Toward an understanding of the stabilization mechanisms of lifted turbulent jet flames: Experiments

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 211-231

  Lyons, Kevin M ^a  

^a North Carolina State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Combustion; Edge flame; Flame stability; Jet flame; Lifted flame; Partially premixed; Triple flame; Turbulent combustion

Indexed keywords

COMBUSTION; HYDROCARBONS; LAMINAR FLOW; TURBULENT FLOW;

FLAME STABILIZATION; JET FLAMES; LIFTED FLAME; PREMIXING; TRIPLE FLAME; TURBULENT COMBUSTION; TURBULENT LIFTED FLAME;

FLAME RESEARCH;

EID: 33846349442     PISSN: 03601285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2006.11.001     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Law C.K. Combustion physics (2006), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
2. Liñán A., and Williams F.A. Fundamental aspects of combustion (1993), Oxford University Press, New York
3. Williams F.A. Combustion theory. 2nd ed (1985), Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park
4. Poinsot T., and Veynante D. Theoretical and numerical combustion (2001), R. T. Edward, Inc. Publishers, Philadephia
5. Pitts WM. Assessment of theories for the behavior and blowout of lifted turbulent jet diffusion flames. In: Twenty-second symposium (international) on combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1988. p. 809-16.
6. Coats C.M. Coherent structures in combustion. Progr Energy Combust Sci 22 (1996) 427-509
7. Broadwell JE, Dahm WJA, Mungal MG. Blowout of turbulent diffusion flames. In: Twentieth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1984. p. 303-10.
8. Mizobuchi Y., Tachibana S., Shinjo J., Ogawa S., and Takeno T. A numerical analysis on structure of turbulent hydrogen jet lifted flames. Proc Combust Inst 29 (2002) 2009-2015
9. Mizobuchi Y., Shinjo J., Ogawa S., and Takeno T. A numerical study of diffusion flame islands in a turbulent hydrogen jet lifted flames. Proc Combust Inst 30 (2005) 611-619
10. Lyons KM, Watson KA, Carter CD, Donbar JM. Upstream islands of flame in lifted-jet partially-premixed combustion. Combust Sci Tech, to be published.
11. Bilger RW, Pope SB, Bray KNC, Driscoll JF. Paradigms in turbulent combustion research. In: Proceedings of the 30th symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 2005. p. 21-42.
12. Long M.B. In: Taylor A.M.K.P. (Ed). Instrumentation for flows with combustion (1993), Academic Press, San Diego
13. Seitzman J.M., and Hanson R.K. In: Taylor A.M.K.P. (Ed). Instrumentation for flows with combustion (1993), Academic Press, San Diego
14. Eckbreth A. Laser diagnostics for combustion temperature and species. (Cambridge, MA: Abacus Press, 1988) 2nd ed. (Gordon and Breach, 1996).
15. Linne M.A. Spectroscopic measurements (2002), Academic Press/Elsevier Science Ltd., London
16. Williams FA. Mechanisms of fire spread. In: Sixteenth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1977. p. 1281-94.
17. Buckmaster J. Edge-flames and their stability. Combust Sci Technol 115 (1996) 41-68
18. Buckmaster J., and Jackson T.L. Holes in flames, flame isolas, and flame edges. Proc Combust Inst 28 (2000) 1957-1964
19. Favier V., and Vervisch L. Edge flames and partially premixed combustion in diffusion flame quenching. Combust Flame 125 (2001) 788-803
20. Watson KA, Lyons KM, Donbar JM, Carter CD. Observations on the leading edge in lifted flame stabilization. In: Watson KA, Lyons KM, Donbar JM, Carter CD, editors. Combust Flame 1999; 119:199-202.
21. 4-air diffusion flame. Combust Flame 117 (1999) 257-271
22. Amantini G., Frank J.H., and Gomez A. Experiments on standing and travelling edge flames around flame holes. Proc Combust Inst 30 (2004)
23. Phillips H. Flame in a buoyant methane layer. In: Tenth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1965. p. 1277-83.
24. Kioni P.N., Rogg B., Bray K.N.C., and Liñán A. Flame spread in laminar mixing layers: the triple flame. Combust Flame 98 (1993) 276-290
25. Kioni P.N., Bray K.N.C., Greenhalgh D.A., and Rogg B. Experimental and numerical studies of a triple flame. Combust Flame 116 (1999) 192-206
26. Dold JW. Flame propagation in a nonuniform mixture: The structure of anchored triple-flames. In: Kuhl AL, et al., editors. Eleventh international colloquium on dynamics of explosions and reactive systems. AIAA; 1988. p. 240-8.
