Current role of PSA and other markers in the diagnosis of prostate cancer;Papel actual del antígeno prostático específico y otros marcadores en el diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata

Archivos Espanoles de Urologia

Volumn 59, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 1069-1082

  Gomez Veiga F ^a   Ponce Reixa, J ^a   Barbagelata Lopez A ^a   Fernandez Rosado E ^a   Gonzalez Martin M ^a  

^a HOSPITAL JUAN CANALEJO   (Spain)

Author keywords

Prostatic cancer; PSA

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN;

BLOOD; HUMAN; MALE; MASS SCREENING; PROSTATE TUMOR; REVIEW;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; HUMANS; MALE; MASS SCREENING; PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS;

EID: 33846514558     PISSN: 00040614     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. WANG, M.C.; VALENZUELA, L.A.; MURPHY, G.P. y cols.: "Purificacion of an human prostate specific antigen". Invest. Urol., 17: 159, 1979.
2. HARA, M.; KOYANAGI, Y.; INOUE, T. y cols.: "Some physico-chemical characteristics of "gammaseminoprotein," an antigenic component specific for human seminal plasma. Forensic immunological study of body fluids and secretion". VII Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi, 25: 322, 1971.
3. DENMEADE, S.R.; ISAACS, J.T.: "A history of prostate cancer treatment". Nat. Rev., 2: 389, 2002.
4. HODGE, K.K.; McNEAL, J.E.; TERRIS, M.K. y cols.: "Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate". J. Urol., 142: 71, 1989.
5. JEMAL, A.; SIEGEL, R.; WARD, E. y cols.: "Cancer statistics, 2006". C.A. Cancer J. Clin., 56: 106, 2006.
6. BOYLE, P.; FERLAY, J.: "Cancer incidence and mortality in Europe, 2004". Ann. Oncol., 16: 48, 2005.
7. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Salud. Defunciones según la Causa de Muerte. Año 2004. [Internet]. Madrid: INE [acceso 7/11/2006]. Disponible en: http://www.ine.es/
8. KUNDU, S.D.; ROEHL, K.A.; EGGENER, S.E. y cols.: "Potency, continente and complications in 3,477 consecutive radical retropublic prostatectomies". J. Urol., 172: 2227, 2004.
9. YOUSEF, G.M.; DIAMANDIS, E.P.: "The new human tissue kallikrein gene family: structure, function, and association to disease". Endocr. Rev., 22: 184, 2001.
10. LILJA, H.; CHRISTENSSON, A.; DAHLEN, U. y cols.: "Prostate specific antigen in serum occurs predominantly in complex with alpha-1 antichymotrypsin". Clin. Chem., 37: 1618, 1991.
11. MIKOLAJCZK, S.D.; MILLAR, L.S.; WANG, T.J. y cols.: "A precursor form of prostate-specific antigen is more highly elevated in prostate cancer compared with bening transition zone prostate tissue". Cancer Res., 60: 756, 2000.
12. STAMEY, T.A.; YANG, N.; HAY, A.R. y cols.: "Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate". N. Engl. J. Med., 317: 909, 1987.
13. CATALONA, W.J.; SMITH, D.S.; RATLIFF, T.L. y cols.: "Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer". N. Engl. J. Med., 324: 1156, 1991.
14. CHRISTENSSON, A.; BJORK, T.; NILSSON, O. y cols.: "Serum prostate specific antigen complexed to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin as an indicator of prostate cancer". J. Urol., 150: 100, 1993.
15. BANGMA, C.H.; RIETBERGEN, J.B.; KRANSE, R. y cols.: "The free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio improves the specificity of prostate specific antigen in screening for prostate cancer in the general population". J. Urol., 157: 2191, 1997.
16. CATALONA, W.J.; PARTIN, A.W.; SLAWIN, K.M. y cols.: "Use of the percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to enhance differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostatic disease: a prospective multicenter clinical trial". JAMA, 279: 1542, 1998.
