Cnidarian chemical neurotransmission, an updated overview

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology

Volumn 146, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 9-25

  Kass Simon, G ^a   Pierobon, Paola ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^b CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Amino acid transmitters; Catecholamines; Eicosanoids; Neuropeptides; Nitric oxide; RFamides; Serotonin

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ACETYLCHOLINE; CATECHOLAMINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLYCINE; ICOSANOID; NEUROPEPTIDE; NITRIC OXIDE; RECEPTOR PROTEIN; SEROTONIN;

ANTHOZOA; BEHAVIOR; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; COELENTERATE; CUBOZOA; GENE SEQUENCE; HISTOCHEMISTRY; HYDROZOA; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SCYPHOZOA; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY;

ANIMALIA; ANTHOZOA; CUBOZOA; HYDRA; HYDROZOA; SCYPHOZOA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 33846588496     PISSN: 10956433     EISSN: 15314332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.09.008     Document Type: Review

References (212)

1. Agarwal R.A., Ligon P.J., and Greenberg M.J. The distribution of cardioactive agents among molluscan species and tissues. Comp. Gen. Pharmacol. 3 (1972) 249-260
2. Anctil M. Bioactivity of FMRFamide and related peptides on a contractile system in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri. J. Comp. Physiol. B 157 (1987) 31-38
3. Anctil M. Modulation of a rhythmic activity by serotonin via cyclic AMP in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri. J. Comp. Physiol. B 159 (1989) 491-500
4. Anctil M. The antiquity of monoaminergic neurotransmitters: evidence from Cnidaria. In: Anderson P.A.V. (Ed). Evolution of the First Nervous Systems (1989), Plenum Press, New York 141-155
5. Anctil M., and Bouchard C. Biogenic amine receptors in the sea pansy: activity, molecular structure, and physiological significance. Hydrobiologia 530/531 (2004) 35-40
6. Anctil M., and Carette J.-P. Glutamate immunoreactivity in non-neuronal cells of the sea anemone Metridium senile. Biol. Bull. 187 (1994) 48-54
7. Anctil M., and Minh C.N. Neuronal and nonneuronal taurine-like immunoreactivity in the sea pansy Renilla koellikeri (Cnidaria, Anthozoa). Cell Tissue Res. 288 (1997) 127-137
8. Anctil M., Boulay D., and Lariviere L. Monoaminergic mechanisms associated with control of luminescence and contractile activities in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri. J. Exp. Zool. 223 (1982) 11-24
9. Anctil M., Germain G., and Lariviere L. Catecholamines in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri. Uptake and radioautographic localization. Cell Tissue Res. 238 (1984) 69-80
10. Anctil M., Pani A.K., and Ali M.A. Modulation of rhythmic contractions by melatonin via cyclic GMP in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri. J. Comp. Physiol. B 161 (1991) 569-575
11. Anctil M., Hurtubise P., and Gillis M.-A. Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunoreactivities in the cnidarian Renilla koellikeri. Cell Tissue Res. 310 (2002) 109-117
12. Anctil M., Poulain I., and Pelletier C. Nitric oxide modulates peristaltic muscle activity associated with fluid circulation in the sea pansy Renilla koellikeri. J. Exp. Biol. 208 (2005) 2005-2017
13. Anderson P.A.V., and Grunert U. Three-dimensional structure of bidirectional, excitatory chemical synapses in the jellyfish Cyanea capillata. Synapse 2 (1988) 606-613
14. Anderson P.A.V., and Spencer A.N. The importance of cnidarian synapses for neurobiology. J. Neurobiol. 20 (1989) 435-457
15. Anderson P.A.V., Thompson L.F., and Moneypenny C.G. Evidence for a common pattern of peptidergic innervation of cnidocytes. Biol. Bull. 207 (2004) 141-146
16. Awad E.W., and Anctil M. Identification of β-like adrenoceptors associated with bioluminescence in the sea pansy, Renilla koellikeri. J. Exp. Biol. 177 (1993) 181-200
17. Barra P.F.A., Musci G., and Salleo A. Control of discharge of acontial nematocytes. In: den Hartog J. (Ed). Proc. 6th Int. Conference on Coelenterate Biology, 16-21 July 1995, Noordvijkerhout (1997), Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden 39-46
18. Barrnett R.J. The fine-structural localization of acetylcholinesterase at the myoneural junction. J. Cell Biol. 12 (1962) 247-262
19. Barrnett R.J., and Palade G.E. Enzymatic activity in the M band. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 6 (1959) 163-169
20. Bellis S.L., Grosvenor W., Kass-Simon G., and Rhoads D.E. Chemoreception in Hydra vulgaris (attenuata): initial characterization of two distinct binding sites for l-glutamic acid. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1061 (1991) 89-94
21. Bellis S.L., Kass-Simon G., and Rhoads D.E. Partial characterization and detergent solubilization of the putative glutathione chemoreceptor from Hydra. Biochemistry 31 (1992) 9838-9843
22. Bouchard C., Ribeiro P., and Anctil M. Molecular cloning of a putative G protein-coupled receptor from the primitive metazoan, Renilla koellikeri. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 26 (2000) 915
23. Bouchard C., Ribeiro P., Dubè F., and Anctil M. A new G protein-coupled receptor from a primitive metazoan shows homology with vertebrate aminergic receptors and displays constitutive activity in mammalian cells. J. Neurochem. 86 (2003) 1149-1161
