Black Goose's map of the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache reservation in Oklahoma Territory

Great Plains Quarterly

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 265-282

  Meadows, William C ^a  

^a MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Chaddle kaungy ky (Black Goose); Dawes Act; Kiowa Indians; Native American cartography; Plains Indian pictography

Indexed keywords

GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE; HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY; INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; LEGISLATION; MAPPING; NATURE RESERVE; NINETEENTH CENTURY;

NORTH AMERICA; OKLAHOMA [UNITED STATES]; UNITED STATES;

ANSER SP.;

EID: 33846551685     PISSN: 02757664     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. G. Malcolm Lewis, "Indian Maps," in Old Trails and New Directions: Papers of the Third North American Fur Trade Conference, ed. C. M. Judd and A. J. Ray (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1980), 110, uses the term "cartographic device," as varied forms of this type of artifact were not drawn to scale, constructed according to particular projections, or consistent in representing all phenomena in a given class above a given threshold size.
2. But as Barbara Belyea points out in "Amerindian Maps: The Explorer as Translator," Journal of Historical Geography 18 (1992): 267-77, Lewis, like most scholars of Indian maps, view their composition through a comparison and expectation of European and not Native cartographic patterns.
3. Robert A. Rundstrom, Douglas Duer, Kate Berry, and Dick Winchell, "Recent Geographical Research on Indians and Inuit in the United States and Canada," American Indian Culture and Research Journal 24(2): 85-110;
4. Lewis, "Indian Maps."
5. Louis De Vorsey, "Amerindian Contributions to the Mapping of North America: A Preliminary View," Imago Mundi 30 (1978): 71-78;
6. J. Brian Harley, "Rereading the Maps of the Columbian Encounter," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82, no. 3 (1992): 522-42.
7. Colonel Richard I. Dodge, Our Wild Indians (Hartford, CT: A.D. Worthington and Company, 1882), 552-53;
8. De Vorsey, "Amerindian Contributions,";
9. G. Malcolm Lewis, "The Indigenous Maps and Mapping of North American Indians," Map Collector 9 (1979): 25-32;
10. Lewis, "Indian Maps."
11. Louis De Vorsey, "Amerindian Contributions," 75-76.
12. Lewis, "Indian Maps."
13. For summaries of the current understanding and body of works on indigenous North American cartography, see Mark Warhus, Another America: Native American Maps and the History of Our Land (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997);
14. G. Malcolm Lewis, ed., Cartographic Encounters: Perspectives on Native American Mapmaking and Map Use (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998);
15. G. Malcolm Lewis, "Maps, Mapmaking, and Map Use by Native North Americans," in The History of Cartography vol. 2, book 3, Cartography of the Traditional African, American, Artic, Australian, and Pacific Societies, ed. David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 51-182;
16. and Rundstrom et al. "Recent Geographical Research."
17. Garrick Mallery, "Pictographs of the North American Indians: A Preliminary Paper" in Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1886);
18. and "Picture-Writing of the American Indians," in Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1893);
19. John C. Ewers, "The Making and Uses of Maps by Plains Indian Warriors," By Valor and Arms 3, no. 1 (1977): 36-43;
20. G. Malcolm Lewis, "Indian Maps: Their Place in the History of Plains Cartography," Great Plains Quarterly 4 (1984): 91-108;
21. Lewis in De Vorsey, "Amerindian Contributions," 75, 78n18;
22. Sona Andrews, David Tilton, and Mark Warhus, Archive of North American Indian Maps, database on CD-ROM (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1995);
23. Warhus, Another America, 169-207.
24. Ewers, "Making and Uses of Maps by Plains Indian Warriors";
25. Ewers, "The Use of Artifacts and Pictures in the Study of Plains Indian History, Art, and Religion," in Plains Indian History and Culture: Essays on Continuity and Change, ed. John C. Ewers, 61-81 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997);
26. and Ewers, "The Making and Use of Maps by Plains Indian Warriors," in Plains Indian History and Culture, 180-90.
27. For a sample of Native drawn maps see Andrews et al., Archive of North American Indian Maps;
28. Glen Fredlund, Linea Sundstrom, and Rebecca Armstrong, "Crazy Mule's Maps of the Upper Missouri, 1877-1880," Plains Anthropologist 41, no. 155 (1996): 25-27;
29. John H. Moore, The Cheyenne Nation: A Social and Demographic History (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987), 160;
30. and Karen Daniels Peterson, Plains Indian Art From Fort Marion (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971), 224.
31. Map of the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation, by Chaddle-Kaungy-Ky, c. 1895-96, catalogue no. 233,091, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
32. Ledger-book art is a style of Plains Indian pictographic drawing focusing on scenes of warfare, religion, hunting, and other cultural events. Originating on robes, tipis, and other items of hide, these and other images began to be drawn on sheets of paper in the 1860s. The name "ledger art" stems from the popularity of using blank ledger books for such drawings.
