Outgassing of ordinary chondritic material and some of its implications for the chemistry of asteroids, planets, and satellites

Icarus

Volumn 186, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 462-483

  Schaefer, Laura ^a   Fegley Jr , Bruce ^a,b  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Asteroids; Atmospheres; atmospheres; chemistry; evolution; Meteorites; Satellites; Terrestrial planets

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846291856     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.002     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. 2O atmosphere and its implications for the early thermal history of the Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 90 Suppl. (1985) C545-C559
2. Ahrens T.J., O'Keefe J.D., and Lange M.A. Formation of atmospheres during accretion of the terrestrial planets. In: Atreya S.K., Pollack J.B., and Matthews M.S. (Eds). Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres (1989), Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson 328-385
3. Alexander C.M.O.'D., Barber D.J., and Hutchison R. The microstructure of Semarkona and Bishunpur. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53 (1989) 3045-3057
4. Allen Jr. R.O., and Clark P.J. Fluorine in meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41 (1977) 581-585
5. Ansdell G., and Dewar J. On the gaseous constituents of meteorites. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 40 (1886) 549-559
6. Aston F.W. The rarity of the inert gases on the Earth. Nature 114 (1924) 786
7. Barshay, S.S., 1981. Combined Condensation-Accretion Models of the Terrestrial Planets. Ph.D. thesis, MIT, Cambridge
8. Belov G.V., Iorish V.S., and Yungman V.S. IVTANTHERMO for Windows-Database on thermodynamic properties and related software. CALPHAD 23 (1999) 173-180
9. Brearley A.J. Disordered biopyriboles, amphibole, and talc in the Allende meteorite: Nebular or parent body aqueous alteration?. Science 276 (1997) 1103-1105
10. Breger I.A., and Chandler J.C. Determination of fixed water in rocks by infrared absorption. Anal. Chem. 41 (1969) 506-510
11. Brett R., and Sato M. Intrinsic oxygen fugacity measurements on seven chondrites, a pallasite, and a tektite and the redox state of meteorite parent bodies. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 (1984) 111-120
12. Britt D.T., and Consolmagno G.J. Stony meteorite porosities and densities: A review of the data through 2001. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 38 (2003) 1161-1180
13. Brown H. Rare gases and the formation of the Earth's atmosphere. In: Kuiper G.P. (Ed). The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets (1949), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago 260-268
14. Bukvic, D.S., 1979. Outgassing of chondritic planets. M.S. thesis, MIT
15. Chipman J. Thermodynamics and phase diagram of the Fe-C system. Metall. Trans. 3 (1972) 55-64
16. Chipman J., and Elliott J.F. Physical chemistry of liquid steel. In: Sims C.E. (Ed). Electric Furnace Steelmaking, vol. 2 (1963), AIME, New York 95-179
17. Consolgmano G.J., Britt D.T., and Stoll C.P. The porosities of ordinary chondrites: Models and interpretation. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 33 (1998) 1221-1229
18. Craig H. Petrological and compositional relationships in meteorites. In: Craig H., Miller S.L., and Wasserburg G.J. (Eds). Isotopic and Cosmic Chemistry (1964), North-Holland, Amsterdam 401-451
19. Delano J.W. Redox history of the Earth's interior since ∼3900 Ma: Implications for prebiotic molecules. Origins Life 31 (2001) 311-341
20. Dodd R.T. Metamorphism of the ordinary chondrites: A review. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 33 (1969) 161-203
21. Dreibus G., Spettel B., and Wänke H. Halogens in meteorites and their primordial abundances. In: Ahrens L.H. (Ed). Origin and Distribution of the Elements (1979), Pergamon, New York 33-38
22. Fegley Jr. B. Primordial retention of nitrogen by the terrestrial planets and meteorites. J. Geophys. Res. 88 Suppl. (1983) A853-A868
23. Fegley Jr. B. Chondrite metamorphism: Models of volatile trace element transport. Meteoritics 25 (1990) 364
24. Fegley Jr., B., Osborne, R., 2006. Practical chemical thermodynamics for geoscientists. Elsevier. In press
25. Fegley Jr. B., and Schaefer L. Thermal outgassing of ordinary chondritic material. I. Nominal model results. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 41 (2006) Abstract A52
26. Funkhouser J., Jessberger E., Müller O., and Zähringer J. Active and inert gases released in Apollo 12 and Apollo 11 samples released by crushing at room temperature and by heating at low temperatures. Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 2 (1971) 1381-1396
27. Gaffey M.J., and Gilbert S.L. Asteroid 6 Hebe: The probable parent body of the H-type ordinary chondrites and the IIE iron meteorites. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 33 (1998) 1281-1295