24. Bouchard C., Ribeiro P., Dubè F., Demers C., and Anctil M. Identification of a novel aminergic-like G protein-coupled receptor in the cnidarian Renilla koellikeri. Gene 341 (2004) 67-75
25. Bullock T.H., and Horridge G.A. Structure and Function in the Nervous Systems of Invertebrates vol. 1 (1965), W.A. Freeman & Co, San Francisco
26. Carlberg M. Evidence of DOPA in the nerves of sea anemones. J. Neural Transm. 57 (1983) 75-84
27. Carlberg M. Localization of dopamine in the freshwater hydrozoan Hydra attenuata. Cell Tissue Res. 270 (1992) 601-607
28. Carlberg M., and Anctil M. Biogenic amines in coelenterates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106C (1993) 1-9
29. Carlberg M., and Elofsson R. Presence of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine in a coelenterate nervous system: possible tyrosinase-mediated accumulation. Neurochem. Int. 11 (1987) 161-167
30. Carlberg M., and Rosengren E. Biochemical basis for adrenergic neurotransmission in coelenterates. J. Comp. Physiol. B 155 (1985) 251-255
31. Carlberg M., Laxmyr L., Rosengren E., and Elofsson R. 5-OH-DOPA and 5S-cysteinylDOPA: new biogenic amino acids in invertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73C (1982) 23-25
32. Carlberg M., Jergil B., Lindbladh C., and Rosengren E. Enzymatic 5-hydroxylation of l-DOPA by a tyrosinase isolated from the sea anemone Metridium senile. Gen. Pharmacol. 15 (1984) 301-307
33. Carlberg M., Mons N., Geffard M., and Nassel D.R. l-DOPA and FMRFamide immunoreactivity in the tentacular nerve plexus of the sea anemone Metridium senile. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 94C (1989) 435-440
34. Carlberg M.K., Alfredsson K., Nielsen S.-O., and Anderson P.A.V. Taurine-like immunoreactivity in the motor nerve net of the jellyfish Cyanea capillata. Biol. Bull. 188 (1995) 78-82
35. Carlyle R.F. The occurrence of catecholamines in the sea anemone Actinia equina. Br. J. Pharmacol. 36 (1969) 182
36. Carlyle R.F. The occurrence in and action of amino acids on isolated supra-oral sphincter preparations of the sea anemone Actinia equina. J. Physiol. (London) 236 (1974) 635-652
37. Castano P., and Rossi S. Cytochemical ultrastructural and fluorescence study of the nervous net of Hydra sp. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. 10 (1978) 381-395
38. 2+ current in sea anemone myoepithelial cells. Neurosci. Lett. 209 (1996) 53-56
39. Cho K., and McFarlane I.D. Physiological actions of the neuropeptide Antho-RNamide on antagonistic muscle systems in sea anemones. Neurosci. Lett. 219 (1996) 171-174
40. Chung J.-M., and Spencer A.N. Dopamine as a neuroactive substance in the jellyfish Polyorchis penicillatus. J. Exp. Biol. 156 (1991) 433-451
41. 2-like receptor on a jellyfish motor neuron. J. Comp. Physiol. A 169 (1991) 599-606
42. Chung J.-M., Spencer A.N., and Gahm K.H. Dopamine in tissues of the hydrozoan jellyfish Polyorchis penicillatus as revealed by HPLC and GC/MS. J. Comp. Physiol. B 159 (1989) 173-181
43. Colasanti M., Venturini G., Merante A., Musci G., and Lauro G.M. Nitric oxide involvement in Hydra vulgaris' very primitive olfactory-like system. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 493-499
44. Concas A., Pierobon P., Mostallino M.C., Porcu P., Marino G., Minei R., and Biggio G. Modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and the feeding response by neurosteroids in Hydra vulgaris. Neuroscience 85 (1998) 979-988
45. Dahl E., Falck B., von Mecklenburg C., and Myhrberg H. An adrenergic nervous system in sea anemones. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 104 (1963) 531-534
46. 2). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88 (1991) 2555-2559
47. 2) neuropeptides in Hydra magnipapillata. Biochem. J. 332 (1998) 403-412
48. De Camilli P., and Jahn R. Pathways to regulated exocytosis in neurones. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 52 (1990) 625-645
49. De Petrocellis L., and Di Marzo V. Aquatic invertebrates open up new perspectives in eicosanoid research: biosynthesis and activity. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 51 (1994) 215-229
50. 2 in Hydra tentacle regeneration. Experientia 49 (1993) 57-64
51. De Petrocellis L., Di Marzo V., Cimino G., Gianfrani C., and Minei R. Arachidonic acid, protein kinase C activators and bud formation in Hydra vulgaris. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 105 (1993) 219-224
52. De Petrocellis L., Melck D., Bisogno T., Milone A., and Di Marzo V. Finding of the endocannabinoid signalling system in Hydra, a very primitive organism: possible role in the feeding response. Neuroscience 92 (1999) 377-387
53. De Waele J.P., Anctil M., and Carlberg M. Biogenic catecholamines in the cnidarian Renilla koellikeri: radioenzymatic and chromatographic detection. Can. J. Zool. 65 (1987) 2458-2465
54. Di Marzo V., De Petrocellis L., Gianfrani C., and Cimino G. Biosynthesis, structure and biological activity of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids in Hydra vulgaris. Biochem. J. 295 (1993) 23-29
55. Dunne J.F., Javois L.C., Huang L.W., and Bode H.R. A subset of cells in the nerve net of Hydra oligactis defined by a monoclonal antibody: its arrangement and development. Dev. Biol. 109 (1985) 41-53
56. Eccles, J.C., 1957. The physiology of nerve cells. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore & Oxford University Press, London, p. 212.
