Hypertension in the metabolic syndrome

Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 287-298

  Franklin, Stanley S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMLODIPINE; AMLODIPINE PLUS BENAZEPRIL; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATENOLOL; BENAZEPRIL PLUS HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHLORTALIDONE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; EPLERENONE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; RAMIPRIL; SPIRONOLACTONE; TELMISARTAN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CALORIC INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; ETHNICITY; EXERCISE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; META ANALYSIS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICROALBUMINURIA; MONOTHERAPY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; STROKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 33846558996     PISSN: 15404196     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/met.2006.4.287     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association/National heart, Lung, and blood Institute scientific statement. Circulation 2005;112:2555-2580.
2. World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension Guidelines Sub-Committee. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension. J Hypertens 1999;17:151-183.
3. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005;112:2735-2752.
4. Franklin SS, Barboza M, Pio JR, et al. Blood pressure categories, hypertensive subtypes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Hypertens 2006;24:2009-2016.
5. Rahmouni K, Correia MLG, Hayes WG, et al. Obesity-associated hypertension: New insights into mechanisms. Hypertension 2005;45:9-14.
6. Franklin SS, Pio JR, Wong ND, et al. Predictors of new-onset diastolic and systolic hypertension: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2005;111:1121-1127.
7. Poirier P, Lemieux I, Mauriege P, et al. Impact of waist circumference on the relationship between blood pressure and insulin: The Quebec Health Survey. Hypertension 2005;45:363-367.
8. Hayashi T, Boyko EJ, Leonetti DL, et al. Visceral adiposity and the prevalence of hypertension in Japanese Americans. Circulation 2003;108:1718-1723.
9. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults: Findings for the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002;287:356-359.
10. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population: Results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-19991). Hypertension 1995;25:05-313.
11. Franklin SS, Milagros J, Wong ND, et al. Predominance of isolated systolic hypertension among middle-aged and elderly US hypertensives: Analysis based on National health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. Hypertension 2001;37: 869-874.
12. Weiss M, Dziura J, Burgert TS, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2362-2374.
13. Franklin SS, Gustin W IV, Wong ND, et al. Hemodynamic pattern of age-related changes in blood pressure: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1997;96:308-315.
14. Blank SG, Mann SJ, James GD, et al. Isolated elevation of diastolic blood pressure: Real or artifactual? Hypertension 1995;26:383-389.
15. Pickering TG. Isolated diastolic hypertension. J Clin Hypertension 2003;5:411-
16. Fang J, Madhavan S, Cohen H, et al. Isolated diastolic hypertension: A favorable finding among young and middle-aged hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 1995;25:377-382.
17. Petrovitch H, Curb JD, Bloom-Marcus E. Isolated systolic hypertension and risk of stroke in Japanese-American men. Stroke 1995;26:25-29.
18. Nielsen WB, Lindenstrom E, Vestbo J, et al. Is diastolic hypertension an independent risk factor for stroke in the presence of normal systolic blood pressure in the middle-aged and elderly? Am J Hypertens 1997;10:634-639.
19. Strandberg TE, Saloman VV, Vanhanen HT, et al. Isolated diastolic hypertension, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure as predictors of mortality during a follow-up of up to 32 years. J Hypertens 2002;20:399-404.
20. Julius, S, Jamerson K, Mejia A, Krause L, Schork N, Jones K. The association of borderline hypertension with target organ changes and higher coronary risk: Tecumseh Blood Pressure Study. JAMA 1990;264: 354-358.
21. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT, Roccella EJ, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289:2560-2572.
22. European Society of Hypertension, European Society of Cardiology. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial pressure. J Hypertens 2003;21:1011-1053.
23. Wong ND, Pio JR, Franklin SS, et al. Preventing coronary events by optimal control of blood pressure and lipids in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:1421-1426.
24. Carr MC. The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88: 2404-2411.
25. Tanko LB, Bagger YZ, Qin G, et al. Enlarged waist combined with elevated triglycerides is a strong predictor of accelerated atherogenesis and related cardiovascular mortality in postmenopausal women. Circulation 2005;111:1883-1890.
26. Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Rios S. A new International Diabetes Federation worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome: The rationale and the results. Rev Esp Cardiol 2005;58:1371-1376.
27. Miller GJ, Beckles GL, Maude GH, et al. Ethnicity and other characteristics predictive of coronary heart disease in a developing community: Principal results of the St. James Survey, Trinidad. Int J Epidemiol 1989;18:808-817.
28. Lteif AA, Han K, Mather KJ. Obesity, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome: Determinants of endothelial dysfunction in whites and blacks. Circulation 2005;112:32-38.
29. Sumner AE, Finley KB, Genovese DJ, et al. Fasting triglyceride and the triglyceride-HDL cholesterol ratio are not markers of insulin resistance in African Americans. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1395-1400.
30. Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Stern MP, Haffner SM, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in a Mexican population according to the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. J Cardiovasc Risk 1999;6:177-181.