27. Plessing T., Terhoeven P., Peters N., and Mansour M.S. An experimental and numerical study of laminar triple flames. Combust Flame 115 (1998) 335-353
28. Ruetsch G.R., Vervisch L., and Liñán A. Effects of heat release on triple flames. Phys Fluids 7 (1995) 1447-1454
29. Wichman I.S. On diffusion flame attachment near cold surfaces. Combust Flame 117 (1999) 293-384
30. Wichman I.S., Pavlova Z., Ramadan B., and Qin G. Heat flux from a diffusion flame leading edge to and adjacent surface. Combust Flame 118 (1999) 651-668
31. Wichman I.S., and Ramadan B. Theory of attached and lifted diffusion flames. Phys Fluids 10 (1998) 3145-3154
32. Cha MS, Chung SH. Characteristics of lifted flames in nonpremixed turbulent confined jets. In: Twenty-sixth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1996. p. 121-8.
33. Chung S.H., and Lee B.J. On the characteristics of laminar lifted flames in a nonpremixed jet. Combust Flame 86 (1991) 62-72
34. Chung SH. Stabilization, propagation and instability of tribrachial triple flames. In: Proceedings of the thirty-first symposium (international) on combustion, 2006.
35. Kim NI, Seo JI, Oh KC, Shin HD. Lift-off characteristics of triple flame with concentration gradients. In: Thirtieth (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 2005. p. 367-74.
36. Ko Y.S., and Chung S.H. Propagation of unsteady tribrachial flames in laminar non-premixed jets. Combust Flame 118 (1999) 151-163
37. Ko Y.S., Chung S.H., Kim G.S., and Kim S.W. Stoichiometry at the leading edge of a tribrachial flame in laminar jets from Raman scattering technique. Combust Flame 123 (2000) 430-433
38. Lee BJ, Kim JS, Chung SH. Effect of dilution on the liftoff of non-premixed jet flames. In: Twenty-fifth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1994. p. 1175-81.
39. Lee B.J., and Chung S.H. Stabilization of lifted tribrachial flames in a laminar nonpremixed jet. Combust Flame 109 (1997) 163-172
40. Won SH, Kim J, Hong KJ, Cha MS, Chung SH. Thirtieth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 2005. p. 339-47.
41. Qin X., Puri I.K., and Aggarwal S.K. Characteristics of lifted triple flames stabilized in the near field of a partially premixed axisymmetric jet. Proc Combust Inst 29 Part 2 (2002) 1565-1572
42. Qin X., Choi C.W., Mukhopadhyay A., Puri I.K., Aggarwal S.K., and Katta V.R. Triple flame propagation and stabilization in a laminar axisymmetric jet. Combust Theory Model 8 (2004) 293-314
43. Azzoni R., Ratti S., Aggarwal S.K., and Puri I.K. The structure of triple flames stabilized on a slot burner. Combust Flame 119 1-2 (1999) 23-40
44. Savas O., and Gollahalli S.R. Stability of lifted laminar round gas-jet flame. J Fluid Mechan 165 (1986) 297-318
45. Gollahalli SR, Savas O, Huang RF, Rodriguez Azara JL. Structure of attached and lifted gas jet flames in hysteresis region. In: Twenty-first symposium (international) on combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1986. p. 1463-1471.
46. Terry S.D., and Lyons K.M. Low reynolds number turbulent lifted flames in high co-flow. Combust Sci Technol 177 11 (2005) 2091-2112
47. Scholefield DA, Garside JE. The structure and stability of diffusion flames. In: Third symposium (international) on combustion, 1949. p. 102-10.
48. Chen R.H., Kothawala A., Chaos M., and Chew L.P. Combust Flame 141 4 (2005) 469-472
49. Chen Y.-C., and Bilger R.W. Stabilization mechanisms of lifted laminar flames in axisymmetric jet flows. Combust Flame 122 (2000) 377-399
50. Ghosal S., and Vervisch L. Stability diagram for lift-off and blowout of a round jet laminar diffusion flame. Combust Flame 124 (2001) 646-655
51. Boulanger J., Vervisch L., Reveillon J., and Ghosal S. Combust Flame 134 (2003) 355-368
52. Horlock J.H. Actuator-disk theory (1978), McGraw-Hill, New York
53. Wichman I.S., Lakkaraju N., and Ramadan B. The structure of quenched triple flames near cold walls in convective flows. Combust Sci Technol 127 (1997) 141-165
54. Buckmaster J. Edge-flames. Progr Energy Combust Sci 28 (2002) 435-475
55. Lockett R.D., Boulanger B., Harding S.C., and Greenhalgh D.A. The structure and stability of the laminar counter-flow partially premixed methane/air tripel flame. Combust Flame 119 (1999) 109-120
56. Vanquickenborne L., and Van Tiggelen A. The stabilization mechanism of lifted diffusion flames. Combust Flame 10 (1966) 59-69
57. Wohl K, Kapp NM, Gazley G. The stability of open flames. In: Third symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1949. p. 3-21.