57. Elofsson R., Falck B., Lindvall O., and Myhrberg H. Evidence for new catecholamines and related amino acids in some invertebrate sensory neurons. Cell Tissue Res. 182 (1977) 525-536
58. Flanagan S., Muller W., and Kass-Simon G. Effects of arachidonic acid, diacylglycerol and 5-S-HPETE on hydra behavior. 6th Int. Workshop on Hydroid Development, Tutzing (1995) 78
59. Garthwaite J., and Boulton C.L. Nitric oxide signaling in the central nervous system. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 57 (1995) 683-706
60. Gillis M.-A., and Anctil M. Monoamine release by neurons of a primitive nervous system: an amperometric study. J. Neurochem. 76 (2001) 1774-1784
61. 2, a novel neuropeptide from sea anemones. Brain Res. 442 (1988) 354-358
62. 2, (Antho-RWamide II), a novel neuropeptide from sea anemones. FEBS Lett. 239 (1988) 137-140
63. Greeenberg M.J., and Price D. The phylogenetic and biomedical significance of extended neuropeptide families. In: Fautin D.G., Fenical W., and Kem W.R. (Eds). Biomedical Importance of Marine Organisms. Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci. (1988) 85-96
64. Greeenberg M.J., Payza K., Nachman R., Holman G., and Price D. Relationships between FMRFamide-related peptides and peptide families. Peptides 9 (1988) 125-135
65. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. FMRFamide immunoreactivity is generally occurring in the nervous systems of coelenterates. Histochemistry 78 (1983) 361-381
66. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Peptides in the nervous system of coelenterates. In: Falkmer S., Hakanson R., and Sundler F. (Eds). Evolution and Tumour Pathology of the Neuroendocrine System (1984), Elsevier, Amsterdam 39-58
67. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Antisera to the sequence Arg-Phe-amide visualize neuronal centralization in hydroid polyps. Cell Tissue Res. 241 (1985) 171-182
68. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. FMRFamide-like peptides in the primitive nervous systems of coelenterates and complex nervous systems of higher animals. In: Stephano G. (Ed). Handbook of Comparative Opioid and Related Neuropeptide Mechanisms (1986), CRC Press, Boca Raton 103-115
69. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., and Graff D. Arg-Phe-amide-like peptides in the primitive nervous systems of coelenterates. Peptides 6 suppl. 3 (1985) 477-483
70. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., and Graff D. Organization of the nervous systems of physonectid siphonophores. Cell Tissue Res. 246 (1986) 463-479
71. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., and Spencer A.N. FMRFamide immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the medusa Polyorchis penicillatus. J. Comp. Neurol. 230 (1984) 361-371
72. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., Sundler F., and Rehfeld J.F. Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of coelenterates. Histochemistry 69 (1980) 61-68
73. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., Balfe A., Emson P.C., Powell D., and Sundler F. Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of hydra. Histochemistry 71 (1981) 325-333
74. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., Carraway R., Rokaeus A., and Sundler F. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of hydra. Histochemistry 72 (1981) 199-209
75. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., Dockray G.J., and Yanaihara N. Bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of hydra. Histochemistry 73 (1981) 171-180
76. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., Dierickx K., and Boer G.J. Oxytocin/vasopressin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of Hydra. Neuroscience 7 (1982) 3191-3199
77. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., Dockray G.J., and Schot L.P.C. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of hydra. Histochemistry 73 (1982) 499-508
78. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., Graff D., and McFarlane I.D. Neuropeptides in invertebrates. In: Ali M.A. (Ed). Nervous Systems in Invertebrates (1987), Plenum Press, New York 105-132
79. 2 (Pol-RFamide), a novel neuropeptide from hydromedusae. Brain Res. 475 (1988) 198-203
80. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., Graff D., Koizumi O., Westfall J.A., and McFarlane I.D. Neurons and their peptide transmitters in coelenterates. In: Anderson P.A.V. (Ed). Evolution of the First Nervous Systems (1989), Plenum Press, New York 95-110
81. Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., Williamson M., and Hansen G.N. Neuropeptides in cnidarians. Can. J. Zool. 80 (2002) 1690-1702
82. Grosvenor W., Bellis S.L., Kass-Simon G., and Rhoads D.E. Chemoreception in hydra: specific binding of glutathione to a membrane fraction. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1117 (1992) 120-125
83. Hanai K., and Kitajima M. Two types of surface amine receptors modulating the feeding response in Hydra japonica: the depressing action of dopamine and related amines. Chem. Senses 9 (1984) 355-367
84. Hansen G.N., Williamson M., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Two-color double-labeling in situ hybridization of whole-mount Hydra using RNA probes for five different Hydra neuropeptide preprohormones: evidence for colocalization. Cell Tissue Res. 301 (2000) 245-253
85. Hansen G.N., Williamson M., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. A new case of neuropeptide coexpression (RGamide and LWamides) in Hydra, found by whole-mount, two-color double-labeling in situ hybridization. Cell Tissue Res. 308 (2002) 157-165
86. Hauser F., Williamson M., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Molecular cloning of a peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase from sea anemones. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 241 (1997) 509-512
87. Hayakawa E., Takahashi T., and Fujisawa T. A novel neuropeptide, Hym-65, evokes relaxation of body column in Hydra. 9th Int. Workshop on Hydroid Development, 19-22 September, Tutzing, Germany (2005) 53
88. Hoekfelt T. Neuronal communication through multiple coexisting messengers. In: Edelman G.M., Gall W.E., and Cowan W.M. (Eds). Synaptic Function (1987), John Wiley & Sons, New York 179-212