28. Garrison D., Hamlin S., and Bogard D. Chlorine abundances in meteorites. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 35 (2000) 419-429
29. Ghosh A., Weidenschilling S.J., and McSween Jr. H.Y. Importance of the accretion process in asteroid thermal evolution: 6 Hebe as an example. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 38 (2003) 711-724
30. Gibson Jr. E.K., and Bogard D.D. Chemical alterations of the Holbrook chondrite resulting from terrestrial weathering. Meteoritics 13 (1978) 277-289
31. Gibson Jr. E.K., and Johnson S.M. Thermal analysis-Inorganic gas release studies of lunar samples. Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 2 (1971) 1351-1366
32. Gibson Jr. E.K., and Moore G.W. Total nitrogen content of ordinary chondrites. Chemie der Erde 30 (1972) 115-131
33. Gibson Jr. E.K., and Moore G.W. Inorganic gas release and thermal analysis study of Apollo 14 and 15 soils. Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 2 (1972) 2029-2040
34. Gooding J.L., and Muenow D.W. Experimental vaporization of the Holbrook chondrite. Meteoritics 12 (1977) 401-408
35. Grady M., and Wright I.P. Elemental and isotopic abundances of carbon and nitrogen in meteorites. Space Sci. Rev. 106 (2003) 231-248
36. Hart S.R., and Zindler A. In search of a bulk Earth composition. Chem. Geol. 57 (1986) 247-267
37. Hashizume K., and Sugiura N. Various nitrogen isotopic compositions in H-chondrite metal. Meteoritics 27 (1992) 232
38. Hashizume K., and Sugiura N. Nitrogen isotopes in bulk ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 (1995) 4057-4069
39. Hashizume K., and Sugiura N. Isotopically anomalous nitrogen in H-chondrite metal. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 (1997) 859-872
40. Hashizume K., and Sugiura N. Transportation of gaseous elements and isotopes in a thermally evolving chondritic planetesimal. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 33 (1998) 1181-1195
41. Hutchison R., Alexander C.M.O.'D., and Barber D.J. The Semarkona meteorite: First recorded occurrence of smectite in an ordinary chondrite, and its implications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51 (1987) 1875-1882
42. Jarosewich E. Chemical analyses of meteorites: A compilation of stony and iron meteorite analyses. Meteoritics 25 (1990) 323-337
43. Kaplan I.R. Hydrogen. In: Mason B. (Ed). Handbook of Elemental Abundances in Meteorites (1971), Gordon & Breach, New York 21-27
44. Kargel J.S., and Lewis J.S. The composition and early evolution of Earth. Icarus 105 (1993) 1-25
45. Kasting J.F., Zahnle K.J., and Walker J.C.G. Photochemistry of methane in the Earth's early atmosphere. Precamb. Res. 20 (1983) 121-148
46. Kasting J.F., Eggler D.H., and Raeburn S.P. Mantle redox evolution and the oxidation state of the Archean atmosphere. J. Geol. 101 (1993) 245-257
47. Keller L.P. A transmission electron microscope study of iron-nickel carbides in the matrix of the Semarkona unequilibrated ordinary chondrite. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 33 (1998) 913-919
48. Koblitz, J., 2005. METBASE Version 7.1 for Windows
49. Kothari B.K., and Goel P.S. Total nitrogen in meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 38 (1974) 1493-1507
50. Kress M.E., and McKay C.P. Formation of methane in comet impacts: Implications for Earth, Mars, and Titan. Icarus 168 (2004) 475-483
51. Krot A.N., Zolensky M.E., Wasson J.T., Scott E.R.D., Keil K., and Ohsumi K. Carbide-magnetite assemblages in type-3 ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 (1997) 219-237
52. Kuhn W.R., and Atreya S.K. Ammonia photolysis and the greenhouse effect in the primordial atmosphere of the Earth. Icarus 37 (1979) 207-213
53. Kung C., and Clayton R.N. Nitrogen abundances and isotopic compositions in stony meteorites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 38 (1978) 421-435
54. Lange M.A., and Ahrens T.J. The evolution of an impact-generated atmosphere. Icarus 51 (1982) 96-120
55. Larimer J.W. Composition of the Earth: Chondritic or achondritic. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 35 (1971) 769-786
56. Lee M.S., Rubin A.E., and Wasson J.T. Origin of metallic Fe-Ni in Renazzo and related chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56 (1992) 2521-2533
57. Lewis J.S., and Prinn R.G. Planets and Their Atmospheres: Origin and Evolution (1984), Academic Press, New York
58. Lodders K. An oxygen isotope mixing model for the accretion and composition of rocky planets. Space Sci. Rev. 92 (2000) 341-354
59. Lodders K., and Fegley Jr. B. An oxygen isotope model for the composition of Mars. Icarus 126 (1997) 373-394
60. Mason B. The chemical composition of olivine-bronzite and olivine-hypersthene chondrites. Am. Mus. Novit. 2223 (1965) 1-38
61. In: Mason B. (Ed). Handbook of Elemental Abundances in Meteorites (1971), Gordon and Breach, New York 555 pp
