The effect of tree spacing on the production of flowers in Eucalyptus nitens

Australian Forestry

Volumn 69, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 299-304

  Williams, Dean R ^a,b   Potts, B M ^a,c   Neilsen, W A ^b   Joyce, K R ^a,d  

^a Cooperative Research Centre for Forestry ^*  (Australia)

^b FORESTRY TASMANIA   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^d Gunns Limited   (Australia)

Author keywords

Eucalyptus nitens; Flowering; Genetic contamination; Reproductive traits; Spacing; Stand density

Indexed keywords

GROWTH KINETICS; VEGETATION;

FLOWERING; GENETIC CONTAMINATION; REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS;

PLANTS (BOTANY);

EUCALYPTUS NITENS; POLLUTION; SPACING; STAND DENSITY;

EUCALYPTUS; EUCALYPTUS NITENS;

EID: 33846311789     PISSN: 00049158     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2006.10676250     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Anon. 1997. Plantations for Australia:The 2020 Vision. Ministerial Council on Forestry, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Canberra.
2. Arista, M., and Talavera, S., 1996. Density effect on the fruit-set, seed crop viability and seedling vigour of. Abies pinsapo. Annals of Botany, 77:187–192.
3. Barbour, R. C., Potts, B. M., and Vaillancourt, R. E., 2003. Gene flow between introduced and native Eucalyptus species:exotic hybrids are establishing in the wild. Australian Journal of Botany, 51:429–439.
4. Barbour, R. C., Potts, B. M., and Vaillancourt, R. E., 2005. Pollen dispersal from exotic eucalypt plantations. Conservation Genetics, 6:253–257.
5. Bird, PR., Cayley, J. W.D., Kearney, G. A., and Aldridge, E. K., 1994. “ Pasture growth among various tree species grown at various spacing. ”. In Faces of Farm Forestry. 297–300. Australian Forest Growers Conference. Launceston, Tasmania [Australian Forest Growers, Canberra]
6. Coetzee, J., and Naicker, S., 1998. Spacing Trial. Institute for Commercial Forestry Research (ICFR) Bulletin 03/98, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. The Final Results for Age Two to Eleven Years in the Case of the Kia-Ora E. grandis
7. Dutkowski, G., Potts, B. M., Williams, D., Kube, P., and McArthur, C., 2001. Developing the Eucalypt of the Future. 10–15. Geographic genetic variation in Central Victorian Eucalyptus nitens. In:Barros, S., et al. (compilers) Proceedings of IUFRO International Symposium, September 2001, Valdivia, Chile. Instituto Forestal, Chile, p. 71
8. Forestry Tasmania. 2002. Pruning and Thinning Standards for Eucalypt Plantations. Division of Forest Research and Development, Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania.
9. Harwood, C., and Arnold, R., 1999. “ A new direction for eucalypt breeding:improved eucalypts for forestry in the low-rainfall zone of southern Australia. ”. In 11th Australian Plant Breeding Conference Proceedings. Edited by:Langridge, P., Barr, A., Auricht, G., Handforn, D., and Pauli, J., 19–23. April 1999, Adelaide. CRC for Molecular Plant Breeding, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, pp. 106–108
10. Jackson, D. I., and Sweet, G. B., 1972. Flower initiation in temperate woody plants. Horticultural Abstracts, 42:9–24.
11. Marcar, N., Crawford, D., Leppert, P., Jovanovic, T., Floyd, R., and Farrow, R., 1995. Trees for Saltland:A Guide to Selecting Native Species for Australia. CSIRO, East Melbourne.
12. Medhurst, J., and Beadle, C., 2000. The Future of Eucalyptus for Wood Products. 343–348. Thinning for solid wood products in Eucalyptus nitens plantations. In:Proceedings of the IUFRO conference. Launceston, Tasmania. Forest Industries Association of Tasmania, GPO Box 1682, Hobart
13. Medhurst, J. L., and Beadle, C. L., 2001. Crown structure and leaf area index development in thinned and unthinned Eucalyptus nitens plantations. Tree Physiology, 21:989–999.
14. Medhurst, J. L., Beadle, C. L., and Neilsen, W. A., 2001. Early-age and later-age thinning affects growth, dominance and intraspecific competition in Eucalyptus nitens plantations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31:187–197.
15. Moncur, M. W., 1998. “ Hastening seed production:a tool for increasing the rate of genetic improvement in eucalypt species. ”. In Tree Improvement Applied Research and Technology Transfer. Edited by:Puri, S., 81–93. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire
16. Moncur, M. W., Hand, F. C., and Ramsden, N. G., 1994. “ Environmental and cultural effects on flowering and seed production of plantation grown ”. In Eucalyptus nitens. Report for the Tasmanian Forest Research Council, Inc. CSIRO Division of Forestry, PO Box E4008, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia, 71 pp.
