Spinal control of locomotion - From cat to man

Acta Physiologica

Volumn 189, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 111-121

  Hultborn, H ^a   Nielsen, J B ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Cat; Human; Locomotion; Motoneurones; Sensory feedback; Spinal cord

Indexed keywords

CAT; CONFERENCE PAPER; HUMAN; LOCOMOTION; NONHUMAN; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSORY SYSTEM; SPINAL CORD; VERTEBRATE;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; CATS; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEEDBACK; HIP; HUMANS; LOCOMOTION; MOTOR NEURONS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PRIMATES; SPINAL CORD; STRESS, MECHANICAL; WALKING;

EID: 33846412197     PISSN: 17481708     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01651.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (80)

1. Andersson, O. & Grillner, S. 1983. Peripheral control of the cat's step cycle. II. Entrainment of the central pattern generators for locomotion by sinusoidal hip movements during "fictive locomotion". Acta Physiol Scand 118, 229-239.
2. Angel, M.J., Guertin, P., Jimenez, T. & McCrea, D.A. 1996. Group I extensor afferents evoke disynaptic EPSPs in cat hindlimb extensor motorneurones during fictive locomotion. J Physiol 494, 851-861.
3. Barbeau, H. & Norman, K.E. 2003. The effect of noradrenergic drugs on the recovery of walking after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 41, 137-143.
4. Barbeau, H. & Rossignol, S. 1987. Recovery of locomotion after chronic spinalization in the adult cat. Brain Res 412, 84-95.
5. Behrman, A.L., Lawless-Dixon, A.R., Davis, S.B., Bowden, M.G., Nair, P., Phadke, C., Hannold, E.M., Plummer, P. & Harkema, S.J. 2005. Locomotor training progression and outcomes after incomplete spinal cord injury. Phys Ther 85, 1356-1371.
6. Berger, W., Dietz, V. & Quintern, J. 1984. Corrective reactions to stumbling in man: neuronal co-ordination of bilateral leg muscle activity during gait. J Physiol 357, 109-125.
7. Brown, T.G. 1911. The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal. Proc R Soc Lond B 84, 309-319.
8. Brown, T.G. 1924. Studies in the physiology of the nervous system XXVIII. Absence of algebraic equality between the magnitudes of central excitation and effective central inhibition given in the reflex center of a single limb by the same reflex stimulus. Q J Exp Physiol 14, 1-23.
9. Bouyer, L.J., Whelan, P.J., Pearson, K.G. & Rossingnol, S. 2001. Adaptive locomotor plasticity in chronic spinal cats after ankle extensors neurectomy. J Neurosci 21, 3531-3541.
10. Bussel, B., Roby-Brami, A., Azouvi, P., Biraben, A., Yakovleff, A. & Held, J.P. 1988. Myoclonus in a patient with spinal cord transection. Possible involvement of the spinal stepping generator. Brain 111, 1235-1245.
11. Calancie, B., Needham-Shropshire, B., Jacobs, P., Willer, K., Zych, G. & Green, B.A. 1994. Involuntary stepping after chronic spinal cord injury. Evidence for a central rhythm generator for locomotion in man. Brain 117, 1143-1159.
12. Capaday, C. & Stein, R.B. 1986. Amplitude modulation of the soleus H-reflex in the human during walking and standing. J Neurosci 6, 1308-1313.
13. Conway, B.A., Hultborn, H. & Kiehn, O. 1987. Proprioceptive input resets central locomotor rhythm in the spinal cat. Exp Brain Res 68, 643-656.
14. Crenna, P. & Frigo, C. 1984. Evidence of phase-dependent nociceptive reflexes during locomotion in man. Exp Neurol 85, 336-345.
15. Dietz, V. & Harkema, S.J. 2004. Locomotor activity in spinal cord-injured persons. J Appl Physiol 96, 1954-1960.
16. Dietz, V., Colombo, G., Jensen, L. & Baumgartner, L. 1995. Locomotor capacity of spinal cord in paraplegic patients. Ann Neurol 37, 574-582.
