The psychology of killing: The combat experience of British soldiers during the first world war

Journal of Contemporary History

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2006, Pages

  Jones, Edgar ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846482892     PISSN: 00220094     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022009406062055     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (London 1998), 358
2. Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing (London 1999), 13
3. J. Glenn Gray, The Warriors. Reflections on Men in Battle (New York 1970), 135, 28, 29
4. Theodore Nadelson, Trained to Kill. Soldiers at War (Baltimore, MD 2005)
5. S.L.A. Marshall, Men against Fire. The Problem of Battle Command in Future War (New York 1947)
6. Roy R. Grinker and John P. Spiegel, Men under Stress (London 1945), 43
7. Dave Grossman, On Killing. The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (Boston, MA 1995), 34-5, 251-8
8. Lord Southborough, Report of the War Office Committee of Enquiry into 'Shell-shock' (London 1922), 150
9. W.H.R. Rivers, 'The Repression of War Experience', Lancet, 1 (1918), 173
10. F.G. Chandler, Memories of August 1917. Extract from a Doctor's Diary, London Hospital Gazette, 1918, 4, Imperial War Museum (hereafter IWM)
11. Charles Wilson [Lord Moran], The Anatomy of Courage (London 1945), 6
12. Frederick Mott, Neuroses and Shell Shock (London 1919), 131
13. Wilmot Herringham, A Physician in France (London 1919), 141
14. Robert Graves, Goodbye to All That (London 1929), 143
15. Tim Travers, The Killing Ground. The British Army, the Western Front and the Emergence of Modern Warfare 1900-1918 (London 1987), 43-51
16. Richard Holmes, The Firing Line (London 1985), 390
17. Quoted from Samuel Hynes, The Soldiers' Tale. Bearing Witness to Modern War (London 1997), 39
18. Henry de Man, The Remaking of a Mind. A Soldier's Thoughts on War and Reconstruction (London 1920), 198-9
19. quoted by Bourke, op. cit., 31
20. Cosmo Clark, The Tin Trunk. Letters and Drawings 1914-1918 (London 2000), 63
21. Arthur Lambert, Over-the-Top, A 'PBI' in the HAC (London 1930), xi
22. W.R. Bion, The Long Week-End 1897-1919, Part of a Life (London 1986), 140
23. Bourke, op. cit., 113, 248
24. John T. McCurdy, War Neuroses (Cambridge 1918), 129, 11
25. Gordon Holmes, 'Report of a Conference', 10 November 1939, Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), PIN15/2402/15B, 12
26. Abram Kardiner, The Traumatic Neuroses of War (New York 1941)
27. see also Ben Shephard, A War of Nerves. Soldiers and Psychiatrists 1914-1994 (London 2000), 154-7
28. Edgar Jones, 'Doctors and trauma in World War One. The Response of British Military Psychiatrists' in P. Gray and K. Oliver (eds), The Memory of Catastrophe (Manchester 2004), 91-105
29. E. Jones and S. Wessely, 'Forward Psychiatry in the Military. Its Origins and Effectiveness', Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16 (2003), 411-19
30. Shephard, op. cit., 46-51
31. Southborough, op. cit., 28
32. William Brown, 'The Treatment of Cases of Shell Shock in an Advanced Neurological Centre', Lancet, 2 (17 August 1917), 199
33. War Diary No. 6 Stationary Hospital, 11 July 1917, PRO, WO95/4100
34. War Diary No. 3 Canadian Stationary Hospital, 3 July 1917, WO95/4109
35. F. Dillon, 'The Analysis of a Composite Neurosis', Lancet, 1 (11 January 1919), 57-60
36. see also Frederick Dillon, 'Neuroses among Combatant Troops in the Great War', BMJ, 2 (1939), 66
37. Colin Russel, 'The Management of Psycho-neuroses in the Canadian Army', Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 14 (1919), 29
38. Frederick Dillon, 'Treatment of Neuroses in the Field. The Advanced Psychiatric Centre' in Emanuel Miller (ed.), The Neuroses of War (London 1940), 122
39. H. Ellis and R.A.L. Leatherdale, 'Obituary G.W.B. James', Lancet, 2 (26 October 1968), 920-1
40. G.W.B. James, 'Narrative, Résumé, Comments and Conclusions Concerning the Middle East Force from September 1940 to July 1943' (typescript 1955), 57