17. CATALONA, W.J.; RAMOS, C.G.; CARVALHAL, G.F. y cols.: "Lowering PSA cutoffs to enhance detection of curable prostate cancer". Urology, 55: 791, 2000.
18. DJAVAN, B.; REMZI, M.; ZLOTTA, A.R. y cols.: "Combination and multivariate analysis of PSA-based parameters for prostate cancer prediction". Tech. Urol., 5: 71, 1999.
19. HAESE, A.; DWORSCHACK, R.T.; PARTIN, A.W: "Percent free prostate specific antigen in the total prostate specific antigen 2 to 4 ng/ml. range does not substantially increase the number of biopsies needed to detect clinically significant prostate cancer compared to the 4 to 10 ng/ml range". J. Urol., 168: 504, 2002.
20. LUBOLDT, H.J.; SWOBODA, A.; BORGERMANN, C. y cols.: "Early Detection Project Group Of the German Society of Urology. Clinical usfulness of free PSA in early detection of prostate cancer". Onkologie, 24: 33, 2001.
21. MARTÍNEZ-PIÑEIRO, L.; GARCÍA MEDIERO, J.M.; GONZÁLEZ GANCEDO, P. y cols.: "Probability of prostate cancer as a function of the percentage of free prostate-specific antigen in patients with a non-suspicious rectal examination and total prostate-specific antigen of 4-10 ng/ml". World J. Urol., 22: 124, 2004.
22. CATALONA, W.J.; SMITH, D.S.; ORNSTEIN, D.K.: "Prostate cancer detection in men with serum PSA concentrations of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/mL and benign prostate examination. Enhancement of specificity with free PSA measurements". JAMA, 277: 1452, 1997.
23. CATALONA, W.J.; PARTIN, A.W.; FINLAY, J.A. y cols.: "Use of percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to identify men at high risk of prostate cancer when PSA levels are 2.51 to 4 ng/ml and digital rectal examination is not suspicious for prostate cancer: an alternative model". Urology, 54: 220, 1999.
24. PARTIN, A.W.; CATALONA, W.J.; FINLAY, J.A. y cols.: "Use of human glandular kallikrein 2 for the detection of prostate cancer: preliminary analysis". Urology, 54: 839, 1999.
25. ROEHL, K.A.; ANTENOR, J.A.; CATALONA, W.J.: "Robustness of free prostate specific antigen measurements to reduce unnecessary biopsies in the 2.6 to 4.0 ng/mL range". J. Urol., 168: 922, 2002.
26. MOROTE, J.; ENCABO, G.; DE TORRES, I.M.: "Use of percent free prostate-specific antigen as a predictor of the pathological features of clinically localized prostate cancer". Eur. Urol., 38: 225, 2000.
27. BRAWER, M.K.; CHELI, C.D.; NEAMAN, I.E. y cols.: "Complexed prostate specific antigen provides significant enhancement of specificity compared with total prostate specific antigen for detecting prostate cancer". J. Urol., 163: 1476, 2000.
28. DJAVAN, B.; REMZI, M.; ZLOTTA, A.R. y cols.: "Complexed prostate- specific antigen, complexed prostate-specific antigen density of total and transition zone, complexed/total prostate-specific antigen ratio, free-to-total prostate-specific antigen ratio, density of total and transition zone prostate-specific antigen: results of the prospective multicenter European trial". Urology, 60: 4, 2002.
29. MILLER, M.C.; O'DOWD, G.J.; PARTIN, A.W. y cols.: "Contemporary use of complexed PSA and calculated percent free PSA for early detection of prostate cancer: impact of changing disease demographics". Urology, 57: 1105, 2001.
30. GOMEZ VEIGA, F.; BARBAGELATA, A.; PONCE, J. y cols.: "Analysis of complex prostatic specific antigen and their ratios to detect prostate cancer undergoing a first biopsy with total PSA 4-10ngr/ml. A series of 1055 patients". Urology, 68: 273, 2006.