17. Neider, J. A., 1962. New kinds of systematic designs for spacing experiments. Biometrics, 18:283–307.
18. Neilsen, W. A., 1990. Plantations Handbook. Forestry Commission, Tasmania.
19. Neilsen, W. A., and Gerrand, A. M., 1999. Growth and branching habit of Eucalyptus nitens at different spacing and the effect on final crop selection. Forest Ecology and Management, 123:217–229.
20. Nikles, D. G., and Lee, D. J., 1998. “ Improved varieties of forest trees available or being developed for commercial planting in Queensland and northern New South Wales. ”. In Plantation and Regrowth Forestry:A Diversity of Opportunity. Edited by:Dyason, R., Dyason, L., and Garsden, R., 6–9. Proceedings, Biennial Conference, Australian Forest Growers, Lismore NSW, July 1998. State Forests, Sydney, pp. 1–21
21. O'Neill, G., 1999. Accounting for carbon. Ecos, 101:8–10.
22. Owens, J. N., 1991. “ Flowering and seed set. ”. In Physiology of Trees. Edited by:Raghavendra, A. S., 247–271. New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
23. Pinkard, E. A., and Beadle, C. L., 1998. Effects of green pruning on growth and stem shape of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden. New Forests, 15:107–126.
24. Pinkard, E. A., and Neilsen, W. A., 2003. Crown and stand characteristics of Eucalyptus nitens in response to initial spacing:implications for thinning. Forest Ecology and Management, 172:215–277.
25. Potts, B. M., Barbour, R. C., Hingston, A. B., and Vaillancourt, R. E., 2003. Turner Review:Genetic pollution of native eucalypt gene pools—identifying the risks. Australian Journal of Botany, 51:1–25.
26. SAS Institute. 1992. SAS Technical Report P-229 SAS/STATSoftware:Changes and Enhancements Release 6.07. Cary:SAS Institute. NC
27. Smit, G. N., and Rethman, N. F.G., 1998. The influence of tree thinning on the reproduction dynamics of. Colophospermum mopane. South African Journal of Botany, 64:25–29.
28. Southerton, S. G., Birt, P., Porter, J., and Ford, H. A., 2004. Review of gene movement by bats and birds and its potential significance for eucalypt plantation forestry. Australian Forestry, 67:44–53.
29. Standards Australia. 2003. Forest Management:Economic, Social, Environmental and Cultural Criteria and Requirements for Wood Production (The Australian Forestry Standard). Interim Australian Standard Reference No. AS, 4708 (Int)-2003. Australian Forestry Standards Steering Committee, Canberra, 76
30. Strauss, S. Y., 2001. Benefits and risks of biotic exchange between Eucalyptus plantations and native Australian forests. Austral Ecology, 26:447–157.
31. Tibbits, W. N., Boomsma, D. B., and Jarvis, S., 1997. Proceedings of the 24th Biennial Southern Tree Improvement Conference. Edited by:White, T., Huber, D., and Powell, G., 9–12. Distribution, biology, genetics and improvement programs for Eucalyptus globulus E. nitens around the world. In:June 1997. Southern Tree Improvement Committee, Orlando, Florida, pp. 81–95
32. Vertessy, R. A., 1999. “ The impacts of forestry on streamflows:a review. ”. In Forest Management for Water Quality and Quantity. Edited by:Croke, J., and Lane, P., 93–109. Proceedings of the 2nd Forest Erosion Workshop, May 1999. Report 99/6. CRC for Catchment Hydrology, Melbourne
33. Vertessy, R. A., and Bessard, Y., 1999. “ Anticipating the negative hydrologie effects of plantation expansion:results from a GIS—based analysis on the Murrumbidgee basin. ”. In Forest Management for Water Quality and Quantity. Edited by:Croke, J., and Lane, P., 69–73. Proceedings of the 2nd Forest Erosion Workshop, May 1999. Report 99/6. CRC for Catchment Hydrology, Melbourne
34. Wang, W. J., Smethurst, P. J., and Holz, G. K., 1998. Nitrogen fluxes in surface soils of 1–2-year-old eucalypt plantations in Tasmania. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 36:17–29.
35. White, D. A., Beadle, C. L., Battaglia, M., Benyon, R. G., Dunin, F. X., and Medhurst, J. L., 2001. “ A physiological basis for management of water use by tree crops. ”. In Plantations, Farm Forestry and Water. Edited by:Nambiar, E. K.S., and Brown, A. G., 20–27. Workshop Proceedings. Publication No. 01/20, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Barton ACT
36. Williams, D., 1999. “ Flowering and seed production ”. In Eucalyptus nitens. PhD thesis, University of Tasmania.
37. Williams, D. R., Potts, B. M., and Smethurst, P. J., 2003. Promotion of flowering in Eucalyptus nitens by paclobutrazol was enhanced by nitrogen fertilizer. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33:74–81.
38. Wood, M. S., Stephens, N. C., Allison, B. K., and Howell, C. I., 2001. Plantations of Australia 2001—A Report from the National Plantation Inventory and the National Farm Forest Inventory. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.