Review of models to predict internal pitting corrosion of oil and gas pipelines

Corrosion Reviews

Volumn 24, Issue 3-4, 2006, Pages 173-230

  Papavinasam, Sankara ^a   Revie, R Winston ^a   Friesen, Waldemar I ^b   Doiron, Alex ^a   Panneerselvam, Tharani ^a  

^a CANMET MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY   (Canada)

^b NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORRELATION METHODS; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PETROLEUM PIPELINES; PITTING; PRESSURE EFFECTS;

INTERNAL PITTING; OPERATING PRESSURE; STEEL SURFACES;

GAS PIPELINES;

CORRELATION METHODS; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; GAS PIPELINES; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PETROLEUM PIPELINES; PITTING; PRESSURE EFFECTS;

EID: 33846191166     PISSN: 03346005     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/CORRREV.2006.24.3-4.173     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. 2 Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production: Design Considerations," European Federation of Corrosion Publications, Number 23, BFC. 1997.
2. http://ops.dot.gov/stats2004/.
3. Alberta Energy Utilities Board, Canadian report, Statistical Series 57, July 2002.
4. Canadian Standards Association (CSA), Standard Z662.2003.
5. CAPP Technical Document, "Recommended Practice for Mitigation of Internal Corrosion in Sweet Gas Gathering System", 2002-001, February 2002.
6. CAPP Technical Document, "Recommended Practice for Mitigation of Internal Corrosion in Sour Gas Gathering System", 2003-0023, January 2003.
7. S. Papavinasam, R.W. Revie, and A. Doiron, "Predicting Internal Pitting Corrosion of Oil and Gas Pipelines: Review of Corrosion Science Models," NACE CORROSION 2005, Paper #5643, Houston, Texas, 2005.
8. S. Papavinasam, R.W. Revie, and A. Doiron, "Predicting Internal Pitting Corrosion of Oil and Gas Pipelines: Review of Electrochemical Models," NACE CORROSION 2005, Paper #5645, Houston, Texas, 2005.
9. S. Papavinasam, W. Friesen, R.W. Revie, and A. Doiron, "Predicting Internal Pitting Corrosion of Oil and Gas Pipelines: Review of Corrosion Engineering Approach," NACE CORROSION 2005, Paper #5646, Houston, Texas, 2005.
10. C. de Waard, D.E. Milliams, "Carbonic Acid Corrosion of Steel," Corrosion, NACE, Vol 31, No. 5, 177-181, May 1975.
11. C. de Waard, U. Lotz, "Prediction of CO2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel," NACE CORROSION 93, Paper #69, Houston, Texas, 1993.
12. 2 Corrosion: A Semi-Empirical Model," NACE CORROSION 95, Paper #128, Houston, Texas, 1995.
13. 2S Production Environments," NACE CORROSION 96, Paper #11, Houston, Texas, 1996.
14. 2 Corrosion in Oil and Gas Wells," NACE CORROSION 89, Paper #466, Houston, Texas, 1989.
15. 2 Corrosion of Steels," NACE CORROSION 99, Paper #24, Houston, Texas, 1999.
16. S. Nesic, J. Postlethwaite, and S. Olsen, "An Electrochemical Model for Prediction of Corrosion in Mild Steel in Aqueous CarbonDioxide Solutions." Corrosion Vol. 52, No. 4, 280, 1996.
17. 2 Corrosion," NACE CORROSION 95. Paper #131, Houston, Texas, 1995.
18. 2 Corrosion with Protective Iron Carbonate Films," Corrosion 2001, Paper #01040.
19. B. Mishra, S. Al-Hassan, D.L. Olson, and M.M. Salama, "Development of a Predictive Model for Activation-Controlled Corrosion of Steel in Solutions Containing Carbon Dioxide." Corrosion, Vol 53, No. 11, 852-859, Nov. 1997.
20. A. Anderko, R. D. Young, "Simulation of CO2/H2S Corrosion using Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Models," NACE CORROSION 99, Paper #31, Houston, Texas.
21. A. Anderko, "Simulation of FeCO3/FeS Scale Formation Using Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Models," NACE CORROSION 2000, Paper #00102, Houston, Texas.
22. A. Anderko, P. McKenzie, and R.D. Young, "Computation of Rates of General Corrosion Using Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Models," Corrosion, Vol 57, No. 3, 202-213, March 2001.