31. Montani J-P, Antic V, Yang Z, et al. Pathways from obesity to hypertension: From the perspective of a vicious triangle. Int J Obes 2002;26(Suppl 2):S28-S38.
32. Thomas F, Bean K, Pannier B, et al. Cardiovascular mortality in overweight subjects: The key role of associated risk factors. Hypertension 2005;46:654-659.
33. Henry P, Thomas F, Benetos A, et al. Impaired fasting glucose, blood pressure and cardiovascular disease mortality Hypertension 2002;40:458-463.
34. Schillaci G, Pirro M, Vaudo G, et al. Prognostic value of the metabolic syndrome in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1817-1822.
35. Ishizaka N, Ishizaka Y, Toda E, et al. Hypertension is the most common component of metabolic syndrome and the great contributor to carotid arteriosclerosis in apparently healthy Japanese individuals. Hypertens Res 2005;28:27-34.
36. Cuspidi C, Meani S, Fusi V, et al. Metabolic syndrome and target organ damage in untreated essential hypertensives. J Hypertens 2004;22:1991-1998.
37. de Simone G, Wachtell K, Palmieri V, et al. Body build and risk of cardiovascular hypertrophy. The LIFE (Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension) Study. Circulation 2005;111:1924-1931.
38. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Rexrode KM, et al. Prospective study of body mass index and risk of stroke in apparently healthy women. Circulation 2005;111:1992-1998.
39. Selic C, Siccole MM, Hermann DM, et al. Blood pressure evolution after acute ischemic stroke in patients with and without sleep apnea. Stroke 2005;36: 2614-2618.
40. Cushman W, Dubbert P. Nonpharmacologic approaches to therapy of hypertension Endocr Practice 1997;3:106-111.
41. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. The effect of dietary patterns on blood pressure: Results from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) randomized clinical trial. N Engl J Med 1997;336: 1117-1124.
42. Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, et al. Beneficial effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2823-2831.
43. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: Results of prospectivety-designed overviews of randomized trials. Lancet 2003;362:1527-1535.
44. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1410-1419.
45. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blockers vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002;288:2981-2997.
46. Whelton PK, Barzilay J, Cushman WC, et al. Clinical outcomes in antihypertensive treatment of type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose concentration, and normoglycemia: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1401-1409.
47. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli Fabio, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for coronary heart disease and stroke prevention. Hypertension 2005;46:386-392.
48. Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:995-1003.
49. CAFE Investigators; ASCOT Investigators. Differential impact of blood pressure lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes - principal results of the conduit artery function evaluation study: The CAFE Study. Circulation 2006;113:1213-1225.
50. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:895-906.
51. Messerli FH, Grossman E, Goldbourt U. Are beta-blockers efficacious as first-line therapy for hypertension in the elderly? A systematic review. JAMA 1998;279:1903-1907.
52. Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, et al. Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;292:2227-2236.
53. Lindholm LH, Persson M, Alaupovic P, et al. Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the Antihypertensive treatment and Lipid Profile in a North of Sweden Efficacy Evaluation (ALPINE Study). J Hypertens 2003;21: 1563-1574.
54. Mason JM, Dickinson HO, Nicolson DJ, et al. The diabetogenic potential of thiazide-type diuretic and beta-blocker combinations in patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 2005;23:1777-1781.
55. Abuissa H, Jones PG, Marso SP, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers for prevention of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:821-826.
56. Nathan S, Peping CJ, Bakris GL. Calcium antagonists: Effects on cardio-renal risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2005;45:637-642.
57. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Holman R, et al. Rationale, design and recruitment characteristics of a large, simple international trial of diabetic prevention: The DREAM Trial. Diabetologia 2004;47:1519-1627.
58. Tsujii S. NAVIGATOR trial (nateglinide). Nippon Rinsho 2005;63(Suppl. 2):483-487.
59. Burnier M, Zanchi A. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: A key therapeutic strategy to reduce renal and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes. J Hypertens 2006; 24:11-25.
60. Casas JP, Loukogeorgakis CS, Vallance F, et al. Effects of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2005; 366:2026-2033.
61. Sleight P. The ONTARGET/TRANSCEND trial PROGRAMME: Baseline data. Acta Diabetol 2005;42 (Suppl 1):S50-S56.
62. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, et al. The metabolic syndrome: Time for a clinical appraisal. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2289-2389.
63. Jamerson KA, Bakris CL, Wun C-C, et al. Rationale and design of the Avoiding Cardiovascular events through COMbination therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension (ACCOMPLISH) trial. Am J Hypertens 2004;17:793-801.
64. Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: The VALUE randomised trial. Lancet 2004;363:2022-2031.
65. Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Calhoun DA. Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003;16:925-930.
66. de Paula RB, da Silva AA, Hall JE. Aldosterone antagonism attenuates obesity-induced hypertension and glomerular hyperfiltration. Hypertension 2004;43:41-47.