Farewell to the peasant republic: Marginal rural communities and European industrialisation, 1815-1990

Agricultural History Review

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 257-273

  Collantes, Fernando ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZARAGOZA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZARAGOZA   (Spain)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33846210006     PISSN: 00021490     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (107)

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2. A. Smith, An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (1776), II, ch. 3;
3. S. Pollard, Peaceful conquest: the industrialization of Europe, 1760-1970 (1981), p. 246.
4. F. Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II (Paris, 1949);
5. J. Mathieu, Storia delle Alpi 1500-1900. Ambiente, sviluppo e società (Bellinzona, 2000).
6. P. P. Viazzo, Upland communities: environment, population and social structure in the Alps since the sixteenth century (1989);
7. J. R. McNeill, The mountains of the Mediterranean world: an environmental history (1992);
8. S. Pollard, Marginal Europe: the contribution of marginal lands since the Middle Ages (1997).
9. E. J. T. Collins, The economy of upland Britain, 1750-1950: an illustrated review (1978).
10. Pollard, Marginal Europe, p. 259.
11. Braudel, Méditerranée, ch. 1 (i).
12. Some anthropologists called in question the image of a closed system even earlier; see an example in J. W. Cole and E. R. Wolf, The hidden frontier. Ecology and ethnicity in an Alpine valley (Berkeley, 1973, 1999), pp. 20-3.
13. D. Albera and P. Corti, 'Movimenti migratori nell'arco e nella montagna mediterranea: questioni e prospettive per un'analisi comparata', in D. Albera and P. Corti (eds.), La montagna mediterranea: una fabbrica d'uomini? Mobilità e migrazioni in una prospettiva comparata (secoli XV-XX) (Cuneo, 2000), pp. 7-27;
14. R. Domínguez, 'De reserva demográfica a reserva etnográfica: el declive de las economías de montaña en el área cantábrica', in J. L. Acín and V. Pinilla (eds), Pueblos abandonados. ¿Un mundo perdido? (Zaragoza, 1995), pp. 35-54;
15. e siècles) (Paris, 1993);
16. M. Gray, 'The Highland potato famine of the 1840S', EcHR 7 (1955), pp. 357-68;
17. e siècle: les stratégies de la reproduction familiale au Tessin (Bern, 1999), pp. 15-37;
18. McNeill, Mountains, pp. 8, 109-12;
19. Pollard, Marginal Europe, pp. 128-41;
20. H. Rosenberg, A negotiated world: three centuries of change in a French Alpine community (Toronto, 1988), ch. 2.
21. Mathieu, Storia, pp. 29-141.
22. L. Fontaine, 'Données implicites dans la construction des modèles migratoires alpins a l'époque moderne', Histoire des Alpes 3 (1998), p. 30;
23. id., 'Les sociétés alpines sont-elles des républiques de petits propriétaires?', in Association des Historiens Modernistes des Universités, La montagne à l'époque moderne (Paris, 1998), pp. 47-62;
24. D.J. Siddle, 'Migration as a strategy of accumulation: social and economic change in eighteenth-century Savoy', EcHR 50 (1997), pp. 1-20;
25. Viazzo, Upland communities, pp. 143-52.
26. Département Féderal de l'Interieur, Tableaux de la population de la Suisse dressés d'après les resultats du dernier recensement (Bern, 1851). Swiss Alps here include the following cantons: Uri, Schwyz, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Glarus, Appenzell (A. Rh. and I. Rh.), Graubünden, Ticino, and Valais.
27. G. Désert, 'Bilan économique à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale', in E. Juillard (ed.), Histoire de la France rurale, III, Apogée et crise de la civilisation paysanne de 1789 a 1914 (Paris, 1976, 1992), p. 430;
28. H. Clout, The Massif Central (1973), pp. 13-7;
29. Cole and Wolf, Hidden frontier;
30. G. Coppola, 'La montagna alpina. Vocazioni originarie e trasformazioni funzionali', in P. Bevilacqua (ed.), Storia dellagricoltura italiana in età contemporanea, I, Spazi e paesaggi (Venice, 1989), pp. 495-530;
31. A. Fel, Les hautes terres du Massif Central, Tradition paysanne et économie agricole (Paris, 1962);
32. Mathieu, Storia, pp. 161-86;
33. A. Howkins, 'Peasants, servants and labourers: the marginal workforce in British agriculture, c.1870-1914', AgHR 42 (1994), pp. 49-62.
