Touchstone
41. Keppel, R. D. (1995). Signature murders: A report of several cases. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40, 670-674.
42. Kropp, P. R., & Hart, S. D. (2000). The Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA) guide: Reliability and validity in adult male offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 101-118.
43. Kropp, P. R., Hart, S. D., Webster, C. D., & Eaves, D. (1999). Manual for the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide (3rd ed.). Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
44. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. Westprot, CT: Greenwood Press.
45. Lewis, A. H. O., & Webster, C. D. (2004). General instruments for risk assessment. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 17, 401-406.
46. Links, P. S., Gould, B., & Ratnayake, R. (2003). Assessing suicidal youth with antisocial, borderline, or narcissistic personality disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 301-310.
47. McNiel, D. E., & Binder, R. L. (1994). Screening for risk of inpatient violence: Validation of an actuarial tool. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 579-586.
48. McNiel, D. E., Gregory, A. L., Lam, J. N., Binder, R. L., & Sullivan, G. R. (2003). Utility of decision support tools for assessing acute risk of violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 945-953.
49. Megargee, E. (1976). The prediction of dangerous behavior. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 3, 3-22.
50. Menzies, R. J., & Webster, C. D. (1995). The construction and validation of risk assessments in a six-year follow-up of forensic patients: A tridimensional analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 766-778.
51. Menzies, R. J., Webster, C. D., & Sepejak, D. S. (1985). The dimensions of dangerousness: Evaluating the accuracy of psychometric predictions of violence among forensic patients. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 35-56.
52. Middleton, C., Mamuza, J., Martin, M.-L., & Webster, C. D. (2002). Short Term Assessment of Risk (STAR); Abbreviated manual (Version 1, Consultation ed.), Working Paper in Forensic Mental Health, Centre for Mountain Health Services, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Ontario.
53. Milroy, C. M. (1993). Homicide followed by suicide (dyadic death) in Yorkshire and Humberside. Medical Science and Law, 33, 167-171.
54. Monahan, J. (1981). Predicting violent behavior: An assessment of clinical techniques. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
55. Monahan, J. (2003). Violence risk assessment. In A. Goldman (Ed.), Handbook of psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 527-540). New York: Wiley.
56. Mulvey, E., Lidz, C., Gardner, W., & Shaw, E. (1996). Clinical versus actuarial predictions of violence in patients with mental illnesses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 602-609.
57. Nicholls, T. L., Brink, J., Desmarais, S. L., Webster, C. D., & Martin, M.-L. (2006). The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): A prospective validation study in a forensic psychiatric sample. Assessment, 13, 313-327.
58. Nuffield, J. (1982). Parole decision making in Canada: Research towards decisions guidelines. Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services.
59. Ogloff, J., & Daffern, M. (2004). Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression: Inpatient version. Forensicare-Monash University. Fairfield, Victoria, Australia.
60. Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10, 799-812.
61. Pettigrew, A. M. (2003). Co-producing knowledge and the challenge of international collaborative research. In A. M. Pettigrew et al. (Eds.), Innovative forms of organizing: International perspectives (pp. 352-374). London: Sage.
62. Philipse, M. W. G., Koeter, W. J., Van Der Staak, C. P. F., & Van Den Brink, W. (2005). Reliability and discriminant validity of Dynamic Reoffending Risk Indicators in forensic clinical practice. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 643-664.
63. Pilgrim, D. (2002). The biopsychosocial model in Anglo-American psychiatry: Past, present and future? Journal of Mental Health, 11, 585-594.
64. Plutchik, R., & van Praag, H. M. (1994). Suicide risk: Amplifiers and attenuators. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 21, 173-186.
65. Quinsey, V. L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Cormier, C. A. (2006). Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
66. Robins, L. N. (1991). Conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 193-212.
67. Rogers, E. M. (1995a). Diffusion of innovation (4th ed.). New York: Free Press.
68. Rogers, E. M. (1995b). Lessons from guidelines for the diffusion of innovations. Journal of Quality Improvement, 21, 324-328.
69. Rogers, R. (2000). The uncritical acceptance of risk assessment in forensic practice. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 595-605.
70. Scott, P. D. (1977). Assessing dangerousness in criminals. British Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 127-142.
71. Seligman, M., & Steen, T. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 30, 410-421.
72. Shaffer, D. (1974). Suicide in childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15, 275-291.
73. Shah, S. A. (1978). Dangerousness: A paradigm for exploring some issues in law and psychology. American Psychologist, 33, 224-238.
74. Skeem, J. L., & Mulvey, E. P. (2001). Psychopathy and community violence among civil psychiatric patients: Results from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 358-374.
75. Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Loeber, R., Wei, E., Farrington, D. P., & Wikstrom, P.-O. H. (2002). Risk and promotive effects in the explanation of persistent serious delinquency in boys. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 111-123.
76. Ward, T., & Stewart, C. (2003). Criminogenic needs and human needs: A theoretical model. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 9, 125-143.
77. Watts, D., Leese, M., Thomas, S., Atakan, Z., & Wykes, T. (2003). The prediction of violence in acute psychiatric units. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2, 173-180.
78. Webster, C. D., Douglas, K. S., Eaves, D., & Hart, S. D. (1997). HCR-20: Assessing risk for violence (Version 2). Vancouver: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
79. Webster, C. D., Martin, M. L., Brink, J., Nicholls, T. L., & Middleton, C. (2004). Manual for the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START), Version 1.0 (consultation ed.). St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton: Ontario, Canada-Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission: Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada.
80. Webster, C. D., Müller-Isberner, & Fransson, G. (2002). Violence risk assessment: Using structured clinical guides professionally. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 1, 185-193.
81. Yudofsky, S. C., Silver, J. M., Jackson, W., Endicott, J., & Williams, D. (1986). The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 35-39.
82. Ziskin, J. (1986). The future of clinical assessment. In B. S. Plake & J. C. Witt, The future of testing (pp. 185-201). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.