89. Hydra EST database. http://mpc.uci.edu/hampson/public_html/blast/jf9/.
90. Holtman M., and Thurm U. Mono- and oligo-vesicular synapses and their connectivity in a cnidarian sensory epithelium. J. Comp. Neurol. 432 (2001) 537-549
91. Horridge G.A., and MacKay B. Naked axons and symmetrical synapses in coelenterates. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 103 (1962) 531-541
92. Hufnagel L.A., and Kass-Simon G. Functional anatomy of nematocyte innervation in battery cell complexes of the Hydra tentacle. In: Hessinger D.A., and Lenhoff H.M. (Eds). The Biology of Nematocysts (1988), Academic Press, New York 519-531
93. Hufnagel L.A., and Kass-Simon G. Immunocytochemistry of nerve cells in tentacle/hypostome macerates of Hydra. 6th Int. Workshop on Hydroid Development, 25-28 September, Tutzing, Germany (1995) 93
94. Hufnagel L.A., Ramocki M., Williams D., and Kass-Simon G. Immunocytochemical localization of glutamate in macerates of Hydra. 5th Int. Workshop on Hydroid Development, 22-26 September, Schloss Reisenburg, Germany (1993) 43
95. Hufnagel L.A., Struder L., and Kass-Simon G. Localization of binding sites for GluR 5,6,7 in macerates and tissue pieces of Hydra. 7th Int. Workshop on Hydroid Development, 22-25 September, Tutzing, Germany (1997) 93
96. Hufnagel L.A., Spencer B., Straub C., Geotis M., Calcagni M., Kass-Simon G., and Zachroff R. Further immunocytochemical evidence for the use of glutamate as a neurotransmitter by Hydra. 8th Int. Workshop on Hydroid Development, 20-23 September, Tutzing, Germany (1999) 91
97. Jha R.K., and Mackie G.O. The recognition, distribution and ultrastructure of hydrozoan nerve elements. J. Morphol. 123 (1967) 43-61
98. Kandel E.R., and Siegelbaum S.A. Transmitter release. In: Kandel E.R., Schwartz J.H., and Jessel T.M. (Eds). Principles of Neural Science (2000), McGraw-Hill, New York 253-279
99. Kass-Simon G. Coordination of juxtaposed muscle layers as seen in Hydra. In: Mackie G.O. (Ed). Coelenterate Ecology and Behavior (1976), Plenum Press, New York 705-714
100. Kass-Simon G., and Passano L.M. A neuropharmacological analysis of the pacemakers and conducting tissues of Hydra attenuata. J. Comp. Physiol. A 128 (1978) 71-79
101. Kass-Simon G., and Scappaticci A.A. The behavioral and developmental physiology of nematocysts. Can. J. Zool. 80 (2002) 1772-1794
102. Kass-Simon G., and Scappaticci A.A. Glutamatergic and GABAnergic control in the tentacle effector systems of Hydra vulgaris. Hydrobiologia 530/531 (2004) 67-71
103. Kass-Simon G., Pannaccione A., and Pierobon P. GABA and glutamate receptors are involved in modulating pacemaker activity in hydra. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 136 (2003) 329-342
104. Koizumi O. Developmental neurobiology of hydra, a model animal of cnidarians. Can. J. Zool. 80 (2002) 1678-1689
105. Koizumi O., and Bode H.R. Plasticity in the nervous system of adult Hydra I. The position-dependent expression of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity. Dev. Biol. 116 (1986) 407-421
106. Koizumi O., and Bode H.R. Plasticity in the nervous system of adult Hydra III. Conversion of neurons to expression of a vasopressin-like immunoreactivity depends on axial location. J. Neurosci. 11 (1991) 2011-2020
107. Koizumi O., Wilson J.D., Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., and Westfall J.A. Ultrastructural localization of RFamide-like peptides in neuronal dense-cored vesicles in the peduncle of Hydra. J. Exp. Zool. 249 (1989) 17-22
108. Koizumi O., Itazawa M., Mizumoto H., Minobe J., Javois C., Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P., and Bode H.R. Nerve ring of the hypostome in Hydra. I. Its structure, development and maintenance. J. Comp. Neurol. 326 (1992) 7-21
109. Koizumi O., Sato N., and Goto C. Chemical anatomy of hydra nervous system using antibodies against hydra neuropeptides: a review. Hydrobiologia 530/531 (2004) 41-47
110. Kolberg K.J.S., and Martin V.J. Morphological, cytochemical and neuropharmacological evidence for the presence of catecholamines in hydrozoan planulae. Development 103 (1988) 249-258
111. Krieger D.T. Brain peptides: what, where, and why?. Science 222 (1983) 975-985
112. Leitz T., and Klingmann G. Metamorphosis in Hydractinia: studies with activators and inhibitors aiming at protein kinase C and potassium channels. Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 199 (1990) 107-113
113. Leitz T., and Mueller W. Evidence for the involvement of PI-signaling and diacylglycerol second messengers in the initiation of metamorphosis in the hydroid Hydractinia echinata Fleming. Dev. Biol. 121 (1987) 82-89
114. Leitz T., Morand K., and Mann M. Metamorphosin A: a novel peptide controlling development of the lower metazoan Hydractinia echinata (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa). Dev. Biol. 163 (1994) 440-446