31. PARSONS, J.K.; BRAWER, M.K.; CHELI, C.D. y cols.: "Complexed prostate specific antigen (PSA) reduces unnecessary prostate biopsies in the 2.6-4.0 ng/mL range of total PSA". BJU Int., 94: 47, 2004.
32. PARTIN, A.W.; BRAWER, M.K.; BARTSCH, G. y cols.: "Complexed prostate specific antigen improves specificity for prostate cancer detection: results of a prospective multicenter clinical trial". J. Urol., 170: 1787, 2003.
33. LEIN, M.; KWIATKOWSKI, M.; SEMJONOW, A. y cols.: "A multicenter clinical trial on the use of complexed prostate specific antigen in low prostate specific antigen concentrations". J. Urol., 170: 1175, 2003.
34. KOBAYASHI, T.; KAMOTO, T.; NISHIZAWA, K. y cols.: "Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) complexed to a1-antichymotrypsin improves prostate cancer detection using total PSA in Japanese patients with total PSA levels of 2.0-4.0 ng/mL". BJU Int., 95: 761, 2005.
35. KELLER, T.; BUTZ, H.; LEIN, M. y cols.: "Discordance analysis characteristics as a new method to compare the diagnostic accuracy of tests: example of complexed versus total prostate-specific antigen". Clin. Chem., 51: 1, 2005.
36. BABAIAN, R.J.; NAYA, Y.; CHELI, C.D. y cols.: "The detection and potential economic value of complexed prostate specific antigen as a first line test". J. Urol., 175: 897, 2006.
37. ELLISON, L.; CHELI, C.D.; BRIGHT, S. y cols.: "Cost-benefit analysis of total, free/total, and complexed prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer screening". Urology, 60: 42, 2002.
38. THOMPSON, I.M.; PAULER, D.K.; GOODMAN, P.J. y cols.: "Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level 4≤ng per millilitre". N. Engl. J. Med., 350: 2239, 2004.
39. RAAIJMAKERS, R.; BLIJENBERG, B.G.; FINLAY, J.A. y cols.: "Prostate cancer detection in the prostate specific antien range of 2.0 to 3.9 ng/ml: value of percent free prostate specific antigen on tumor detection and tumor aggressiveness". J. Urol., 171: 2245, 2004.
40. NAM, R.K.; TOI, A.; TRACHTENBERG, J. y cols.: "Making sense of prostate specific antigen: improving its predictive value in patients undergoing prostate biopsy". J. Urol., 175: 489, 2006.
41. THOMPSON, I.M.; ANKERST, D.P.; CHI, C. y cols.: "Assessing prostate cancer risk: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial". J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 98: 529, 2006.
42. LABRIE, F.; CANDAS, B.; DUPONT, A. y cols.: "Screening decreases prostate cancer death: first análisis of the 1988 Quebec prospective randomized controlled trial". Prostate, 38: 83, 1999.
43. OBERAIGNER, W.; HORNINGER, W.; KLOCKER, H. y cols.: "Reduction of prostate cancer mortality in Tyrol, Austria, after introduction of prostate-specific antigen testing". Am. J. Epidemiol., 164: 376, 2006.
44. PUNGLIA, R.S.; D'AMICO, A.V.; CATALONA, W.J. y cols.: "Effect of verification bias on screening for prostate cancer by measurement of prostate-specific antigen". N. Engl. J. Med., 349: 335, 2003.
45. ETZIONI, R.; PENSON, D.F.; LEGLER, J.M. y cols.: "Overdiagnosis due to prostate-specific antigen screening: lessons from U.S. prostate cancer incidence trens". J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 94: 981, 2002.
46. BILL-AXELSON, A.; HOLMBERG, L.; RUUTU, M. y cols.: "Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer". N. Engl. J. Med., 352: 1977, 2005.