33. Edin T. Denig, "Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri," in Forty-sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1928-29 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1930);
34. Warhus, Another America, 3.
35. Warhus, Another America, 58.
36. Robert A. Rundstrom, "A Cultural Interpretation of Inuit Map Accuracy," Geographical Review 80, no. 2 (1990): 165.
37. Lewis, "Indigenous Maps and Mapping of North American Indians," 29, 32.
38. Ewers, "The Making and Uses of Maps of Maps by Plains Indian Warriors," in Plains Indian History and Culture.
39. Rundstrom, in "Cultural Interpretation of Inuit Map Accuracy," shows that Inuit maps are not only highly accurate, but that they reflect cultural values in the form of the highly developed levels of observation and memory in Inuit behavior and thought. That is, "values embodied in other institutions are implicit in cartographic artifacts" (156-57).
40. Warhus, Another America, 186.
41. Lewis, in "Indian Maps," 15,
42. and "Indian Maps: Their Place in the History of Plains Cartography," 92, provides similar observations.
43. Lewis, "Indigenous Maps and Mapping," 29.
44. Belyea, "Amerindian Maps."
45. James P. Ronda, "A Chart in His Way: Indian Cartography and the Lewis and Clark Expedition," in Mapping the North American Plains, ed. Frederick C. Luebke, Frances W. Kaye, and Gary E. Moulton, 81-91 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987);
46. Belyea, "Amerindian Maps," 267;
47. Dennis Wood with John Fels, The Power of Maps (New York: Guilford Press, 1992).
48. Warhus, Another America, 35.
49. William T. Hagan, Indian Police and Judges (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966), 130;
50. W. D. Myers to the Commission of Indian Affairs, Feb. 18, 1889, Kiowa Court File, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, OK.
51. Jerrold E. Levy, "Kiowa," in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13: Plains, ed. Raymond J. DeMallie (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001), 918.
52. Blue Clark, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock: Treaty Rights and Indian Law at the End of the Nineteenth Century (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 51.
53. Monroe E. Price, Law and the American Indians: Readings, Notes, and Cases (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merill, 1973), 425-27;
54. Clark, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock.
55. Levy, "Kiowa," 918.
56. Clark, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 97.
57. Ibid., 35.
58. Warhus, Another America, 4-5, 43.
59. Kiowa Tribal Census, 1881, p. 333, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, OK. The Kiowa terms for the wild and tame goose are cāu (s/d) and cāu-gáu. The Canadian goose is known as câl-thài (s/d) and châl-thài-màu (t) (lit. white belted). The crane or great blue heron are known by the term pì-qóp-jè (s/d) and pì-qóp-cáut (t). Note: s/d/t stand for single, duel, and triplural forms in Kiowa (Parker McKenzie, personal communication, n.d.). From these terms Black Goose appears to be the correct name form for Chaddle-Kaungy-Ky.
60. William L. Merrill, Marian Kaulaity Hansson, Candace Greene, and Frederick J. Reuss, A Guide to the Kiowa Collections at the Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 40. (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), 428, list Tsadalkonzha, Tsadalkonkya, and Tsadalkongya as variations of the name. Kiowa linguist Parker McKenzie also translated the name as Black Goose.
61. William T. Hagan, United States-Comanche Relations: The Reservation Years (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976), 248; Kiowa Tribal Census, 1895, 1899, 1900.
62. Mallery, "Pictographs of the North American Indians" and "Pictographs of the North American Indians"
63. Merrill et al., Guide to the Kiowa Collections, 42.
64. Clark, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 60-61, 69. 50 Blue Clark, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock: Treaty Rights and Indian Law at the End of the Nineteenth Century (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 51.
65. Robert Daniels to John P. Harrington, August 19, 1936, John P. Harrington Papers, National Anthropological Archives, Washington, DC, courtesy of Candace Greene.
66. Fredlund et al., "Crazy Mules Maps," 10.
67. Older Kiowa called the mountains west of the pass at Cooperton the Wichita Mountains, and those east of this pass the Apache Mountains from the Apache's preference for camping around them. This confirms the earlier description of the Wichita Mountains. Personal correspondence, Parker McKenzie to author, February 19, 1998.
68. Wilbur S. Nye, Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1937), 10.
69. James Mooney, "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians," in Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1898), 275-76.
70. Mooney, "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians";
71. Nye, Story of Old Fort Sill;
72. William C. Meadows, Kiowa Ethnogeography (Austin, University of Texas Press, in press).