34. R. Domínguez, El campesino adaptativo. Campesinos y mercado en el norte de España, 1750-1880 (Santander, 1996), gives a detailed analysis of the peasant economy in this region.
35. Junta General de Estadística, Censo de población de España, según el recuento verificado en 25 de diciembre de 1860 (Madrid, 1863);
36. F. Collantes, El declive demográfico de la montaña española (1850-2000). ¿Un drama rural? (Madrid, 2004).
37. F. Bettoni and A. Grohmann, 'La montagna appenninica. Paesaggi ed economie', in P. Bevilacqua (ed.), Agricoltura italiana, pp. 585-641;
38. McNeill, Mountains, pp. 106-7;
39. P. Tino, 'La montagna meridionale. Boschi, uomini, economie tra Otto e Novecento', in Bevilacqua (ed.), Agricoltura italiana, pp. 677-754.
40. A. Howkins, The death of rural England. A social history of the countryside since 1900 (2003), pp. 7, 166-73;
41. L. Shaw-Taylor, 'Family farms and capitalist farms in mid nineteenth-century England', AgHR 53 (2005), pp. 158-91.
42. Pollard, Marginal Europe, pp. 95-108, extends the argument to upland areas in Europe as a whole.
43. Eidgenössisches Statistisches Amt, Eidgenössische volkszählung, 1970 (Bern, 1971-4);
44. Mathieu, Storia, p. 265.
45. The share of family labour in Swiss Alpine farms even rose slightly to 85-90 per cent during the twentieth century; Eidgenössisches Statistisches Amt, Eidgenössische; Bundesamt für Statistik, Eidgenössische Volkszählung, 1980 (Bern, 1981-5).
46. Bettoni and Grohman, 'Montagna appenninica', pp. 619-20.
47. Collantes, Declive, pp. 119-22.
48. Mathieu, Storia, p. 264.
49. Collantes, Declive, pp. 118, 169.
50. P. Vitte, 'La montagne italienne', Annales de Géographie 563 (1992). p. 73.
51. P. K. O'Brien and L. Prados de la Escosura, 'Agricultural productivity and European industrialization, 1890-1980', EcHR 45 (1992), pp. 514-36.
52. R. Wall, 'Work, welfare, and the family: an illustration of the adaptive family economy', in L. Bonfield, R. M. Smith and K. Wrightson (eds), The world we have gained: histories of population and social structure (1986), pp. 251-94.
53. T. M. Devine, 'Temporary migration and the Scottish Highlands in the nineteenth century', EcHR 32 (1979), p. 348.
54. Perini, 'I fattori economici e sociali della montagna alpina', Rivista di Economia Agraria 13 (1958), p. 332.
55. Smith, Wealth of nations, I, ch. 3;
56. Clout, Massif Central, pp. 15-6;
57. Cole and Wolf, Hidden frontier, pp. 160-8;
58. Lorenzetti, Économie, pp. 1-9;
59. McNeill, Mountains, pp. 103-5.
60. Causality worked in the other way as well - availability of off-farm earnings could lead to an even greater fragmentation of holdings; Cole and Wolf, Hidden frontier, p. 182.
61. Smith, Wealth of nations, I, chs. 1-3.
62. See for instance E. A. Wrigley, 'Country and town: the primary, secondary, and tertiary peopling of England in the early modern period', in P. Slack (ed.), The peopling of Britain (2001), pp. 217-42.
63. Viazzo, Upland communities, pp. 100-4.
64. J. de Vries, 'Peasantry', in J. Mokyr (ed.), Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History (New York, 2003), pp. 173-7, gives a general overview of this issue.
65. Mathieu, Storia, p. 263.
66. M. Gervais, M. Jollivet and Y. Tavernier, Histoire de la France rurale, IV, La fin de la France paysanne depuis 1914 (Paris, 1977, 1992). p. 340.
67. L. Reboud, 'La région franco-italienne des Alpes du nord', Économies et sociétés 5 (1971), p. 684.
68. R. Blanchard, Les Alpes occidentales (7 vols, Grenoble, 1938-56), VII, p. 253.
69. See that kind of village-level data in B. Barbier, C. Durbiano and C. Vidal, 'Le tourisme dans une haute vallée de montagne: les transformations de Vars', Méditerranée 26 (1976), p. 13,
70. and J. Richez, 'Renovation rurale et tourisme. L'exemple de Ceillac en Queyras', Méditerranée 9 (1972), p. 57.
