Post-socialist urban forms: Notes from Sofia

Urban Geography

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 464-488

  Hirt, Sonia ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Post socialism; Sofia; Urban form

Indexed keywords

LAND USE; PRIVATIZATION; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SOCIALISM; URBAN GROWTH; URBANIZATION;

BULGARIA; EURASIA; EUROPE; SOFIA; SOUTHERN EUROPE;

EID: 33846559335     PISSN: 02723638     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2747/0272-3638.27.5.464     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Chasa, Stolichen, 2002, Zashto obrushtat ploshadka na parking [Why are they converting playground to parking]. Vol. 148 (345), July 29, p. 2. (In Bulgarian)
2. Alexieva, M., 2001, Arhitekturen obraz i sreda [Architectural image and enviromnent]. Arhitektura, Vol. 2, 40-41. (In Bulgarian)
3. Amin, A., editor, 1994, Post-Fordism: A Reader. Cambridge and Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
4. Andrusz, G., 1996, Structural change and boundary instability. In G. Andrusz, M. Harloe, and I. Szelenyi, editors, Cities after Socialism: Urban and Regional Change and Conflict in Post-Socialist Societies. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 30-69.
5. Bell, D., 1973, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society; A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York, NY: Basic Books.
6. Bennett, R., editor, 1990, Decentralization, Local Governments and Markets: Toward a Post-Welfare Agenda. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
7. Bertaud, A., 2004, The Spatial Structures of Central and European Cities: More European than Socialist? Unpublished paper presented at the conference "Winds of Societal Change: Remaking Post-Communist Cities" at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
8. Blakeley, E. and Snyder, M. G., 1997, Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution and Lincoln Institute.
9. Boarnet, M., Crane, R., Chatman, D., and Manville, M., 2005, Emerging planning challenges in retail. Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 71, No. 4, 433-449.
10. Bodnar, J., 2001, Fin de Millenaire Budapest: Metamorphoses of Urban Life. Minneapolis, MN, and London, UK: University of Minnesota Press.
11. Boyadjiev, C., 1994, 60-te godini - Modernisum i prevuzmogvane na modernoto [The 1960s - Modernism and overcoming the modern]. Arhitektura, Vol. 3, 43-45. (In Bulgarian)
12. Boyadjiev, C., 2000a, Istoricism i modernist [Historicism and modernity]. In Sofia: 120 Godini Stolica, Sofia, Bulgaria: Izdatelstvo M. Drinov, 527-543. (In Bulgarian)
13. Boyadjiev, C., 2000b, Novoto lice na stolichnata arhitektura [The new face of Sofia's architecture]. In Sofia: 120 Godini Stolica. Sofia, Bulgaria: Izdatelstvo M. Drinov, 544-550. (In Bulgarian)
14. Buckley, R. and Tsenkova, S., 2001, Strategia za Razvitie na Grad Sofia: Predvaritelna Ocenka. Sofia, Bulgaria: Stolichna Obshtina, Direkcia po Arhitektura i Gradoustrojstvo. (In Bulgarian)
15. Carter, F., 1979, Prague and Sofia: An analysis of their changing structure. In R. French and F. Hamilton, editors, The Socialist City: Spatial Structure and Urban Policy. Chichester, UK: John Wiley, 425-459.
16. Castells, M., 1998, The Information Age; Economy, Society and Culture Volume III: End of Millenium. Maiden, MA: Blackwell.
17. Castells, M., 1989, The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring and the Urban-Regional Process. Cambridge, UK: Blackwell.
18. Castells, M., 2003, European cities, the Informational Society and the global economy. In T. LeGates and F. Stoutes, editors, The City Reader. London, UK: Routledge, 557-567.
19. Crowley, D. and Reid, S., editors, 2002, Socialist Spaces: Sites of Everyday Life in the Eastern Bloc. Oxford, UK: Berg.
20. Dandolova, I., 2002, Ot kolektivizum kum individualizum: novi znaci i simvoli v arhitekturata na bulgarskiya grad prez 90-te godini [From collectivism toward individualism]. In S. Hristova, editor, Gradut: Simvoli, Obrazi, Indentichnosti. Sofia, Bulgaria: Lik, 89-116. (In Bulgarian)