47. ALLEPUZ LOSA, C.A.; GIL SANZ, M.J.; GONZALVO IBARRA, A. y cols.: "Diagnóstico precoz del cancer de próstata en población seleccionada. Utilidad del PSAD, PSAD AD y PSA ajustado a la edad en pacientes con PSA entre 4-10 ngr/ml". Actas Urol. Esp., 21: 344, 1997.
48. DJAVAN, B.; ZLOTTA, A.; KRATZIK, C. y cols.: "PSA, PSA density, PSA density of transition zone, free/total PSA ratio, and PSA velocity for early detection of prostate cancer in men with serum PSA 2.5 to 4.0 ng/ml". Urology, 54: 517, 1999.
49. CARLSON, G.D.; CALVANESE, C.B.; PARTIN, A.W.: "An algorithm combining age, total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and percent free PSA to predict prostate cancer: results on 4298 cases". Urology, 52: 455, 1998.
50. BARBAGELATA, A.; VEIGA, F.; BLANCO, A. y cols.: "A model to predict cancer in patients undergoing a first biopsy. Experience over 2683 biopsies". BJU Int., 2: 3, 2004.
51. GÓMEZ VEIGA, F.; PERTEGA, S.; SUÁREZ, G. y cols.: "The usefulness of neural networks to diagnose prostatic cancer". Eur. Urol., 39: 183, 2001.
52. GARZOTTO, M.; BEER, T.M.; HUDSON, R.G. y cols.: "Improved detection of prostate cancer using classificacion and regression tree analysis". J. Clin. Oncol., 23: 4322, 2005.
53. NADLER, R.B.; HUMPHREY, P.A.; SMITH, D.S. y cols.: "Effect of inflammation and bening prostatic hyperplasia on elevated serum prostate specific antigen levels". J. Urol., 154: 407, 1995.
54. LUJAN, M.; PAEZ, A.; SÁNCHEZ, E. y cols.: "Prostate specific antigen variation in patients without clinically evident prostate cancer". J. Urol., 162: 1311, 1999.
55. BENSON, M.C.; WHANG, I.S.; OLSSON, C.A. y cols.: "The use of prostate specific antigen density to enhance the predictive value of intermediate levels of serum prostate specific antigen". J. Urol., 147: 817, 1992.
56. BRAWER, M.K.; ARAMBURU, E.A.; CHEN, G.L. y cols.: "The inability of prostate specific antigen index to enhance the predictive value of PSA in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma". J. Urol., 150: 369, 1993.
57. METTLIN, C.; LITTRUP, P.J.; KANE, R.A. y cols.: "Relative sensitivity and specificity of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level compared with age-referenced PSA, PSA density and PSA change: Data from the American Cancer Society National Prostate Cancer Detection Project". Cancer, 74: 1615, 1994.
58. SANZ CHINESCA, S.; MARTÍNEZ JABALOYAS, J.M.; BORONAT TORMO, F. y cols.: "Factores que influyen en la variabilidad de la concentración sérica de PSA en pacientes con hiperplasia benigna de próstata". Actas Urol. Esp., 20: 867, 1996.
59. OESTERLING, J.E.; JACOBSEN, S.J.; CHUTE, C.G. y cols.: "Serum prostate specific antigen in a communitybased population of healthy men: Establishment of age-specific reference ranges". JAMA, 270: 860, 1993.
60. PUNGLIA, R.S.; D'AMICO, A.V.; CATALONA, W.J. y cols.: "Impact of age, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and cancer on prostate-specific antigen level". Cancer, 106: 1507, 2006.
61. MOROTE, J.; LÓPEZ, M.; ENCABO, G. y cols.: "Effect of inflammation and benign prostatic enlargement on total and percent free serum prostatic specific antigen". Eur. Urol., 37: 537, 2000.
62. GÓMEZ PÉREZ, L.; BUDÍA ALBA, A.; REDÓN, B. y cols.: "Influencia de la inflamación crónica prostática en muestras de biopsia sextante en los niveles séricos de PSA total y PSA libre". Actas Urol. Esp., 29: 170, 2005.