23. J.E. Oddo, M.B. Thompsons, "The Prediction of Scale and CO2 Corrosion in Oil Field Systems," NACE CORROSION 99, Paper #41, Houston, Texas, 1999.
24. E. Dayalan, F.D. de Moraes, J.R. Shadley, S.A. Shirazi, and E.F. Rybicki, "CO2 Corrosion Prediction in Pipe Flow under FeCO3 Scale-Forming Conditions," NACE CORROSION 98, Paper #51, Houston, Texas, 1998.
25. B.F.M. Pots, "Mechanistic Models for the Prediction of CO2 Corrosion Rates under Multiphase Flow Conditions," NACE CORROSION 95, Paper #137, Houston, Texas, 1995.
26. M.B. Kermani, L.M. Smith, "CO2 Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production, Design Considerations," European Federation of Corrosion Publications, Number 23, Chapter 6, 18-23, 1997.
27. C.D. Adams, J.D. Garber, and R.K. Sing, "Computer Modelling to Predict Corrosion Rates in Gas Condensate Wells Containing CO2," NACE CORROSION 96, Paper #31, Houston, Texas, 1996.
28. R. Nyberg, P. Andersson, and M. Nordsveen, "Implementation of CO2 Corrosion Models in a Three-Phase Fluid Flow Model," NACE CORROSION 2000. Paper #48, Houston, Texas, 2000.
29. A.M.K. Halvorsen, T. Sontvedt, "CO2 Corrosion Model for Carbon Steel Including a Wall Shear Stress Model for Multiphase Flow and Limits for Production Rate to Avoid Mesa Attack," NACE International, CORROSION 99, Paper #42, Houston, Texas, 1999.
30. 2 Corrosion Rate Calculation Model," NORSOK Standard # M-506, Norwegian Technology Standards Institution, http://www.nts.no/norsok, Oslo, 1998.
31. N.F. Mott, Trans. Faraday Soc., 43 (1947), p. 429; J. Chim. Phys.44, 172, 1947.
32. G.L. Griffin, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 131, p. 18, 1984.
33. M. Fleischmann and H.R. Thirsk, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 110, p. 688, 1963.
34. N. Sato and M. Cohen, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 111, p. 512, 1964.
35. C. Sarasola, T. Fernandez, and Y. Jimenez, Electrochimica Acta, 33, p. 1295, 1988.
36. D. Devilliers, F. Lantelme and M. Chemla, Electrochimica Acta, 31, p. 1235, 1986.
37. C.Y. Chao, L.F. Lin, and D.D. Macdonald, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 128, p. 1187 and 1194, 1981.
38. J.R. Ambrose, "Treatise on Materials Science and Technology," Vol. 23, p. 175, 1981.
39. S.M. Sharland, "A Review of the Theoretical Modelling of Crevice and Pitting Corrosion", Corrosion Science, 27(3), p. 289-323, 1987.
40. T. Okada, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 132, p. 537, 1985.
41. T. Shibata, Corrosion Science, 33, p. 1633, 1992.
42. T.M. Sharland, CM. Bishop, P.H. Ballkwill, and J. Stewart, "Advances in Localized Corrosion: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Localized Corrosion," p. 109, 1987.
43. B. Baroux, Corrosion Science, 28, p. 969, 1988
44. R.C. Salvarezza, N.D. Cristofaro, C. Pallotta, and AJ. Arvia, Electrochimica Acta, 32, p. 1049, 1987.
45. K. Hebert, R. Alkire, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 130, p. 1007, 1983.
46. D.E. Williams, C. Westcott, and M. Fleischmann, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 132, p. 1796 and 1804, 1985.
47. U. Bertocci, "Advances in Localized Corrosion," Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Localized Corrosion, p. 127,1987.
48. W. Oldfield, W.H. Sutton, British Corrosion Journal. 13, p. 13. 1978.
49. Y. Xu, M. Wang, and H.W. Pickering, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 140, p. 3448, 1993.
50. Y. Xu, H.W. Pickering, Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 140, p. 658, 1993.
51. R.S. Lillard, J.R. Scully, Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 141, p. 3006, 1994.
52. J.A. Bardwell, J.W. Fraser, B. MacDougall, and M.J. Graham, "Influence of the Anodic Oxide Film on Pitting of Iron," Journal of the Electrochemical Society 139, p. 366, 1992.