21. Dimov, N., Boyadjiev, V., and Ilieva, M., 2000, Stopanstvoto: Suvremenno sustojanie i prostranstvena struktura [The economy: Current status and spatial structure]. In Sofia: 120 Godini Stolica. Sofia, Bulgaria: Izdatelstvo M. Drinov, 90-98. (In Bulgarian)
22. Dingsdale, A., 1999, Budapest's built environment in transition. Geojournal, Vol. 49, 63-78.
23. Dnevnik, 2004, Spor za gradinka stigna Vurhovnija Sud [Argument for a playground reaches Supreme Court]. November 29, p. 4. (In Bulgarian)
24. EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development), 2005, Annual Report 2005: Annual Review and Financial Report. Last accessed June 1, 2006, from www.ebrd.com/pubs/index.htm
25. Ellin, N., 1996, Postmodern Urbanism. Cambridge, MA, and Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
26. Enyedi, G., 1996, Urbanization under socialism. In G. Enyedi, editor, Cities after Socialism: Urban and Regional Change and Conflict in Post-Socialist Societies. Budapest, Hungary: Akademiai Kiado, 100-118.
27. Euromonitor, 2004, Retailing in Bulgaria: Executive Summary. Last accessed January 31, 2006, from www.euromonitor.com/Retailing-in-Bulgaria
28. Fielding, A., 1989. Migration and urbanization in Western Europe since 1950. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 155, No. 1, 60-69.
29. Fishman, R., 1987, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia. New York, NY: Basic Books.
30. Garreau, J., 1991, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. New York, NY: Random House.
31. Genov, G., Slavejkov, P., and Ganev, H., 2000, Urbanizirani teritorii [Urbanized areas]. In Sofia: 120 Godini Stolica. Sofia, Bulgaria: Izdatelstvo M. Drinov, 83-90. (In Bulgarian)
32. Grant, J., 2002, Mixed use in theory and practice: Canadian experience with implementing a planning principle. Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 68, No. 1, 71-84.
33. Gugov, A., 2000, Jilishtnata arhitektura prez vtorata polovina na 20-ti vek (1950-1990) [Residential architecture during the 2nd half of the 20th century (1950-1999)]. Arhitektura, Vol. 2, 53-56. (In Bulgarian)
34. Gugov, A., 2001, Arhitektura na mnogoobrazieto [Architecture and diversity]. Arhitektura, Vol. 2, 33-34. (In Bulgarian)
35. Gulubov, S., 1990, Problemi i nasoki na gradoustrojstvenoto razvitie na Sofia [Problems and trends in the urban development of Sofia]. Arhitektura, Vol. 5-6, 41-43, 60. (In Bulgarian)
36. Hamilton, F., 1979, Spatial structure in East European cities. In R. French and F. Hamilton, editors, The Socialist City: Spatial Structure and Urban Policy. Chichester, UK: John Wiley, 195-262.
37. Hannigan, J., 1998, Fantasy City: Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis. London, UK, and New York, NY: Routledge.
38. Harvey, D., 1989, The Condition of Post-Modernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
39. Haussermann, H., 1996, From the socialist to the capitalist city: Experiences from Germany. In G. Andrusz, M. Harloe, and I. Szelenyi, editors, Cities after Socialism: Urban and Regional Change and Conflict in Post-Socialist Societies. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 214-231.
40. Hirt, S., 2005, Planning the post-communist city: Experiences from Sofia. International Planning Studies 10, No. 3/4, 219-240.
41. Hirt, S. and Kovachev, A., 2007, The changing spatial structure of post-socialist Sofia. In S. Tsenkova and Z. Nedovic-Budic, editors, The Urban Mosaic of Post-Socialist Europe: Space, Institutions and Policy. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 113-130.
42. Hirt, S. and Slaev, A., 2002, Tradicii i praktiki v jilishnite formi i gradskoto razvitie v Bulgaria i Suedinentite Shtati: opit za sravnenie [Traditions and practices in residential forms and urban development in Bulgaria and U.S.]. Arhitektura, Vol. 5-6, 70-73. (In Bulgarian)
43. Inglehart, R., 1997, Modernization and Post-Modernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
44. Jacobs, J., 1961, The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, NY: Random House.
45. Jencks, C., 1978, Post-Modern History. London, UK: Architectural Design.
46. Jencks, C., 1986, What Is Postmodernism? London, UK: Academy Editions.