63. MARKS, L.S.; ANDRIOLE, G.L.; FITZPATRICK, J.M. y cols.: "The interpretation of serum prostate specific antigen in men receiving 5alpha-reductase inhibitors: a review and clinical recommendations". J. Urol., 176: 868, 2006.
64. CARTER, H.B.; PEARSON, J.D.; METTER, E.J. y cols.: "Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease". JAMA, 267: 2215, 1992.
65. D'AMICO, A.V.; CHEN, M.H.; ROEHL, K.A. y cols.: "Preoperative PSA velocity and the risk of death from prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy". N. Engl. J. Med., 351: 125, 2004.
66. RAAIJMAKERS, R.; WILDHAGEN, M.F.; ITO, K. y cols.: "Prostate- specific antigen change in the european randomized study of screening for prostate cancer, section Rotterdam". Urology, 63: 316, 2004.
67. PRESTIGIACOMO, A.F.; STAMEY, T.A.: "Physiological variation of serum prostate specific antigen in the 4.0 to 10.0 ng./ml. range in male volunteers". J. Urol., 155: 1977, 1996.
68. BODDY, J.L.; PIKE, D.J.; AL-HAYEK, S. y cols.: "An Elevated PSA, which normalizes, does not exclude the presence of prostate cancer". Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis., 8: 349, 2005.
69. EASTHAM, J.A.; RIEDEL, W.; SCARDINO, P.T. y cols.: "Begg CB for the Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group. Variation of serum prostate-specific antigen levels: an evaluation of year-to- year fluctuations". JAMA, 289: 2695, 2003.
70. SEMJONOW, A.G.; OBERPENNING, F.H.; SCHMID, B.P. y cols.: "The clinical impact of different assays for prostate specific antigen". BJU Int., 86: 590, 2000.
71. STEPHAN, C.; KLAAS, M.; MÜLLER, C. y cols.: "Interchangeability of measurements of total and free prostate-specific antigen in serum with 5 frequently used assay combinations: an update". Clin. Chem., 52: 59, 2006.
72. STAMEY, T.A.; CALDWELL, M.; McNEAL, J.E. y cols.: "The protate specific antigen era in the united states is over for prostate cancer: what happened in the last 20 years?". J. Urol., 172: 1297, 2004.
73. THOMPSON, I.M.; ANKERST, D.P.; CHI, C. y cols.: "Operating characteristics of prostate-specific antigen in men with an initial PSA level of 3.0 ng/mL or lower". JAMA, 294: 66, 2005.
74. FREEDLAND, S.J.; MANGOLD, L.A.; WALSH, P.C. y cols.: "The prostatic specific antigen era is alive and well: prostatic specific antigen and biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy". J. Urol., 174: 1276, 2006.
75. GONZALGO, M.L.; ISAACS, W.B.: "Molecular pathways to prostate cancer". J. Urol., 170: 2444, 2003.
76. TROYER, D.A.; MUBIRU, J.; LEACH, R.J. y cols.: "Promise and challenge: markers of prostate cancer detection, diagnosis and prognosis". Dis. Markers, 20: 117, 2004.
77. WANG, X.; YU, J.; SREEKUMAR, A. y cols.: "Autoantibody signatures in prostate cancer". N. Engl. J. Med., 353: 1224, 2005.
78. RUBIN, M.A.; ZHOU, M.; DHANASEKARAN, S.M. y cols.: "_-Methylacyl coenzyme. A racemase as a tissue biomarker for prostate cancer". JAMA, 287: 1662, 2002.
79. EEKUMAR, A.; LAXMAN, B.; RHODES, D.R. y cols.: "Humoral immune response to alpha-methylacyl-Co. A racemase and prostate cancer". J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 96: 834, 2004.