115. Leitz T., Beck H., Stephan M., Lehmann W.D., De Petrocellis L., and Di Marzo V. Possible involvement of arachidonic acid and eicosanoids in metamorphic events in Hydractinia echinata (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). J. Exp. Zool. 269 (1994) 422-431
116. Lenhoff H.M. Activation of the feeding reflex in Hydra littoralis. I. Role played by reduced glutathione, and quantitative assay of the feeding reflex. J. Gen. Physiol. 45 (1961) 331-344
117. Lenhoff H.M. Biology and physical chemistry of the feeding response in hydra. In: Cagan R. (Ed). Biochemistry of Taste and Olfaction (1981), Academic Press, New York 475-497
118. Lenhoff H.M. The discovery of the GSH receptor in Hydra and its evolutionary significance. In: Shaw C.A. (Ed). Glutathione in the Nervous System (1998), Taylor & Francis, Bristol 25-43
119. Lenhoff H.M., and Loomis W.F. The Biology of Hydra (1961), University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Florida 69-76
120. Lenique P.M., Toneby M., and Doumenc D. Demonstration of biogenic amines and localization of monoamine oxidase in the sea anemone Metridium senile. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 56 C (1977) 31-34
121. Lentz T.L. The Cell Biology of Hydra (1966), North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam
122. Lentz T.L. Primitive Nervous Systems (1968), Yale University Press, New Haven
123. Lentz T.L., and Barrnett R.J. Enzyme histochemistry of hydra. J. Exp. Zool. 147 (1961) 125-149
124. Lentz T.L., and Barrnett R.J. The effect of enzyme substrates and pharmacological agents on nematocyst discharge. J. Exp. Zool. 149 (1962) 33-38
125. Lentz T.L., and Barrnett R.J. Changes in the distribution of enzyme activity in the regenerating Hydra. J. Exp. Zool. 150 (1962) 103-117
126. Lentz T.L., and Barrnett R.J. The role of the nervous system in regenerating hydra. The effect of neuropharmocological agents. J. Exp. Zool. 154 (1963) 305-327
127. Leviev I., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Molecular cloning of a preprohormone from sea anemones containing numerous copies of a metamorphosis-inducing neuropeptide: a likely role for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase in neuropeptide precursor processing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92 (1995) 11647-11651
128. Loomis W.F. Glutathione control of the specific feeding reactions of Hydra. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 62 (1955) 211-227
129. Mackie G.O., and Passano L.M. Epithelial conduction in hydromedusae. J. Gen. Physiol. 52 (1968) 600-621
130. Mackie G.O., Singla C.L., and Stell W.K. Distribution of nerve elements showing FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in hydromedusae. Acta Zool. (Stockh.) 66 (1985) 199-210
131. Martin V.J. Photoreceptors of cnidarians. Can. J. Zool. 80 (2002) 1703-1722
132. Martin V.J. Photoreceptors of cubozoan jellyfish. Hydrobiologia 530/531 (2004) 135-144
133. Martin S.M., and Spencer A.N. Neurotransmitters in coelenterates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 74C (1983) 1-14
134. Mathias A.P., Ross D.M., and Schachter M. The distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine, tetramethylammonium, homarine and other substances in sea anemones. J. Physiol. 151 (1960) 296-311
135. McFarlane I.D., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Three anthozoan neuropeptides, Antho-RFamide and Antho-RWamides I and II, modulate spontaneous tentacle contractions in sea anemones. J. Exp. Biol. 155 (1991) 669-673
136. McFarlane I.D., Graff D., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Excitatory actions of Antho-RFamide, an anthozoan neuropeptide, on muscles and conducting systems in the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica. J. Exp. Biol. 133 (1987) 157-168
137. McFarlane I.D., Graff D., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Evolution of conducting systems and neurotransmitters in Anthozoa. In: Anderson P.A.V. (Ed). Evolution of the First Nervous Systems (1989), Plenum Press, New York 111-128
138. McFarlane I.D., Anderson P.A.V., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Effects of three anthozoan neuropeptides, Antho-RWamide I, Antho-RWamide II, and Antho-RFamide, on slow muscles from sea anemones. J. Exp. Biol. 156 (1991) 419-431
139. McFarlane I.D., Reinscheid R.K., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Opposite actions of the anthozoan neuropeptide Antho-RNamide on antagonistic muscle groups in sea anemones. J. Exp. Biol. 164 (1992) 295-299