62. Mason, B., 1979. Data of Geochemistry, Chapter B: Cosmochemistry, Part 1. Meteorites. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 440-B-1. GPO, Washington, DC, 132 pp
63. Mason B., and Wiik H.B. The composition of the Bath, Frankfort, Kakangari, Rose City, and Tadjera meteorites. Am. Mus. Novit. 2272 (1966) 1-24
64. McNaughton N.J., Borthwick J., Fallick A.E., and Pillinger C.T. Deuterium/hydrogen ratios in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. Nature 294 (1981) 639-641
65. McNaughton N.J., Hinton R.W., and Pillinger C.T. D/H ratios of some ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites. Meteoritics 17 (1982) 252
66. McSween Jr. H.Y., and Labotka T.C. Oxidation during metamorphism of the ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 (1993) 1105-1114
67. McSween Jr. H.Y., Sears D.W.G., and Dodd R.T. Thermal metamorphism. In: Kerridge J.F., and Matthews M.S. (Eds). Meteorites and the Early Solar System (1988), Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson 102-113
68. McSween Jr. H.Y., Bennett M.E., and Jarosewich E. The mineralogy of ordinary chondrites and implications for asteroid spectrophotometry. Icarus 90 (1991) 107-116
69. Menzies O.N., Bland P.A., Berry F.J., and Cressey G. A Mossbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction study of ordinary chondrites: Quantification of modal mineralogy and implications for redox conditions during metamorphism. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 40 (2005) 1023-1042
70. Merrill G.P. Metamorphism in meteorites. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 32 (1921) 395-416
71. Merrill G.P. Present condition of knowledge of the composition of meteorites. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 65 (1926) 119-130
72. Michalak G. Determination of asteroid masses. II. (6) Hebe, (10) Hygiea, (15) Eunomia, (52) Europa, (88) Thisbe, (444) Gyptis, (511) Davida and (704) Interamnia. Astron. Astrophys. 374 (2001) 703-711
73. Miller S.L. Production of some organic compounds under possible primitive Earth conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (1955) 2351-2361
74. Miller S.L., and Urey H.C. Organic compound synthesis on the primitive Earth. Science 130 (1959) 245-251
75. Moore C.B., and Gibson E.K. Nitrogen abundances in chondritic meteorites. Science 163 (1969) 174-176
76. Mostefaoui S., Zinner E., Hoppe P., Stadermann F.J., and El Goresy A. In situ survey of graphite in unequilibrated chondrites: Morphologies, C, N, O, and H isotopic ratios. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 40 (2005) 721-743
77. Mueller R.F. Phase equilibria and the crystallization of chondritic meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 28 (1964) 189-207
78. Muenow D., Keil K., and McCoy T.J. Volatiles in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites: Abundances, sources and implications for explosive volcanism on differentiated asteroids. Meteoritics 30 (1995) 639-645
79. Müller O. Chemically bound nitrogen abundances in lunar samples, and active gases release by heating at lower temperatures (250 to 500 °C). Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 2 (1972) 2059-2068
80. Nash L.K., and Baxter G.P. The determination of the gases in meteoritic and terrestrial irons and steels. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69 (1947) 2534-2544
81. 4). Am. Miner. 72 (1987) 67-75
82. Oparin A.I. The Origin of Life (1953), Dover, New York
83. Oró J., Miller S.L., and Lazcano A. The origin and early evolution of life on Earth. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 18 (1990) 317-356
84. 4 in the atmosphere of the early Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 11981-11990
85. Prinn R.G., and Fegley Jr. B. The atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars: A critical comparison. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 15 (1987) 171-212
86. Ramdohr P. The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites (1973), Elsevier, Amsterdam
87. Richardson F.D. The thermodynamics of metallurgical carbides and of carbon in iron. J. Iron Steel Inst. 175 (1953) 33-51
88. Rietmeijer F.J., and Mackinnon I.D.R. Layer silicates in a chondritic porous interplanetary dust particle. J. Geophys. Res. 90 Suppl. (1985) D149-D155
89. Robert F., Merlivat L., and Javoy M. Deuterium concentration in the early Solar System: A hydrogen and oxygen isotopic study. Nature 282 (1979) 785-789
90. Robert F., Javoy M., Halbout J., Dimon B., and Merlivat L. Hydrogen isotope abundances in the Solar System. Part I. Unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51 (1987) 1787-1805
91. Robert F., Javoy M., Halbout J., Dimon B., and Merlivat L. Hydrogen isotope abundances in the Solar System. Part II. Meteorites with terrestrial-like D/H ratio. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51 (1987) 1807-1822
92. Robie R.A., and Hemingway B.S. Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15 K and 1 bar (105 Pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures. US Geol. Survey Bull. 2131 (1995) 461 pp
