Cauda equina syndrome: Factors affecting long-term functional and sphincteric outcome

Spine

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 207-216

  McCarthy, Michael J H ^a   Aylott, Caspar E W ^a   Grevitt, Michael P ^a   Hegarty, James ^a  

^a QUEEN S MEDICAL CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cauda equina syndrome; Disc prolapse; Outcome measures; Sphincteric disturbance

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LUMBAR DISK HERNIA; MALE; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; QUESTIONNAIRE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; SELF EVALUATION; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URINE INCONTINENCE; WEAKNESS;

ADULT; AGED; ANAL CANAL; COHORT STUDIES; FECAL INCONTINENCE; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; INTESTINAL DISEASES; LEG; LOW BACK PAIN; LUMBAR VERTEBRAE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; POLYRADICULOPATHY; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SACRUM; SCIATICA; SENSATION DISORDERS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; TIME FACTORS; URINATION DISORDERS;

EID: 33846197421     PISSN: 03622436     EISSN: 15281159     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000251750.20508.84     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Mixter WJ, Barr JS. Rupture of the intervertebral disc with involvement of the spinal canal. N Engl J Med 1934;211:210-5.
2. Anthony S. Cauda equina syndrome. Medical Protection Society Casebook (Leeds) 2003;20:9-13.
3. O'Connell JEA. Protrusions of the lumbar intervertebral discs: a clinical review based on five hundred cases treated by excision of the protrusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1951;33:8-30.
4. Kostuik JP. Medicolegal consequences of cauda equina syndrome: an overview. Neurosurg Focus 2004;16:39-41.
5. Gleave JRW, MacFarlane R. Cauda equina syndrome: what is the relationship between timing of surgery and outcome? Br J Neurosurg 2002;16:325-8.
6. Shephard RH. Diagnosis and prognosis of cauda equina syndrome produced by protrusion of lumbar disk. BMJ 1959:1434-9.
7. Tay ECK, Chacha PB. Midline prolapse of a lumbar intervertebral disc with compression of the cauda equina. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1979;61:43-7.
8. Ahn UM, Ahn Nu, Buchowski MS, et al. Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation: a meta analysis of surgical outcomes. Spine 2000;25:1515-22.
9. Kostuik JP, Harrington I, Alexander D, et al. Cauda equina syndrome and lumbar disc herniation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986;68:386-91.
10. Shapiro S. Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation. Neurosurgery 1993;32:743-7.
11. Coscia M, Leipzig T, Cooper D. Acute cauda equina syndrome: diagnostic advantage of MRI. Spine 1994;19:475-8.
12. Case reports. Medical Protection Society Casebook (Leeds) 2004;12:22.
13. Markham DE. Cauda equina syndrome: diagnosis, delay and litigation risk. Curr Orthop 2004;18:58-62.
14. Chang HS, Nakagawa H, Mizuno J. Lumbar herniated disc presenting with cauda equina syndrome long term follow-up of four cases. Surg Neurol 2000;53:100-5.
15. Jennet WB. A study of 25 cases of compression of the cauda equina by prolapsed intervertebral discs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1956;19:109.
16. Fairbank JCT, Couper J, Davies JB, et al. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy 1980;66:271-3.
17. Fairbank JCT, Pynsent PB. The Oswestry disability index. Spine 2000;25:2940-53.
18. Garratt AM, Ruter DA, Abdalla MI, et al. The SF-36 health survey questionnaire: an outcome measure suitable for routine use within the NHS. BMJ 1993;306:1440-3.
19. Jenkinson C, Coulter A, Wright L. Short form 36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire: normative data for adults of working age. BMJ 1993;306:1437-40.
20. Grevitt M, Khazim R, Webb JK, et al. The short form-36 health survey questionnaire in spine surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1997;79:48-52.
21. Ware JE. SF-36 Health survey update. www.sf-36.org (2004).
22. Greenough CG, Fraser RD. Assessment of outcome in patients with low back pain. Spine 1992;17:36-41.
23. Holt AE, Shaw NJ, Shetty A, et al. The reliability of the low back outcome score for back pain. Spine 2002;27:206-10.
24. Main CJ. The modified somatic perception questionnaire. J Psychosom Res 1983;27:503-14.
25. Zung WWK. A self rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965;12:63-70.
26. Mannion AF, Dolan P, Adams MA. Psychological questionnaires: do abnormal scores precede or follow first time low back pain? Spine 1996;21:2603-11.
27. Trief PM, Grant W, Fredrickson B. A prospective study of psychological predictors of lumber surgery outcome. Spine 2000;25:2616-21.
28. Muller U, Duetz MS, Roeder C, et al. Condition-specific outcome measures for low back pain. Eur Spine J 2004;13:301-24.
29. Ezz El, Din K, Koch WFRM, de Wildt MJAM, et al. Reliability of the international prostate symptom score in the assessment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and/or benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1996;155:1959-64.