140. McFarlane I.D., Hudman D., Nothacker H.-P., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. The expansion behavior of sea anemones may be coordinated by two inhibitory neuropeptides, Antho-KAamide and Antho-RIamide. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B 253 (1993) 183-188
141. Mendes E.G., and Freitas J.C. The responses of isolated preparations of Bunodosoma caissarum (Cora, l964) (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) to drugs. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 79 C (1984) 375-382
142. Moosler A., Rhinehart K.L., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Isolation of four novel neuropeptides, the Hydra-RFamides I-IV, from Hydra magnipapillata. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 229 (1996) 596-602
143. Moosler A., Rhinehart K.L., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Isolation of three novel neuropeptides, the Cyanea-RFamides I-III, from scyphomedusae. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 236 (1997) 743-749
144. Moroz L.L., Norekian T.P., Pirtle T.J., Robertson K.J., and Satterlie R.A. Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase reactivity and effects of nitric oxide on feeding and locomotory circuitry in the pteropod mollusk, Clione limacine. J. Comp. Neurol. 427 (2000) 274-284
145. Moroz L.L., Meech R.W., Sweedler J.V., and Mackie G.O. Nitric oxide regulates swimming in the jellyfish Aglantha digitale. J. Comp. Neurol. 471 (2004) 26-36
146. Mueller W.A., Leitz T., Stephan M., and Lehmann W.D. Arachidonic acid and the control of body pattern in hydra. Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. D202 (1993) 70-78
147. Pani A.K., and Anctil M. Quantitative survey of biogenic monoamines, their precursors and metabolites in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri. Biog. Amines 10 (1994) 161-180
148. Pani A.K., Anctil M., and Umbriaco D. Neuronal localization and evoked release of norepinephrine in the cnidarian Renilla koellikeri. J. Exp. Zool. 272 (1995) 1-12
149. Paton W.D.M. Central and synaptic transmission in the nervous system (pharmacological aspects). Annu. Rev. Physiol. 20 (1958) 431-470
150. Partoens P., Slembrouck D., Quatacker J., Baudlhuin P., Courtoy P.J., and De Potter W.P. Retrieved constituents of large dense-cored vesicles and synaptic vesicles intermix in stimulation-induced early endosomes of noradrenergic neurons. J. Cell Sci. 111 (1998) 681-689
151. Pierobon P., Kemali M., and Milici N. Substance P and hydra: an immunohistochemical and physiological study. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 92 C (1989) 217-221
152. Pierobon P., Concas A., Santoro G., Marino G., Minei R., Pannaccione A., Mostallino M.C., and Biggio G. Biochemical and functional identification of GABA receptors in Hydra vulgaris. Life Sci. 56 (1995) 1485-1497
153. Pierobon P., De Petrocellis L., and Minei R. Effects of Antho-RFamide on the action of GABA in Hydra vulgaris Pallas, 1766. In: den Hartog J. (Ed). Proc. 6th Int. Conference on Coelenterate Biology, 16-21 July 1995, Noordvijkerhout (1997), Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden 385-391
154. Pierobon P., De Petrocellis L., Minei R., and Di Marzo V. Arachidonic acid as an endogenous signal for the glutathione-induced feeding response in Hydra. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 53 (1997) 61-68
155. Pierobon P., Minei R., Porcu P., Sogliano C., Tino A., Marino G., Biggio G., and Concas A. Putative glycine receptors in Hydra: a biochemical and behavioral study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14 (2001) 1659-1666
156. Pierobon P., Tino A., Minei R., and Marino G. Different roles of GABA and glycine in modulation of chemosensory responses in Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Hydrobiologia 530/531 (2004) 59-66
157. Pierobon P., Sogliano C., Minei R., Tino A., Porcu P., Marino G., Tortiglione C., and Concas A. Putative NMDA receptors in Hydra: a biochemical and functional study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 20 (2004) 2598-2604
158. Piomelli D. Arachidonic acid in cell signaling. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5 (1993) 274-280
159. Plickert G., and Schneider B. Neuropeptides and photic behavior in Cnidaria. Hydrobiologia 530/531 (2004) 49-57
160. Price D.A., and Greenberg M.J. Structure of a molluscan cardioexcitatory neuropeptide. Science 197 (1977) 670-671
161. Reinscheid R.K., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Primary structure of the precursor for the anthozoan neuropeptide Antho-RFamide from Renilla koellikeri: evidence for unusual processing enzymes. J. Neurochem. 62 (1994) 1214-1222
162. Romanes G.J. Jelly-Fish, Star-Fish, and Sea Urchins, being a Research on Primitive Nervous Systems (1885), D. Appleton & Co., New York