47. Kenworthy, J., Laube, F., Newman, P., Barter, P., Raad, T., Poboon, C., et al., 1999, An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities, 1960-1990. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Press.
48. Klassanov, M., 1992, Totalitarizum, demokracia, arhitektura [Totalitarianism, democracy, architecture]. Arhitektura, Vol. 6, 26-31. (In Bulgarian)
49. Koeva, M., 2000, Bulgarskijat Nacionalno-Romantichen Secession [The Bulgarian National Romantic Secession]. In Sofia: 120 Godini Stolica. Sofia, Bulgaria: Izdatelstvo M. Drinov, 483-489. (In Bulgarian)
50. Kok, H. and Kovacs, Z., 1999, The process of suburbanization in the agglomeration of Budapest. Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Vol. 14, No. 2, 119-141.
51. Kovachev, A., 2005, Zelenata Sistema na Sofia: Urbanistichni Aspekti [The Green System of Sofia: Urban Planning Aspects]. Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft. (In Bulgarian)
52. Kovacs, Z., 1994, A city at the crossroads: Social and economic transformation in Budapest. Urban Studies, Vol. 31, No. 7, 1081-1096.
53. Ley, D., 1980, Liberal ideology and the postindustrial city. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 70, 238-258.
54. Lizon, P., 1996, East Central Europe: The unhappy heritage of communist mass housing. Journal of Architectural Education, Vol. 50, No. 2, 104-114.
55. Loukaitou-Sideris, A. and Banerjee, T., 1998, Urban Design Downtown: Poetics and Politics of Form. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
56. Low, S., 2003, Behind the Gates: Life, Security and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America. New York, NY: Routledge.
57. Muller, P., 1981, Contemporary Suburban America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
58. Murray, R., 1992, Fordism and post-Fordism. In C. Jencks, editor, The Post-Modern Reader. London, UK: Academy Editions, 267-277.
59. Nacionalen Statisticheski Institut, 1993a, Jilishta na 31.12.1993 g. po Etajnost na Sgradata v kojato se Namirat v Sofia po Oblasti, Obshtini i Naseleni Mesta [Dwellings on 31.12.1993 According to Height of Building by District and Municipality]. Unpublished data made available to the author. (In Bulgarian)
60. Nacionalen Statisticheski Institut, 1993b, Statisticheski Sbornik - Sofia [Statistical Compilation - Sofia]. Sofia, Bulgaria: Nacionalen Statisticheski Institut, Stolichno Teritorialno Bjuro. (In Bulgarian)
61. Nacionalen Statisticheski Institut, 2001a, Jilishta na 31.12.2000 g. po Etajnost na Sgradata v kojato se Namirat v Sofia po Oblasti, Obshtini i Naseleni Mesta [Dwellings on 31.12.2000 According to Height of Building by District and Municipality]. Unpublished data made available to the author. (In Bulgarian)
62. Nacionalen Statisticheski Institut, 2001b, Sofia v Cifri [Sofia in Numbers]. Sofia, Bulgaria: Nacionalen Statisticheski Institut, Stolichno Teritorialno Bjuro. (In Bulgarian)
63. Nacionalen Statisticheski Institut, 2003, Sofia v Cifri [Sofia in Numbers]. Sofia, Bulgaria: Nacionalen Statisticheski Institut, Stolichno Teritorialno Bjuro. (In Bulgarian)
64. Nacionalen Statisticheski Institut, 2005, Unpublished data made available to the author. (In Bulgarian)
65. Newman, O., 1972, Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. New York, NY: McMillan.
66. Nivola, P., 1999, Laws of the Landscape: How Policies Shape Cities in Europe and America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
67. Rajchev, A., Kolev, K., Boundjoulov, A., and Dimova, L., 2000, Social Stratification in Bulgaria. Sofia, Bulgaria: Social Democratic Institute.
68. Ruoppila, S., 1998, The changing urban landscape of Tallinn. The Finish Journal of Urban Studies, Vol. 35, No. 3, 36-43.
69. Sarmany-Parsons, I., 1998, Aesthetic aspects of change in urban space in Prague and Budapest during the transition. In G. Enyedi, editor, Social Change and Urban Restructuring in Central Europe. Budapest, Hungary: Akademiai Kiado, 209-231.
70. Scott, J., 1998, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
71. Sheppard, E., 2000, Socialist cities? Urban Geography, Vol. 21, 758-763.
72. Smith, C., 2000, The transformative impact of capital and labor mobility on the Chinese City. Urban Geography, Vol. 21, 670-700.