73. Mallery, "Pictographs of the North American Indians" and "Picture-Writing of the American Indians." Navajo having similar hairstyles are common in Kiowa ledger art (cf. Ronald McCoy, Kiowa Memories: Images From Indian Territory, 1880 [Santa Fe, NM: Morning Star Gallery, 1987], plates 4, 12).
74. Mooney, "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians," 271-72, 419.
75. Ibid., 326-27.
76. Hugh L. Scott, Ledgerbooks on Kiowa Sign Language, Fort Sill Museum Archives, Fort Sill Army Base, Oklahoma, 1:172-73.
77. Mooney, "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians," 349-50;
78. Nye, Story of Old Fort Sill, 263-66;
79. Alice Marriott, The Ten Grandmothers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1945), 142-54.
80. Mooney, "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians," 367-57;
81. Nye, Story of Old Fort Sill, 268-70. Váuigài is probably the short name form of Kōvàuigài, denoting Right In The Center or Middle. He was born in 1843.
82. Male and female Kiowa personal names were based on this creature.
83. Robert W. Frazer, Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios and Posts Commonly Called Forts West of the Mississippi River (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965), 122-23.
84. The Western Cattle Trail, the only trail to cross the KCA Reservation, crossed at Doan's Store on the south side of the Red River and west of the mouth of the North Fork of the Red River, then ran to Fort Supply and on to Dodge City (John W. Morris, Charles R. Goins, and Edwin C. McReynolds, Historical Atlas of Oklahoma, 3rd ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986], map 46). Thus this line represents the Texas-Oklahoma Territory Line and not the Western Cattle Trail.
85. Lewis notes in "Indian Maps": "There the cacique reached the edge of the deerskin and swung what would seem to be the Red and Arkansas rivers clockwise through almost ninety degrees in order to accommodate them" (15).
86. Mooney, "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians," 349-50, 356-57.
87. Po-e-to-mah (Mrs. Tsatoke) and Ioleta MacElhaney to Alice Marriott, July 10, 1935, Alice Marriott's Kiowa Field Notes, 1934-36, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma, Norman.
88. The easternmost mountain southeast of the Buffalo Tree contains a series of small linear marks in the center of its base but is unrecognizable despite magnification. Although it may represent a stand of timber, it is in the immediate vicinity where the three Kiowa boys froze to death on January 9, 1891, and may refer to that incident (Mooney, "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians," 360-61).
89. Warhus, Another America, 188.
90. Lewis, "Indian Maps: Their Place in the History of Plains Cartography," 97, 100.
91. Ewers, "Making and Uses of Maps by Plains Indian Warriors," 36, 41. The Poor Wolf map was drawn in 1880 when Poor Wolf visited Washington, DC, or in 1881 when W. J. Hoffman visited Fort Berthold. Candace Greene, personal communication to the author, September 21, 2005.
92. Fredlund et al., "Crazy Mule's Maps."
93. Ewers, "Making and Uses of Maps by Plains Indian Warriors," 39.
94. James H. Howard, The British Museum Winter Count, Occasional Paper 4 (London: British Museum, 1979), 63;
95. Fredlund et al., "Crazy Mule's Maps," 16.
96. Lewis, "Indian Maps" and "Indian Maps: Their Place in the History of Plains Cartography";
97. Belyea, "Amerindian Maps";
98. Fredlund et al., "Crazy Mule's Maps," 25.
99. Lewis, "Indian Maps";
100. Cf. Peterson, "Plains Indian Art from Fort Marion";
101. Lewis, "Indigenous Maps," 26;
102. Lewis, "Indian Maps," 11;
103. Ewers, "Making and Uses of Maps By Plains Indian Warriors";
104. Fredlund et al., "Crazy Mule's Maps," 25.
105. Fredlund et al., "Crazy Mule's Maps," 25.
106. Harley, "Rereading the Maps of the Columbian Encounter," 527-28, 533n7.
107. Clark, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 35.
108. Harley, "Rereading the Maps of the Columbian Encounter," 527.
109. Rundstrom, "A Cultural Interpretation of Inuit Map Accuracy," 166.
110. Ibid.
111. Fredlund et al., "Crazy Mule's Maps" (government scout service);
112. Moore, Cheyenne Nation, 160 (massacre sites);
113. Peterson, Plains Indian Art from Fort Marion, 224,
114. and Lewis, "Indian Maps: Their Place in the History of Plains Cartography," 97 (travel);
115. Thomas D. Thiessen, W. Raymond Wood, and A. Wesley Jones, "The Sitting Rabbit 1907 Map of the Missouri River in North Dakota," Plains Anthropologist 24, pt. 1 (1979): 145-67 (commissioned work).
116. Lewis, "Indian Maps: Their Place in the History of Plains Cartography," 94, 99, 101 (Miguel's map);
117. Fredlund et al., "Crazy Mule's Maps," 6-7;
118. and Thiessen et al., "Sitting Rabbit 1907 Map". The Black Goose Map provides more detail within a smaller area, similar to but still more detailed than Amos Bad Heart Bull's (Oglala Sioux) Map (Lewis, "Indian Maps: Their Place in the History of Plains Cartography," 96).
119. Ewers, "Making and Uses of Maps by Plains Indian Warriors," 41.
120. Thiessen et al., "Sitting Rabbit 1907 Map";
121. and Fredlund et al., "Crazy Mule's Maps," 6-7.
122. This map also contributes to ongoing work in Kiowa ethnogeography in aiding in the identification and confirmation of specific locales and indigenous place names through ongoing ethnographic research (Meadows, Kiowa Ethnogeography).