58. Eickhoff H, Lenze B, Leuckel W. Experimental investigations on the stabilization mechanism of jet diffusion flames. In: Twentieth symposium (international) on combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1984. p. 311-318.
59. Peters N., and Williams F.A. Liftoff Characteristics of turbulent jet diffusion flames. AIAA J 21 (1983) 423-429
60. Kalghatgi G.T. Lift-off heights and visible lengths of vertical turbulent jet diffusion flames in still air. Combust Sci Technol 41 (1984) 17-29
61. Miake-Lye RC, Hammer JA. Lifted turbulent jet flames: a stability criterion based on the jet large-scale structure. In: Twenty-second symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1988. p. 817-824.
62. Buckmaster J.D., and Weber R.O. Edge flame holding. Proc Combust Inst 26 (1996) 1143-1149
63. Favier V, Vervisch L. Investigating the Effects of Edge Flames in Liftoff in Non-Premixed Turbulent Combustion. In: Twenty-seventh symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1998. p. 1239-45.
64. Lyons K.M., Watson K.A., Carter C.D., and Donbar J.M. On flame holes and local extinction in lifted-jet diffusion flames. Combust Flame 142 (2005) 308-313
65. Buckmaster J., and Matalon M. Anomalous Lewis number effects in tribrachial flames. Proc Combust Inst 22 (1998) 1527-1535
66. Burgess C.P., and Lawn C.J. The premixture model of turbulent burning to describe lifted jet flames. Combust Flame 119 (1999) 95-108
67. Peters N. Local quenching due to flame stretch and non-premixed turbulent combustion. Combust Sci Technol 30 (1983) 1-17
68. Smooke M.D. Lecture notes in physics vol. 384 (1991), Springer, Berlin
69. Eickhoff H. Comment on "Liftoff on turbulent jet flames-assessment of edge flame and other concepts using cinema-PIV." In: Upatnieks A, Driscoll JF, Rasmussen CC, Ceccio SL, editors. Combust Flame 2005;142:324-5.
70. Upatnieks A., Driscoll J.F., Rasmussen C.C., and Ceccio S.L. Liftoff on turbulent jet flames-assessment of edge flame and other concepts using cinema-PIV. Combust Flame 138 (2004) 259-272
71. Schefer RW, Namazian M, Kelly J. In: Twenty-second symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1988. p. 833.
72. 4 concentration measurements in a lifted turbulent-jet flame. In: Twenty-third symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1990. p. 669-76.
73. Schefer RW, Namazian M, Filtopoulos EEJ, Kelly J. Temporal evolution of turbulence/chemistry interactions in lifted, turbulent-jet flames. In: Twenty-fifth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1994. p. 1223-31.
74. Schefer R.W., Namazian M., and Kelly J. Stabilization of lifted turbulent-jet flames. Combust Flame 99 (1994) 75-86
75. Schefer R.W. Three-dimensional structure of lifted, turbulent-jet flames. Combust Sci Technol 125 (1997) 371-394
76. Schefer R.W. Flame sheet imaging using CH chemiluminescence. Combust Sci Technol 126 (1997) 255-270
77. Demare D., and Baillot F. The role of secondary instabilities in the stabilization of a nonpremixed lifted jet flame. Phys Fluids 13 (2001) 2662-2670
78. Chen T.H., and Goss L.P. Statistical OH-zone structures of turbulent jet flames from liftoff to near-blowout. Combust Sci Technol 79 (1991) 311-324
79. Muñiz L., and Mungal M.G. Instantaneous flame-stabilization velocities in lifted-jet diffusion flames. Combust Flame 111 (1997) 16-31
80. Müller CM, Breitbach H, Peters N. Partially premixed turbulent flame propagation in jet flames. In: Twenty-fifth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1994. p. 1099-1106.
