Formation of flame ions, clusters, nanotubes, and soot in hydrocarbon flames

Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 696-701

  Jander, H ^a   Wagner, H Gg ^a  

^a Institute of Physical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische Chemie   (Germany)

Author keywords

Carbon particles; Clusters; Hydrocarbon flame; Ions

Indexed keywords

CLUSTERS; HYDROCARBON FLAMES;

CARBON NANOTUBES; COAGULATION; FLAMMABILITY; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; SOOT;

IONS;

EID: 33846246365     PISSN: 00105082     EISSN: 15738345     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10573-006-0103-x     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Q. L. Zhang, S. L. O'Brien, J. R. Heath, et al., "Reactivity of large carbon clusters: spheroidal carbon shells and their possible relevance to the formation and morphology of soot," J. Phys. Chem., 90, 525 (1986).
2. F. Haber, "Ueber die Stickoxydbildung bei der Kohlenoxyd Verbrennung," Z. Phys. Chem., 337-388 (1909).
3. Ph. Gerhardt, S. Löffler, and K. H. Homann, "Polyhedral carbon ions in hydrocarbon flames," Chem. Phys. Lett., 137, 306 (1987).
4. S. Löffler, Ph. Löffler, P. Weilmuenster, and K. H. Homann, "Growth of large ionic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sooting flames," in: H. Bockhorn (ed.), Soot Formation in Combustion, Springer Verlag (1992), pp. 66-82.
5. 70 in flames," Nature, 352, 139 (1991).
6. K. H. Homann, "Fulleren- und Russbildung-Wege zu grossen Teilchen in Flammen," Angew. Chem., 110, 2572-2590 (1998).
7. P. Weilmuenster, A. Keller, and K. H. Homann, "Large molecules, radicals, ions, and small soot particles in fuelrich hydrocarbon flames. Part 1: Positive ions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in low-pressure premixed flames of acetylene and oxygen," Combust. Flame, 16, 63-83 (1999).
8. Th. Baum, "Positive Ionen in 1.3-Butadien-Niederdruckflammen," Ph. D. Thesis, Darmstadt (1996).
9. R. VanderWal, "Flame synthesis of substrate-supported metal-catalyzed carbon nanotubes," Chem. Phys. Lett., 324, 217-223 (2000).
10. W. Merchan-Merchan, A. V. Saveliev, L. A. Kennedy, and A. A. Fridman, "Formation of carbon nanotubes in counter-flow oxy-methane diffusion flames without catalysts," Chem. Phys. Lett., 354, 20-24 (2002).
11. J. B. Howard, "Fullerenes formation in flames, in: Proc. of the 24th Symp. (Int.) on Combustion, The Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh (1992), pp. 933-946.
12. H. Böhm, D. Hesse, H. Jander, et al., "The influence of pressure and temperature on soot formation in premixed flames," in: Proc. of the 22nd Symp. (Int.) on Combustion, The Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh (1988), pp. 403-411.
13. 4-air flames for pressure up to 100 atm," in: 24th Symp. (Int.) on Combustion, The Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh (1992), pp. 991-998.
14. R. A. Dobbins and C. M. Megaridis, "Morphology of flame-generated soot as determined by thermophoretic sampling," Appl. Opt., 30, No. 33, 4747 (1991).
15. Ue. Oe. Koeylue, "Quantitative analysis of in situ optical diagnostics for inferring particle/aggregate parameters in flames: Implications for soot surface growth and total emissivity," Combust. Flame, 109, 488-500 (1997).
16. W. Stahlberg, "Aggregatenbildung der Russteilchen in Kohlenwasserstoff/Luftflammen in einem Druckbereich von ein bis fuenf atm," Ph. D. Thesis, Göttingen (2004).
17. W. H. Dalzell and A. F. Sarofim, "Optical constants of soot and their application to heat flux calculations," Trans. ASME, J. Heat Transfer, 91, 100 (1969).
18. A. G. Gaydon and H. G. Wolfhard, Flames: Their Structure, Radiation, and Temperature, Chapman and Hall, New York (1978).
19. Ph. Gerhardt, S. Löffler, and K. H. Homann, "The formation of polyhedral carbon ions in fuel-rich acetylene and benzene flames," in: Proc. of the 22nd Symp. (Int.) on Combustion, The Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh (1988), pp. 395-401.
20. A. Keller, R. Kovacs, and K. H. Homann, "Large molecules, ions, radicals and small soot particles in fuelrich hydrocarbon flames," Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2, 1667-1675 (2000).
21. M. J. Height, J. B. Howard, and J. W. Tester, "Flame synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes," in: Proc. of the 30th Symp. (Int.) on Combustion, The Combust. Inst., Pittsburgh (2004), pp. 2537-2543.
22. S. Iijima, "The 60-carbon cluster has been revealed!" J. Phys. Chem., 91, 3466 (1987).
23. 60: A new form of carbon," Nature, 347, 354 (1990).
24. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and Ph. Avouris (eds.), Carbon Nanotubes, Springer Verlag (2001).
25. 4 flat flames at elevated pressure," in: 23nd Symp. (Int.) on Combustion, The Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh (1990), pp. 1581-1587.