71. P. E. Ogden, 'Analyse multivariée et structure régionale: transformations socio-économiques récentes dans le Massif Central de l'Est', Méditerranée 33 (1978), p. 47
72. Mathieu, Storia, p. 263.
73. G. G. Negri, 'Les montagnes de Lombardie', Revue de Géographie Alpine 81 (1993), p. 72.
74. U. Tappeiner, G. Tappeiner, A. Hilbert and E. Mattanovich, 'Structural Atlas of the Alps', CD in The EU agricultural policy and the environment. Evaluation of the Alpine region (Berlin, 2003).
75. E. di Cocco, 'Equilibri territorials e settoriali nella storia recente dell'Appennino tosco-emiliano', Rivista di Politica Agraria 14 (1967), p. 7;
76. P. L. Zatta, 'La cooperazione nella zona Montana e pedemontana - piccola propietà contadina con particolare riferimento alla provincia di Rieti', Rivista Italiana di Economia, Demografia e Statistica 10 (1956), p. 593;
77. B. Christenson, 'Aspetti della economia agricola in relazione allo spopolamento dell'alta valle dell' Aniene', Rivista Italiana di Economia, Demografia e Statistica 9 (1955), p. 457;
78. Merlo, 'Agricoltura e integrazione economiche nella montagna italiana', Rivista di Politica Agraria 21 (1974), p. 51.
79. Growth figures taken from L. Prados de la Escosura, El progreso económico de España (1850-2000) (Bilbao, 2003), p. 185.
80. T. Shanin, 'Introduction: peasantry as a concept', in T. Shanin, Peasants and peasant societies (1988), pp. 1-11.
81. Clout, Massif Central, pp. 16-7;
82. Collantes, Declive, pp. 149-64;
83. Coppola, 'Montagna alpina', pp. 529-30;
84. Devine, 'Temporary migration', p. 345;
85. Gray, 'Highland', pp. 358, 368;
86. McNeill, Mountains, pp. 222-32;
87. Tino, 'Montagna meridionale', pp. 738-54.
88. J. Vontobel, 'Le développement des Conseils d'explotation dans les régions de montagne de la Suisse', Revue Fatis 6 (1959), p. 46.
89. J.-F. Bergier, 'Le cycle médiéval: des socié tés féodales aux États territoriaux', in P. Guichonnet (ed.), Histoire et civilisations des Alpes, I, Destin historique (Toulouse and Lausanne, 1980), pp. 163-264.
90. Bazin, 'Intégration marchande et évolution des systèmes agrarires montagnards. Les cas de Dômes (Massif Central)', Études Rurales, 77 (1980), pp. 63-80;
91. McNeill, Mountains, pp. 37-40, 252-4;
92. P. Perrier-Cornet, 'Massif Jurassien'.
93. On diversified farming strategies prior to such incentives, see R. A. Dodgshon, 'Strategies of farming in the western highlands and islands of Scotland prior to crofting and the clearances', EcHR 46 (1993), pp. 679-701.
94. Collantes, Declive, pp. 164-6;
95. id., 'Les économies de montagne à l'heure de l'industrialisation européenne. Que peut-on apprendre du cas espagnol?', Histoire des Alpes 10 (2005), pp. 267-82.
96. Office Féderal de la Statistique, Eidgenössische.
97. U. Giusti, 'Dépeuplement', pp. 302-3.
98. Bätzings definition of the Italian Alps (less strict than Giusti's) implies even some population growth; W. Bätzing, Die Alpen. Geschichte und zukunft einereuropäischen kulturlandschaft (Munchen, 2003), pp. 276-85.
99. See P. Sicsic, 'City-farm wage gaps in late nineteenth-century France', JEcH 52 (1992), pp. 675-95.
100. Ogden, 'Analyse multivariée', p. 54.
101. Cocco, 'Equilibri', p. 7;
102. P. Vitte, Le campagne dell'alto Appennino: evoluzione di una società montana (Milan, 1995), p. 537.
103. Vitte, Campagne, pp. 91-157;
104. McNeill, Mountains, pp. 181-9;
105. Tino, 'Montagna meridionale', p. 702.
106. See a case study in F. Collantes and V. Pinilla, 'Extreme depopulation in Spanish rural mountain areas: a case study of Aragon in the 19th and 20th centuries', Rural Hist. 15 (2004), pp. 149-66.
107. Collins, Economy of upland Britain, p. 16.