80. TRICOLI, J.V.; SCHOENFELDT, M.; CONLEY, B.A.: "Detection of prostate cancer and predicting progression: current and future diagnostic markers". Clin. Cancer Res., 10: 3943, 2004.
81. GOESSI, C.; MULLER, M.; HEICAPPELL, R. y cols.: "DNA-based detection of prostate cancer in urine after prostatic massage". Urology, 58: 335, 2001.
82. BOTCHKINA, G.I.; KIM, R.H.; BOTCHKINA, I.L. y cols.: "Noninvasive detection of prostate cancer by quantitative analysis of telomerase activity". Clin. Cancer Res., 11: 3243, 2005.
83. DASI, F.; MARTINEZ-RODES, P.; MARCH, J.A. y cols.: "Real-time quantification of human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA in the plasma of patients with prostate cancer". Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1075: 204, 2006.
84. OSMAN, I.; MIKHAIL, M.; SHUCH, B. y cols.: "Serum levels of shed HER2/neu protein in men with prostate cancer correlate with disease progression". J. Urol., 174: 2174, 2005.
85. OREGAWA, T.; KINJO, M.; NUTAHARA, K. y cols.: "Pretreatment serum level of HER2/nue as a prognostic factor in metastatic prostate cancer patients about to undergo endocrine therapy". Int. J. Urol., 13: 1197, 2006.
86. GILS, M.P.M.Q.; STENMAN, U.H.; SCHALKEN, J.A. y cols.: "Innovations in serum and urine markers in prostate cancer current European research in the P-Mark project". Eur. Urol., 48: 1031, 2005.
87. ORNSTEIN, D.K.; RAYFORD, W.; FUSARO, V.A. y cols.: "Serum proteomic profiling can discriminate prostate cancer from benign prostates in men with total prostate specific antigen levels between 2.5 and 15.0 ng/ml". J. Urol., 174: 1302, 2004.
88. BANEZ, L.L.; PRASANNA, P.; SUN, L. y cols.: "Diagnostic potential of serum proteomic patterns in prostate cancer". J. Urol., 170: 442, 2003.
89. LI, J.; WHITE, N.; ZHANG, Z. y cols.: "Detection of prostate cancer using serum proteomics pattern in a histologically confirmed population". J. Urol., 171: 1782, 2004.
90. HERNÁNDEZ, J.; CANBY-HAGINO, E.; THOMPSON, I.M.: "Biomarkers for the detection and prognosis of prostate cancer". Curr. Urol. Rep., 6: 171, 2005.
91. YOUNG, C.Y.; ANDREWS, P.E.; MONTGOMERY, B.T. y cols.: "Tissue-specific and hormonal regulation of human prostate-specific glandular kallikrein". Biochemistry, 31: 818, 1992.
92. DIAMANDIS, E.P.; YOSUEF, G.M.: "Human tissue kallikreins: a family of new cancer biomarkers". Clin. Chem., 48: 1198, 2002.
93. STEUBER, T.; NIEMELA, P.; HAESE, A. y cols.: "Association of free-prostate specific antigen subfraction and human glandular kallikrein 2 with volume of bening and malignant prostatic tissue". Prostate, 63: 13, 2005.
94. MIKOLAJCZYK, S.D.; MARKER, K.M.; MI" LLAR, L.S. y cols.: "A truncated form of prostate-specific antigen is a more specific serum marker of prostate cancer". Cancer Res., 61: 6958, 2001.
95. LINTON, H.J.; MARKS, L.S.; MILLAR, L.S. y cols.: "Benign prostatespecific antigen (BPSA) in serum is increased in benign prostate disease". Clin. Chem., 49: 253, 2003.
96. CATALONA, W.J.; BARTSCH, G.; RITTENHOUSE, H.G. y cols.: "Serum pro prostate specific antigen improves cancer detection compared to free and complexed prostate specific antigen in men with prostate specific antigen 2 to 4 ng/ml". J. Urol., 170: 2181, 2003.