81. Watson K.A., Lyons K.M., Donbar J.M., and Carter C.D. Simultaneous Rayleigh Imaging and CH-PLIF measurements in lifted jet diffusion flames. Combust Flame 123 (2000) 252-265
82. Hasselbrink EF, Mungal MG. Measurement of the relative velocities of flame and fluid at the base of a lifted turbulent jet diffusion flame. Fall Meeting of the Western States Sectionof the Combustion Institute, Paper 97F-145, 1997.
83. 4-air diffusion flames. In: Twenty-ninth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 2002.
84. Schefer R.W., and Goix P.J. Mechanism of flame stabilization in turbulent, lifted-jet flames. Combust Flame 112 (1998) 559-574
85. Veynante D., Vervisch L., Poinsot T., Liñán A., and Ruetsch G.R. Triple flame structure and diffusion flame stabilization. Proceedings of the Summer Program (1994), Center for Turbulence Research, NASA Ames/Stanford University 55-65
86. Domingo F, Vervisch L. Triple flames and partially premixed combustion in autoignition of non-premixed turbulent mixtures. In: Twenty-sixth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1996. p. 233-40.
87. Kelman J.B., and Masri A.R. Simultaneous Imaging of temperature and OH number density in turbulent diffusion flames. Combust Sci Technol 122 (1997) 1-32
88. Kelman J.B., Eltobaji A.J., and Masri A.S. Laser imaging in the stabilisation region of turbulent lifted flames. Combust Sci Technol 135 (1998) 117-134
89. Tacke M.M., Geyer D., Hassel E.P., and Janicka. A detailed investigation of the stabilization point of lifted turbulent diffusion flames. Proc Combust Inst 27 (2000) 1157-1165
90. Watson K.A., Lyons K.M., Donbar J.M., and Carter C.D. On scalar dissipation and partially premixed flame propagation. Combust Sci Technol 175 4 (2003) 649-664
91. Sreenivasan K.R. On local isotropy of passive scalars in turbulent shear flows. Proc Roy Soc London Ser A 434 (1991) 165-182
92. Stårner S.H., Bilger R.W., Frank H.H., Marran D.F., and Long M.B. Mixture fraction imaging in a lifted methane jet flame. Combust Flame 107 (1996) 307-313
93. Everest DA, Feikema DA, Driscoll JF. Images of the strained flammable layer used to study the liftoff of turbulent jet flames. In: Twenty-sixth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1996. p. 129-36.
94. Law CK. Dynamics of stretched flames. In: Twenty-second symposium (international) on combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1988. p. 1381-402.
95. Feikema D., Everest D.A., and Driscoll J.F. Images of the dissipation layers to quantify mixing within a turbulent jet. AIAA J 34 (1996) 2531-2538
96. Noda S., Mori H., Hongo Y., and Nishioka M. Nonpremixed flamelet statistics at flame base of lifted turbulent jet nonpremixed flames. JSME Int J 46 (2005) 75-82
97. Cessou A., Maurey C., and Stepowski D. Parametric and statistical investigation of the behavior of a lifted flame over a turbulent free-jet structure. Combust Flame 137 (2004) 458-477
98. Maurey C., Cessou A., Lecodier B., and Stepowski D. Statistical flow dynamics properties conditioned on the oscillating stabilization location of turbulent lifted flame. Proc Combust Inst 28 (2000) 545-551
99. Han D, Mungal MG. Observations on the transition from flame liftoff to flame blowout. In: Proceedings of the 28th symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 2000. p. 537-43.
100. Kang T.Y., and Kyritsis D.C. Methane flame propagation in compositionally stratified gases. Combust Sci Technol 177 (2005) 2191-2210
101. Mongomery C.J., Kaplan C.R., and Oran E.S. The effect of coflow velocity on a lifted methane-air jet diffusion flame. Proc Combust Inst 27 (1998) 1175-1182
102. Takahashi F, Schmoll WJ. Lifting criteria of jet diffusion flames. In: Twenty-third symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1990. p. 677-83.
103. Takahashi F, Schmoll WJ, Katta VR. Attachment mechanisms of diffusion flames. In: Twenty-seventh symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1998. p. 675-84.
104. Takahashi F, Schmoll WJ, Trump DD, Goss LP. Vortex-flame interactions and extinction in turbulent jet diffusion flames. In: Twenty-sixth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1996. p. 145-52.