30. Hakim J, Subit M, Kandzari S, et al. Quality control in the screening of erectile dysfunction: results of a survey. Urology 2002;60:125-9.
31. Kelly CE. Which questionnaires should be used in female urology practice? Curr Urol Rep 2003;4:375-80.
32. Radley SC, Jones GL, Stevens V, et al. Validation of an electronic pelvic floor symptoms assessment questionnaire [e-paq. Podium presentation]. International Continence Society, Bournemouth, UK, 2004; [Poster presentation], International Continence Society, Florence, 2003.
33. Bradshaw HD, Sufian SS, Radley SC, et al. Construction and validation of a generic pelvic floor questionnaire [Podium presentation]. International Continence Society, Leicester, UK, 2002.
34. O'Laoire SA, Crockard HA, Thomas DG. Prognosis for sphincter recovery after operation for cauda equina compression owing to lumbar disc prolapse. BMJ 1981;282:1852-4.
35. Fessler R. Lower back pain: What you need to know. www.spineuniverse. com (2004).
36. Canadian Continence Foundation. Canadian Consensus Conference on Urinary Incontinence: Incomplete Bladder Emptying/Urinary Retention. www. contience-fdn.ca (2001).
37. Bland M. An Introduction to Medical Statistics, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000:148-51.
38. Kohles SS, Kohles DA, Karp AP, et al. Time-dependent surgical outcomes following cauda equina syndrome: comments on a meta-analysis. Spine 2004;29:1281-7.
39. Dinning TAR, Schaeffer HR. Discogenic compression of the cauda equina: a surgical emergency. Aust NZ J Surg 1993;63:927-34.
40. Olmarker K. The spinal nerve roots. Acta Orthop Scand 1991;242(suppl):1-27.
41. Shapiro S. Medical realities of cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation. Spine 2000;25:348-52.
42. Buchner M, Schiltenwolf M. Cauda equina syndrome caused by intervertebral lumbar disk prolapse: mid term results of 22 patients and literature review. Orthopaedics 2002;25:727-31.
43. Hussain SA, Gullan RW, Chitnavis BP. Cauda equina syndrome: outcome and implications for management. Br J Neurosurg 2003;17:164-7.
44. Roach RT, Trivedi TM, Jones P. Cauda equina syndrome. A question of time: experience from a single centre in the UK [Poster presentation]. Nottingham, UK: Britspine, 2004.
45. Sell PJ. A prospective longitudinal study of the outcome of cauda equina syndrome as a consequence of disc prolapse [Poster presentation]. Nottingham, UK: Britspine, 2004.
46. Bodner DR, Delamarter RB, Bohlman HH, et al. Urologic changes after cauda equina compression in dogs. J Urol 1990;143:186-90.
47. Delamarter RB, Sherman JE, Carr JB. Cauda equina syndrome: neurologic recovery following immediate, early or late decompression. Spine 1991;16:1022-9.
48. Olmarker K, Rydevik B, Holm S, et al. Effects of experimental, graded compression on blood flow in spinal nerve roots: a vital microscopic study on porcine cauda equina. J Orthop Res 1989;7:817-23.
49. Nascone JW, LAuerman WC, Wiesel SW. Cauda equina syndrome: is it a surgical emergency? Orthop J 1999;12:73-6.
50. Gelfan S, Tarlov JM. Physiology of spinal cord, nerve root and peripheral nerve compression. Am J Physiol 1956;185:217-29.
51. Sharpless SK. Susceptibility of spinal roots to compression block: NIH Workshop. In: Goldstein M, ed. The Research Status of Spinal Manipulative Therapy [NINCDS Monograph No. 15]. 1975:155-61.
52. Rydevik BL, Brown MB, Lundborg G. Pathoanatomy and pathophysiology of nerve root compression. Spine 1984;9:7-15.
53. Rydevik BL, Myers RR, Powell HC. Pressure increase in the dorsal root ganglion following mechanical compression. Spine 1989;14:574-6.
54. Lee SK, Wolfe SW. Peripheral nerve injury and repair. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000;8:243-52.
55. Parke WW, Gammell K, Rothman RH. Arterial vascularisation of the cauda equina. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1981;63:53-62.
56. Barry MJ, Fowler FJ, O'Leary MP, et al. The American Urological Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1992;148:1549-57.
57. Tomlinson JM, Wright D. Impact of erectile dysfunction and its subsequent treatment with sildenafil: qualitative study. BMJ 2004;328:1037-9.
58. Hellstrom P, Kortelainen P, Kontturi M. Late urodynamic findings after surgery for cauda equina syndrome caused by a prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc. J Urol 1986;135:308-12.
59. Light JK, Beric A, Petronic I. Detrusor function with lesions of the cauda equina with special emphasis on the bladder neck. J Urol 1993;149:539-42.
60. Scott PJ. Bladder paralysis in cauda equina lesions from disc prolapse. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1965;47:224-35.
61. Aho AJ, Auranen A, Pesonen K. Analysis of cauda equina syndrome in patients with lumbar disc prolapse: preoperative and follow-up clinical and cystometric studies. Acta Chir Scand 1969;135:413-20.
62. Nielsen B, de Nully M, Schmidt K, et al. A urodynamic study of cauda equina syndrome due to lumbar disc herniation. Urol Int 1980;35:167-70.
63. Bartels RHMA, de Vries J. Hemi-cauda equina syndrome from herniated lumbar disc: a neurosurgical emergency? Can J Neurol Sci 1996;23:296-9.