93. Rubin A.E. Mineralogy of meteorite groups. Meteor. Planet Sci. 32 (1997) 231-247
94. Rubin A.E., Zolensky M.E., and Bodnar R.J. The halite-bearing Zag and Monahans (1998) meteorite breccias: Shock metamorphism, thermal metamorphism and aqueous alteration on the H chondrite parent body. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 37 (2002) 125-141
95. Russell H.N., and Menzel D.H. The terrestrial abundance of the permanent gases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 19 (1933) 997-1001
96. Sagan C., and Chyba C. The early faint sun paradox: Organic shielding of ultraviolet-labile greenhouse gases. Science 276 (1997) 1217-1221
97. Saxena S.K., and Fei Y. Phase equilibrium in as system of chondritic composition: Implications for early mantle-fluid compositions. J. Geol. 96 (1988) 601-607
98. Schaefer L., and Fegley Jr. B. A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io. Icarus 169 (2004) 216-241
99. Schaefer L., and Fegley Jr. B. Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io. Icarus 173 (2005) 454-468
100. Schaefer L., and Fegley Jr. B. Silicon tetrafluoride on Io. Icarus 179 (2005) 252-258
101. Schaefer L., and Fegley Jr. B. A reducing atmosphere from outgassing of the early Earth. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 37 (2005) 676 Abstract
102. Schaefer L., and Fegley Jr. B. Thermal outgassing of ordinary chondritic material. II. Sensitivity studies. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 41 (2006) Abstract A158
103. Slater-Reynolds V., and McSween Jr. H.Y. Peak metamorphic temperatures in type 6 ordinary chondrites: An evaluation of pyroxene and plagioclase geothermometry. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 40 (2005) 745-754
104. Spear F.S. Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths (1995), Mineral. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 799 pp
105. Stribling R., and Miller S.L. Energy yields for hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde syntheses: The HCN and amino acid concentrations in the primitive ocean. Origins Life 17 (1987) 261-273
106. Sugiura, N., Kiyota, K., Zashu, S., 1996. Nitrogen isotopic compositions of some solar-gas-rich chondrites. In: Proc. NIPR Symp. Antarct. Meteorites, No. 9, pp. 189-207
107. Sugiura N., Kiyota K., and Hashizume K. Nitrogen components in primitive ordinary chondrites. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 33 (1998) 463-482
108. Takahashi, E., 1983. Melting of a Yamato L3 chondrite (Y-74191) up to 30 kbar. In: Proc. Symp. Antarct. Meteorites, vol. 8, pp. 168-180
109. Tian F., Toon O.B., Pavlov A.A., and De Sterk H. A hydrogen-rich early Earth atmosphere. Science 308 (2005) 1014-1017
110. Travers M.W. The origin of the gases evolved on heating mineral substances, meteorites, etc. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 64 (1898-1899) 130-142
111. Urey H.C., and Craig H. The composition of the stone meteorites and the origin of the meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 4 (1953) 36-82
112. Van Zeggern F., and Storey S.H. The Computation of Chemical Equilibria (1970), Cambridge Univ. Press, London, UK
113. Vdovykin G.P., and Moore C.B. Carbon. In: Mason B. (Ed). Handbook of Elemental Abundances in Meteorites (1971), Gordon & Breach, New York 81-91
114. Von Seckendorff V., and O'Neill H.St.C. An experimental study of Fe-Mg partitioning between olivine and orthopyroxene at 1173, 1273, and 1473 K and 1.6 GPa. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 113 (1993) 196-207
115. Wada T., Wada H., Elliott J.G., and Chipman J. Thermodynamics of the Fcc Fe-Ni-C and Ni-C alloys. Metall. Trans. 2 (1971) 2199-2208
116. Walter L.S., and Doan A.S. Determination of oxygen activities of chondritic meteorites. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstracts Prog. 1 (1969) 232-233
117. Wänke H. Constitution of the terrestrial planets. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A 303 (1981) 287-302
118. Wasson J.T., Rubin A.E., and Kallemeyn G.W. Reduction during metamorphism of four ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 (1993) 1867-1878
119. Williams R.J. Equilibrium temperatures, pressures, and oxygen fugacities of the equilibrated chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 35 (1971) 407-411
120. Wilson L., Keil K., Browning L.B., Krot A.N., and Bourcier W. Early aqueous alteration, explosive disruption, and reprocessing of asteroids. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 34 (1999) 541-557
121. Yang J., and Epstein S. Interstellar organic matter in meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47 (1983) 2199-2216
122. Zahnle K.J. Photochemistry of methane and the formation of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in the Earth's early atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 91 (1986) 2819-2834