17. Dimitrijevic, M.R., Gerasimenko, Y. & Pinter, M.M. 1998. Evidence for a spinal central pattern generator in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 860, 360-376.
18. Dobkin, B., Apple, D., Barbeau, H. et al. 2006. Spinal Cord Injury Locomotor Trial Group. Weight-supported treadmill vs. over-ground training for walking after acute incomplete. SCI Neurology 66, 484-493.
19. Donelan, J.M. & Pearson, K.G. 2004. Contribution of sensory feedback to ongoing ankle extensor activity during the stance phase of walking. Can J Physio Pharmacol 82, 589-598.
20. Duysens, J. & Pearson, K.G. 1980. Inhibition of flexor burst generation by loading ankle extensor muscles in walking cats. Brain Res 187, 321-332.
21. Duysens, J., Trippel, M. & Horstmann, G.A. & Dietz, V. 1990. Gating and reversal of reflexes in ankle muscles during human walking. Exp Brain Res 82, 351-358.
22. Eidelberg, E., Walden, J.G. & Nguyen, L.H. 1981. Locomotor control in macaque monkeys. Brain 104, 647-663.
23. Fedirchuk, B., Nielsen, J., Petersen, N. & Hultborn, H. 1998. Pharmacologically evoked fictive motor patterns in the acutely spinalized marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Exp Brain Res 122, 351-361.
24. Feraboli-Lohnherr, D., Orsal, D., Yakovleff, A., Gimenez, Y., Ribotta, M. & Privat, A. 1997. Recovery of locomotor activity in the adult chronic spinal rat after sublesional transplantation of embryonic nervous cells: specific role of serotonergic neurons. Exp Brain Res 113, 443-454.
25. Forssberg, H. 1979. Stumbling corrective reaction: a phase-dependent compensatory reaction during locomotion. J Neurophysiol 42, 936-953.
26. Forssberg, H. & Grillner, S. 1973. The locomotion of the acute spinal cat injected with clonidine i.v. Brain Res 50, 184-186.
27. Forssberg, H., Grillner, S. & Rossignol, S. 1977. Phasic gain control of reflexes from the dorsum of the paw during spinal locomotion. Brain Res 132, 121-139.
28. Forssberg, H., Grillner, S. & Halbertsma, J. 1980a. The locomotion of the low spinal cat. I. Coordination within a hindlimb. Acta Physiol Scand 108, 269-281.
29. Forssberg, H., Grillner, S., Halbertsma, J. & Rossignol, S. 1980b. The locomotion of the low spinal cat. II. Interlimb coordination. Acta Physiol Scand 108, 283-295.
30. Gorassini, M.A., Prochazka, A., Hiebert, G.W. & Gauthier, M.J.A. 1994. Corrective responses to loss of ground support during walking. I. Intact cats. J Neurophysiol 71, 603-609.
31. Gossard, J.-P., Brownstone, R.M., Barajon, I. & Hultborn, H. 1994. Transmission in a locomotor-related group Ib pathway from hindlimb extensor muscles in the cat. Exp Brain Res 98, 213-228.
32. Grey, M.J., Mazzaro, N., Nielsen, J.B. & Sinkjaer, T. 2004. Ankle extensor proprioceptors contribute to the enhancement of the soleus EMG during the stance phase of human walking. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 82, 610-616.
33. Grillner, S. 1975. Locomotion in vertebrates: central mechanisms and reflex interaction. Physiol Rev 55, 247-304.
34. Grillner, S. 1981. Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish. In: V.B. Brooks (ed.) Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, pp. 1179-1236. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD, USA.
35. Grillner, S. & Rossignol, S. 1978. On the initiation of the swing phase of locomotion in chronic spinal cats. Brain Res 146, 269-277.
36. Grillner, S. & Zangger, P. 1975. How detailed is the central pattern generation for locomotion? Brain Res 88, 367-371.
37. Grillner, S. & Zangger, P. 1979. On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat. Exp Brain Res 34, 241-261.