41. Gary Sheffield, Forgotten Victory. The First World War. Myths and Realities (London 2001), 111
42. Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, Passchendaele, The Untold Story (New Haven, CT 1996), 11, 13
43. Hew Strachan, European Armies and the Conduct of War (London 1983), 138
44. Grossman, op. cit., 99-106
45. Tony Ashworth, Trench Warfare 1914-1918. The Live and Let Live System (London 1980)
46. Graves, op. cit., 112
47. Ferguson, op. cit., 366
48. Southborough, op. cit., 50
49. G.W. Beebe and J.W. Apple, 'Psychological Breakdown in Relation to Stress and Other Factors' in Variation in Psychological Tolerance to Ground Combat in World War II, Final Report (Washington, DC 1958), 88-131
50. G.W. Beebe and M.E. DeBakey, Battle Casualties. Incidence, Mortality, and Logistic Considerations (Springfield, IL 1952)
51. A.J. Glass, 'Lessons Learned' in A.J. Glass and R. Bernucci (eds), Neuropsychiatry in World War II. Zone of Interior, vol. 1 (Washington, DC 1966), 735-59
52. R.L. Swank and W.E. Marchand, 'Combat Neuroses. Development of Combat Exhaustion', Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 55 (1946), 236-47, 244
53. Bourke, op. cit., 249
54. Admission and Discharge Books for No. 4 Stationary Hospital, 24 January 1917 to 12 March 1917, PRO, MH106/1465-1467
55. Southborough, op. cit., 80
56. see also the evidence of Squadron Leader W. Tyrell, a highly-decorated veteran, who argued that shell shock was most likely to be produced at 'the height of battle, the hour before going over the top [and] the evening before going back to the trenches after a rest period' rather than in periods of routine trench warfare; ibid., 34
57. William Brown, 'War Neurosis. A Comparison of Early Cases Seen in the Field with Those Seen at the Base', Lancet, 1 (17 May 1919), 833
58. C.G. Blood and E.D. Gauker, 'The Relationship between Battle Intensity and Disease Rates among Marine Corps Infantry Units', Military Medicine, 158 (1993), 340-4
59. E. Jones and S. Wessely, 'Psychiatric Battle Casualties. An intra- and inter-war comparison', British Journal of Psychiatry, 178 (2001), 242-7
60. Hew Strachan, The First World War (London 2003), 159-61
61. S.A. Stouffer, Arthur Lumsdaine, Marion Lumsdaine, Robin Williams, M. Brewster Smith, Irving Janis, Shirley Star and Leonard Cottrell, The American Soldier. Volume 2, Combat and its Aftermath (Princeton, NJ 1949), 453-4
62. Southborough, op. cit., 150
63. Ferguson, op. cit., 373-84, 447-8
64. Shephard, op. cit., 81
65. Bion, op. cit., 137
66. Holmes, The Firing Line, op. cit., 382
67. Anthony Beevor, Berlin. The Downfall 1945 (London 2002), 170, 176
68. see also Catherine Merridale, Night of Stone. Death and Memory in Twentieth-Century Russia (London 2002)
69. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men. Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York 1992), 159, 168
70. see also Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners. Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York 1996), 239-80
71. Quoted from Theodore Zeldin, An Intimate History of Humanity (London 1994), 214-15
72. Gray, op. cit., 31
73. Arthur Osburn, Unwilling Passenger (London 1932), 219-20
74. Basil Liddell Hart, 'The Psychological War', Sunday Express, 3 March 1940
75. George Coppard, With a Machine Gun to Cambrai. A Story of the First World War (London 1980), 62
76. Bourke, op. cit., 50, 61-2
77. Hynes, op. cit., 40
78. Coppard, op. cit., 172-3
79. Joanna Bourke, Fear. A Cultural History (London 2005), 199
80. Strachan, op. cit., 159-60
81. Siegfried Sassoon, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer (London 1930), 128
82. Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford 1975), 91
83. Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing, op. cit., 44-68, 103-38, 345-68
84. Ferguson, op. cit., 197-211
85. Bruce Newsome, 'The Myth of Intrinsic Combat Motivation', Journal of Strategic Studies, 26 (2003), 24-46
86. Joanna Bourke, 'Remembering War', Journal of Contemporary History, 39, 4 (October 2004), 473-85