163. Ross D.M. Facilitation in sea anemones. I. The action of drugs. J. Exp. Biol. 22 (1946) 21-31
164. Ross D.M. The effects of ions and drugs on neuromuscular preparations of sea anemones. I. On preparations of the column of Calliactis and Metridium. J. Exp. Biol. 37 (1960) 732-752
165. Ross D.M. The effects of ions and drugs on neuromuscular preparations of sea anemones. II. On sphincter preparations of Calliactis and Metridium. J. Exp. Biol. 37 (1960) 753-774
166. Ruggieri R.D., Pierobon P., and Kass-Simon G. Pacemaker activity in hydra is modulated by glycine receptor ligands. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 138 (2004) 193-202
167. Salleo A., Musci G., Barra P.F.A., and Calabrese L. The discharge mechanism of acontial nemocytes involves the release of nitric oxide. J. Exp. Biol. 199 (1996) 1261-1267
168. Scappaticci A.A., Jacques R., Carroll J.E., Hufnagel L.A., and Kass-Simon G. Immunocytochemical evidence for an NMDA1 receptor subunit in dissociated cells of Hydra vulgaris. Cell Tissue Res. 316 (2004) 263-270
169. Scemes E. Rethinking the role of cholinergic neurotransmitters in the Cnidaria. In: Anderson P.A.V. (Ed). Evolution of the First Nervous Systems (1989), Plenum Press, New York 157-166
170. Scemes E., and Freitas J.C. Electrophysiology of the swimming system of hydromedusae and the effects of atropine-induced crumpling. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 22 (1989) 189-198
171. Scemes E., and Jurkiewicz A. O efeito de agonistas e antagonistas colinergicos sobre a contractilidade de tiras de parede do corpo da anemona do mar Bunodosoma caissarum. Resumos do Il Congresso Brasileiro de Farmacologia e Terapeutica Experimental (1984) 264
172. Schaller H.C., and Bodenmuller H. Isolation and amino acid sequence of a morphogenetic peptide in hydra. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 78 (1981) 7000-7004
173. Schaller H.C., and Gierer A. Distribution of the head-activating substance in hydra and its localization in membranous particles in nerve cells. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 29 (1973) 39-52
174. 2) from Anthopleura elegantissima. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 22534-22541
175. Schmutzler C., Diekhoff D., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. The primary structure of the Pol-RFamide neuropeptide precursor protein from the hydromedusa Polyorchis penicillatus indicates a novel processing proteinase activity. Biochem. J. 299 (1994) 431-436
176. Singer R.H. The effect of neuropharmacological drugs on the light response of Hydra pirardi. Anat. Rec. 148 (1964) 402-403
177. Singla C.J., and Mackie G.O. Immunogold labelling of FMRFamide-like neuropeptide in neurons of Aglantha digitale (Hydromedusae: Trachylina). Can. J. Zool. 69 (1991) 800-802
178. Spencer A.N. Neurobiology of Polyorchis. II. Structure of effector systems. J. Neurobiol. 10 (1979) 95-117
179. Spencer A.N. Chemical and electrical synaptic transmission in the Cnidaria. In: Anderson P.A.V. (Ed). Evolution of the First Nervous Systems (1989), Plenum Press, New York 33-53
180. Spencer A.N. Peptides in the Hydrozoa: are they transmitters?. Hydrobiologia 216/217 (1991) 565-571
181. Spencer A.N., and Schwab W.E. The hydromedusae. In: Shelton G.A.B. (Ed). Electrical Conduction and Behaviour in 'Simple' Invertebrates (1982), Oxford University Press, Oxford 73-148
182. Taban C.H., and Cathieni M. Localization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in Hydra. Experientia 35 (1979) 811-812
183. Takahashi T., Muneoka Y., Lohmann J., Lopez de Haro M.S., Solleder G., Bosch T.C.G., David C.N., Bode H.R., Koizumi O., Shimizu H., Hatta M., Fujisawa T., and Sugiyama T. Systematic isolation of peptide signal molecules regulating development in hydra: LWamide and PWamide families. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 (1997) 1241-1246
184. Takahashi T., Koizumi O., Ariura Y., Romanovitch A., Bosch T.C.G., Kobayakawa Y., Mohri S., Bode H.R., Yum S., Hatta M., and Fujisawa T. A novel neuropeptide, Hym-355, positively regulates neuron differentiation in Hydra. Development 127 (2000) 997-1005
185. Takahashi T., Kobayakawa Y., Muneoka Y., Fujisawa Y., Mohri S., Hatta M., Shimizu H., Fujisawa T., Sugiyama T., Takahara M., Yanagi K., and Koizumi O. Identification of a new member of the GLWamide peptide family: physiological activity and cellular localization in cnidarian polyps. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 135 (2003) 309-324
186. Takahashi T., Hatta M., Yum S., Gee L., Ohtani M., Fujisawa T., and Bode H.R. Hym-301, a novel peptide, regulates the number of tentacles formed in hydra. Development 132 (2005) 2225-2234