38. Gritsenko, V., Mushahwar, V. & Prochazka, A. 2001. Adaptive changes in locomotor control after partial denervation of triceps surae muscles in the cat. J Physiol 533, 299-311.
39. Hiebert, G.W. & Pearson, K.G. 1999. Contribution of sensory feedback to the generation of extensor activity during walking in the decerebrate Cat. J Neurophysiol 81, 758-770.
40. Hinckley, C.A., Hartley, R., Wu, L., Todd, A. & Ziskind-Conhaim, L. 2005. Locomotor-like rhythms in a genetically distinct cluster of interneurons in the mammalian spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 93, 1439-1449.
41. Holmes, G. 1915. On the spinal injuries of warfare. Br Med J ii, 815-821.
42. Jankowska, E., Jukes, M.G., Lund, S. & Lundberg, A. 1967a. The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord. 5. Reciprocal organization of pathways transmitting excitatory action to alpha motoneurones of flexors and extensors. Acta Physiol Scand 70, 369-388.
43. Jankowska, E., Jukes, M.G., Lund, S. & Lundberg, A. 1967b. The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord. 6. Half-centre organization of interneurones transmitting effects from the flexor reflex afferents. Acta Physiol Scand 70, 389-402.
44. Kiehn, O. 2006. Locomotor circuits in the mammalian spinal cord. Annu Rev Neurosci 29, 279-306.
45. Kiehn, O. & Butt, S.J. 2003. Physiological, anatomical and genetic identification of CPG neurons in the developing mammalian spinal cord. Prog Neurobiol 70, 347-361.
46. Kiehn, O. & Kullander, K. 2004. Central pattern generators deciphered by molecular genetics. Neuron 41, 317-321.
47. Kuhn, R.A. 1950. Functional capacity of the isolated human spinal cord. Brain 73, 1-51.
48. Lundberg, A. 1969. Reflex control of stepping. Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters. The Nansen Memorial Lecture V, pp. 1-42. Universit etsforlaget, Oslo.
49. Lundberg, A. 1979. Multisensory control of spinal reflex pathways. In: O. Pompeiano (ed.) Reflex Control of Posture and Movement. Prog Brain Res 50, 11-28.
50. Marchand-Pauvert, V. & Nielsen, J.B. 2002a. Modulation of heteronymous reflexes from ankle dorsiflexors to hamstring muscles during human walking. Exp Brain Res 142, 402-408.
51. Marchand-Pauvert, V. & Nielsen, J.B. 2002b. Modulation of non-monosynaptic excitation from ankle dorsiflexor afferents to quadriceps motoneurones during human walking. J Physiol 538, 647-657.
52. McCrea, D.A., Shefchyk, S.J., Stephens, M.J. & Pearson, K.G. 1995. Disynaptic group I excitation of ankle extensor motoneurones during fictive locomotion in the cat. J Physiol 487, 527-539.
53. McVea, D.A., Donelan, J.M., Tachibana, A. & Pearson, K.G. 2005. A role for hip position in initiating the swing-to-stance transition in walking cats. J Neurophysiol 94, 3497-3508.
54. Orsal, D., Barthe, J.Y., Antri, M. et al. 2002. Locomotor recovery in chronic spinal rat: long-term pharmacological treatment or transplantation of embryonic neurons? Prog Brain Res 137, 213-230.
55. Pearson, K.G. & Collins, D.F. 1993. Reversal of the influence of group Ib afferents from plantaris on activity in medial gastrocnemius muscle during locomotor activity. J Neurophysiol 70, 1009-1017.
56. Pearson, K.G. & Misiaszek, J.E. 2000. Use-dependent gain change in the reflex contribution to extensor activity in walking cats. Brain Res 883, 131-134.
57. Pearson, K.G., Fouad, K. & Misiaszek, J.E. 1999. Adaptive changes in motor activity associated with functional recovery following muscle denervation in walking cats. J Neurophysiol 82, 370-381.
58. Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. & Burke, D. 2005. The Circuitry of the Human Spinal Cord. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