73. Smith, D., 1996, The socialist city. In G. Andrusz, M. Harloe, and I. Szelenyi, editors, Cities after Socialism: Urban and Regional Change and Conflict in Post-Socialist Societies. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 70-99.
74. Smolyanov, A., 2000, Gradski jilishtni teritorii, 1944-1990. Architectura, Vol. 2, 49-52. (In Bulgarian)
75. Sofianetz, 2004, Zaradi opasnost ot izchezvane na gradinkite mejdu blokovete pravjat registri na zelenite ploshti [Survey of green spaces due to danger of their disappearance], June 28, pp. 1-2. (In Bulgarian)
76. Staddon, C. and Mollov, B., 2000, City profile: Sofia, Bulgaria. Cities, Vol. 17, No. 5, 379-387.
77. Stanilov, K., 2005, Trunliviyat put kum Evropa [The thorny road to Europe]. Kapital, 3-10 March 2005, 42-43. (In Bulgarian)
78. Stolichna Obshtina, 2002, Obsht Ustrojstven Plan, Obitavane i Jilishten Fond: Predvaritelen Proekt [General Development Plan: Dwellings and Residential Areas]. Unpublished document available from the Nacionalniya Center za Teritorialno Razvitie. (In Bulgarian)
79. Stolichna Obshtina, 2003, Obsht Ustrojstven Plan na Grad Sofia i Stolichnata Obshtina Sukraten Doklad [General Development Plan of the City and County of Sofia: Resume]. Sofia, Bulgaria: Stolichna Obshtina, Direkcia po Arhitektura i Gradoustrojstvo. (In Bulgarian)
80. Sykora, L., 1994, Local urban restructuring as a mirror of globalization processes: Prague in the 1990s. Urban Studies, Vol. 31, No. 7, 1149-1166.
81. Sykora, L., 1998, Commercial property development in Budapest, Prague and Warsaw. In G. Enyedi, editor, Social Change and Urban Restructuring in Central Europe. Budapest, Hungary: Akademiai Kiado, 109-136.
82. Sykora, L., 1999a, Changes in the internal structure of post-communist Prague. GeoJournal, Vol. 49, 79-89.
83. Sykora, L., 1999b, Processes of socio-spatial differentiation in post-communist Prague. Housing Studies, Vol. 14, No. 5, 679-701.
84. Sykora, L., 2001, Post-communist city, XII Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Miescie. Miasto Postsociajalistu Czne - Organizacja Przestreni Miejskiej i Jej Przezmiany, Jazzdzewska, I. Lodz: Katedra Geografii Miast i Tuyzmu Universytetu Lodzkiego, 41-45.
85. Szelenyi, I., 1996, Cities under socialism - And after. In G. Andrusz, editor, Cities after Socialism: Urban and Regional Change and Conflict in Post-Socialist Societies. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 286-317.
86. Tammaru, T., 2001, Suburban growth and suburbanization under central planning: The case of Soviet Estonia. Urban Studies, Vol. 38, No. 8, 1341-1357.
87. Thornley, A., 1993, Letter from Sofia: Building the foundations of market-oriented planning system in Bulgaria. Planning Practice and Research, Vol. 8, No. 4, 27-30.
88. Tosics, I., 2004, Determinants and Consequences of Spatial Change in Post-Socialist Cities. Paper presented at the conference: "Winds of Societal Change: Remaking Post-Communist Cities" at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
89. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) Bulgaria, 2004, The Sustainable Human Development Perspective. Last accessed December 2, 2005, www.undp.bg/en
90. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Commerce, 1990, Characteristics of New Housing 1990: Current Construction Reports. Washington, DC: Author.
91. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Commerce, 2000, Characteristics of New Housing 1999: Current Construction Reports. Washington, DC: Author.
92. Van den Berg, L., 1987, Urban Systems in a Dynamic Society. Aldershot, UK: Gower.
93. Webster, C., Glasze, G., and Frantz, K., 2002, The global spread of gated communities. Environment and Planning B, Planning & Design, Vol. 29, No. 3, 315-320.
94. Yoveva, A., Dimitrov, D., and Dimitrova, R., 2003, Housing policy: The stepchild of the transition. In M. Lux, editor, Housing Policy: An Era or a New Beginning. Budapest, Hungary: Open Society Institute, Local Government and Public Reform Initiative, 357-398.
95. Zukin, S., 1992, Postmodern urban landscapes: Mapping culture and power. In S. Lash and J. Friedman, editors, Modernity and Identity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 221-247.