105. Chao Y-C, Chang Y-L, Wu CY, Cheng TS. An experimental investigation of the blowout process of a jet flame. In: Twenty-eighth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 2000. p. 335-342.
106. Chao Y.-C., Wu C.Y., Yuan T., and Tseng C.S. Stabilization process of a lifted flame tuned by acoustic excitation. Combust Sci Technol 174 (2002) 87-110
107. Chao Y.-C., Wu C.Y., Lee K.-Y., Li K.-Y., Li Y.H., and Chen R.-H. Effects of dilution on blowout limits of turbulent jet flames. Combust Sci Technol 176 (2004) 1735-1753
108. Dahm WJA, Dibble RW. Twenty-second symposium (international) on combustion, 1988. p. 801-8.
109. Dahm W.J.A., and Mayman A.G. AIAA J 28 7 (1990) 1157-1162
110. Brown C.D., Watson K.A., and Lyons K.M. Studies on lifted jet flames in coflow: the stabilization mechanism in the near- and far-fields. Flow Turbul Combust 62 (1999) 249-273
111. Tieszen S.R., Stamps D.W., and O'Hern T.J. A heuristic model of turbulent mixing applied to blowout of turbulent jet diffusion flames. Combust Flame 106 (1996) 442-466
112. Upatnieks A., Driscoll J.F., and Ceccio S.L. Cinema PIV time histories of gas, flame, and propagation velocities at the base of lifted turbulent jet flames. Proc Combust Inst 29 (2002) 1897-1903
113. Kaplan CR, Oran ES, Baek SW. In: Twenty-fifth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1994. p. 1183-91.
114. Mansour M.S. The flow field structure at the base of lifted turbulent partially premixed jet flames. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 24 (2004) 771-779
115. Mansour M.S. Stability characteristics of lifted turbulent partially premixed jet flames. Combust Flame 133 (2003) 263-274
116. Joedicke A, Peters N, Mansour M. The stabilization mechanism and structure of turbulent hydrocarbon lifted flames. In: Proceedings of the 30th symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 2005. p. 901-9.
117. Su L.K., Sun O.S., and Mungal M.G. Experimental investigation of stabilization mechanisms in turbulent, lifted jet flames. Combust Flame 144 (2006) 494-512
118. Baillot F., and Demare D. Physical mechanisms of a lifted nonpremixed flame stabilizaed in an acoustic field. Combust Sci Technol 174 (2002) 73-98
119. Hammer J.A., and Roshko A. Temporal behavior of lifted turbulent jet flames. Combust Sci Technol 155 (2000) 75-103
120. Peters N. Turbulent combustion (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
121. Frank JH, Kaiser SA, Long MB. Reaction-rate, mixture-fraction and temperature imaging in turbulent methane/air jet flames. In: Proceedings of the 29th symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 2002. p. 2686-94.
122. Domingo P., Vervisch L., and Bray K. Partially premixed flamelets in les of nonpremixed turbulent combustion. Combust Theory Modelling 6 (2002) 529-551
123. Lyons K.M., and Watson K.A. Visualizing diffusion flame formation in the wake of partially premixed combustion. J Energy Resour Technol Trans ASME 123 (2001) 221-227
124. Fajardo C.M., Smith J.D., and Sick V. Sustained simultaneous high-speed imaging of scalar and velocity fields using a single laser. Appl Phys B-Laser Optic 85 1 (2006)
125. Smith J.D., and Sick V. High-speed fuel tracer fluorescence and OH radical chemiluminescence imaging in a spark-ignition direct-injection engine. Appl Opt 44 31 (2005) 6682-6691
126. Lyons K.M., and Watson K.A. Partially premixed combustion in lifted turbulent jets. Combust Sci Technol (2000) 97-105
127. Lee B.J., Cha M.S., and Chung S.H. Characteristics of laminar lifted flames in a partially premixed jet. Combust Sci Technol 127 (1997) 55-70
128. Liepmann D., and Gharib M. The role of streamwise vorticity in the near-field entrainment of round jets. J Fluid Mech 245 (1992) 643-668
129. Mansour MS, Peters N, Chen Y-C. Investigation of scalar mixing in thin reaction zones regime using a simultaneous CH-LIF/Rayleigh laser technique. In: Twenty-seventh symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1998. p. 767-73.
130. Su LK, Han D, Mungal MG. Twenty-eighth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 2000. p. 327-34.
131. Takahashi F, Katta VR. Unsteady extinction mechanisms of diffusion flames. In: Twenty-sixth symposium (international) on combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1996. p. 1151-60.