59. Ribotta, M.G., Provencher, J., Feraboli-Lohnherr, D., Rossignol, S., Privat, A. & Orsal, D. 2000. Activation of locomotion in adult chronic spinal rats is achieved by transplantation of embryonic raphe cells reinnervating a precise lumbar level. J Neurosci 20, 5144-5152.
60. Rossignol, S. 2000. Locomotion and its recovery after spinal injury. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10, 708-716.
61. Rossignol, S., Giroux, N., Chau, C., Marcoux, J., Brustein, E. & Reader, T.A. 2001. Pharmacological aids to locomotor training after spinal injury in the cat. J Physiol 533, 65-74.
62. Rossignol, S., Chau, C., Giroux, N. et al. 2002. The cat model of spinal injury. Prog Brain Res 137, 151-168.
63. Rossignol, S., Dubuc, R. & Gossard, J.P. 2006. Dynamic sensorimotor interactions in locomotion. Physiol Rev 86, 89-154.
64. Saltiel, P. & Rossignol, S. 2004a. Critical points in the forelimb fictive locomotor cycle and motor coordination: evidence from the effects of tonic proprioceptive perturbations in the cat. J Neurophysiol 92, 1329-1341.
65. Saltiel, P. & Rossignol, S. 2004b. Critical points in the forelimb fictive locomotor cycle and motor coordination: effects of phasic retractions and protractions of the shoulder in the cat. J Neurophysiol 92, 1342-1356.
66. Shapkova, E.Y. 2004. Spinal locomotor capability revealed by electrical stimulation of the lumbar enlargement in paraplegic patients. In: M. Latash & M. Levin (eds) Progress in Motor Control Volume three, pp. 253-289. Human Kinetics Publishers.
67. Shapkova, E.Y. & Schomburg, E.D. 2001. Two types of motor modulation underlying human stepping evoked by spinal cord electrical stimulation (SCES). Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 26, 155-157.
68. Sherrington, C.S. 1906. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System, 1st edn. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, USA.
69. Sherrington, C.S. 1910. Remarks on the reflex mechanism of the step. Brain 33, 1-25.
70. Sherrington, C.S. 1924. Problems of muscular receptivity. Nature 113, 929-932.
71. Shurrager, P.S. & Dykman, R.A. 1951. Walking spinal carnivores. J Comp Physiol Psychol 44, 252-262.
72. Sinkjaer, T., Andersen, J.B., Ladouceur, M., Christensen, L.O. & Nielsen, J.B. 2000. Major role for sensory feedback in soleus EMG activity in the stance phase of walking in man. J Physiol 523, 817-827.
73. Stein, R.B., Misiaszek, J.E. & Pearson, K.G. 2000. Functional role of muscle reflexes for force generation in the decerebrate walking cat. J Physiol 525, 781-791.
74. Tillakaratne, N.J., de Leon, R.D., Hoang, T.X., Roy, R.R., Edgerton, V.R. & Tobin, A.J. 2002. Use-dependent modulation of inhibitory capacity in the feline lumbar spinal cord. J Neurosci 22, 3130-3143.
75. Vilensky, J.A., Moore, A.M., Eidelberg, E. & Walden, J.G. 1992. Recovery of locomotion in monkeys with spinal cord lesions. J Mot Behav 24, 288-296.
76. Wernig, A. & Muller, S. 1992. Laufband locomotion with body weight support improved walking in persons with severe spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia 30, 229-238.
77. Whelan, P.J. & Pearson, K.G. 1997. Plasticity in reflex pathways controlling stepping in the cat. J Neurophysiol 78, 1643-1650.
78. Wieler, M., Stein, R.B., Ladouceur, M. et al. 1999. Multicenter evaluation of electrical stimulation systems for walking. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 80, 495-500.
79. Yang, J.F. & Stein, R.B. 1990. Phase-dependent reflex reversal in human leg muscles during walking. J Neurophysiol 63, 1109-1117.
80. Yang, J.F., Stein, R.B. & James, K.B. 1991. Contribution of peripheral afferents to the activation of the soleus muscle during walking in humans. Exp Brain Res 87, 679-687.