187. Thurm U., Brinkmann M., Golz R., Holtmann M., Oliver D., and Sieger T. Mechanoreception and synaptic transmission of hydrozoan nematocytes. Hydrobiologia 530/531 (2004) 97-105
188. Tino A., Tortiglione C., Harvey R.J., Harvey K., and Pierobon P. Inhibitory ligand-gated channels in the primitive organism Hydra vulgaris. Matter, Materials and Devices Meeting, 22-25 June, Genova, Italy (2005) 4
189. Trembley A. Memoires pour servir à l'histoire d'un genre de polypes d'eau douce à bras en forme de cornes (1744), Jean & Herman Verbeek, Leiden
190. Umbriaco D., Anctil M., and Descarries L. Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the cnidarian Renilla koellikeri. J. Comp. Neurol. 291 (1990) 167-178
191. Van Marle J. Contribution to the knowledge of the nervous system in the tentacles of some coelenterates. Bijdr. Dierk. 46 (1977) 219-260
192. Van Marle J., Van Weeren-Kramer J., and Lind A. Properties of a catecholaminergic system in some coelenterates. A histochemical and autoradiographic study. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 76 C (1983) 193-197
193. Venturini G., and Carolei A. Dopaminergic receptors in Hydra. Pharmacological and biochemical observations. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 102 C (1992) 39-43
194. Venturini G., Silei O., Palladini G., Carolei A., and Margotta V. Aminergic neurotransmitters and adenylate cyclase in Hydra. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 78 C (1984) 345-348
195. Westfall J.A. Ultrastructure of synapses in a primitive coelenterate. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 32 (1970) 237-246
196. Westfall J.A. Synapses in a sea anemone, Metridium (Anthozoa). Electron Microsc. Proc. Int. Congr. 7th, Societe Francaise de Microscopie Electrique, Paris vol. 3 (1970) 717-718
197. Westfall J.A. Ultrastructural evidence for neuromuscular systems in coelenterates. Am. Zool. 13 (1973) 237-246
198. Westfall J.A. Ultrastructural evidence for a granule-containing sensory-motor-interneuron in Hydra littoralis. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 42 (1973) 268-282
199. Westfall J.A. Ultrastructure of synapses in the first-evolved nervous systems. J. Neurocytol. 25 (1996) 735-746
200. Westfall J.A. Neural pathways and innervation of cnidocytes in tentacles of sea anemones. Hydrobiologia 530/531 (2004) 117-121
201. Westfall J.A., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Antho-RFamide immunoreactivity in neuronal synaptic and nonsynaptic vesicles of sea anemones. Biol. Bull. 185 (1993) 109-114
202. Westfall J.A., Yamataka S., and Enos P.D. Ultrastructural evidence of polarized synapses in the nerve net of Hydra. J. Cell Biol. 51 (1971) 318-323
203. Westfall J.A., Sayyar K.L., Elliott C.F., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Ultrastructural localization of Antho-RWamides I and II at neuromuscular synapses in the gastrodermis and oral sphincter muscle of the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica. Biol. Bull. 189 (1995) 280-287
204. Westfall J.A., Landers D.D., and McCallum J.D. Ultrastructure of neuro-spirocyte synapses in the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Zoantharia). J. Morph. 241 (1999) 165-173
205. Westfall J.A., Elliott S.R., MonhanKumar P.S., and Carlin R.W. Immunocytochemical evidence for biogenic amines and immunogold labeling of serotonergic synapses in tentacles of Aiptasia pallida (Cnidaria, Anthozoa). Invert. Biol. 119 (2000) 370-378
206. Westfall J.A., Elliott S.R., and Carlin R.W. Ultrastructural evidence for two-cell and three-cell neural pathways in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida. J. Morph. 251 (2002) 83-92
207. Williamson M., Hauser F., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Genomic organization and splicing variants of the peptidylglycine ά-hydroxylating monooxygenase from sea anemones. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 277 (2000) 7-12
208. Wood J.G. Identification of and observations on epinephrine and norepinephrine containing cells in the adrenal medulla. Am. J. Anat. 112 (1963) 285-304
209. Wood J.G., and Barrnett R.J. Histochemical demonstration of norepinephrine at a fine structural level. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 12 (1965) 197-209
210. Wood J.G., and Lentz T.L. Histochemical localization of amines in Hydra and in the sea anemone. Nature 201 (1964) 88-90
211. Yum S., Takahashi T., Hatta M., and Fujisawa T. The structure and expression of a preprohormone of a neuropeptide, Hym-176 in Hydra magnipapillata. FEBS Lett. 439 (1998) 31-34
212. Yum S., Takahashi T., Koizumi O., Ariura Y., Kobayakawa Y., Mohri S., and Fujisawa T. A novel neuropeptide, Hym-176, induces contraction of the ectodermal muscle in Hydra. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 248 (1998) 584-590