53. J.L. Dawson, M.G.S. Ferreira, "Electrochemical Studies of the Pitting of Austenitic Stainless Steel," Corrosion Science 26, p. 1009. 1986.
54. K. Hebert, R. Alkire, "Dissolved Metal Species Mechanism for Initiation of Crevice Corrosion of Aluminum: II. Mathematical Model," The Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 130. p. 1007, 1983.
55. E. McCafferty, "A Competitive Adsorption Model for the Inhibition of Crevice Corrosion and Pitting," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 137, p. 3731, 1990.
56. D.D. MacDonald, M.U. MacDonald, "Theory of Steady-State Passive Films," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 137, p. 2395, 1990.
57. D.D. MacDonald, M.U. MacDonald, "Distribution Functions for the Breakdown of Passive Films," Electrochimica Acta, 31. p. 1079. 1986.
58. T. Nagatani, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 60. p. 3997. 1991.
59. G.R. Matamala, Corrosion, 43, p. 97, 1987.
60. W.H. Smyrl, J. Newman, Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 121, p. 1000, 1974.
61. J.C. Fan, J. Richardson, Corrosion Conference/94, Paper 315.
62. E.E. Molo, B. Mellein, E.M.R.D. Schiapparelli, J.L. Vicentc, R.C. Salvarezza, and AJ. Arvia, Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 137, p. 1384, 1990.
63. J.W. Tester, H.S. Issac, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 122, p. 1438. 1975.
64. T.R. Beck, R.C. Alkire, "Occurrence of Salt Films during Initiation and Growth of Corrosion Pits," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 126, p. 1662, 1979.
65. B.G. Ateya, H.W. Pickering, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 122, p. 1018, 1975.
66. A. Ben Rais, J.C. Sohm, Corrosion Science, 25, p. 1047, 1985.
67. P. Doig, P.E.J. Flewit, Proc. R. Soc., A357, p. 439, 1977.
68. P. Doig, P.E.J. Flewit, Metall. Trans., 9A, p. 357, 1978.
69. B.H. Melville, Brit. Corr. J, 14, p. 15, 1979.
70. J.M. Galvele, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 123, p. 464, 1976.
71. J.M. Galvele, Corrosion Science, 21, p. 551, 1981.
72. S.M. Gravano, J.R. Galvele, Corrosion Science, 24, p. 517, 1984.
73. R. Alkire, D. Ernsberger, and D. Damon, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 123, p. 458, 1976.
74. ASTM G170, "Standard Guide for Evaluating and Qualifying Oilfield and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors in the Laboratory," 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken PA, USA, 19428, 2001.
75. J.Y. Sun, and W.P. Jepson, "Slug Flow Characteristics and their Effect on Corrosion in Horizontal Oil and Gas Pipelines," SPE 24787, 67th Annual Technical Conference Society of Petrol Engineering, Washington, 1992.
76. J.M. Mandhane, O.A. Gregory, and K. Aziz, "A Flow Pattern Map for Gas-liquid Flow in Horizontal Pipes," Int. J. Multiphase Flow 1, 537, 1974.
77. G. Hetsroni, "Handbook of Multiphase Systems," Hemisphere Publications, Washington, 237, 1982.
78. A. Miller, "Pipeline Corrosion and Corrosion Control in Sour Devonian Multiphase Production," NACE Northern Area Eastern Conference and Exhibition, Paper No. 2A.2, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Oct. 24-27, 1999.
79. Failure Data of Oil Production Pipelines, CANMET Division Report, WRC, 96-27 (CF) 1995.
80. 2 /Water Mixtures", Corrosion, NACE, Vol 43, No. 4, 214-218, April 1987.
81. S. Tebbal, N. Hackerman, "Effect of the Liquid Film Thickness on the CO2 Corrosion of Steel", Corrosion, Vol 45, No. 7, 558-562, July 1989.
82. 2 Corrosion, Vol 1. Corrosion 83, 39-51. 1983.
83. 2 Corrosion, Vol. 1. Corrosion 83, 143-150, 1983.
84. E. B. Backensto, R. E. Drew, and C. C. Stapleford. "High Temperature Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion", Corrosion, Vol 12, No. 1, 22-31, 1956.
85. G. Schmitt, "Fundamental Aspects of CO2 Corrosion", Advances in CO2 Corrosion, Vol 1, Corrosion 83, 10-19, 1983.
86. S.T. Adamy, F.R. Cala, "Inhibition of Pitting in Ferrous Materials by Carbonate as a Function of Temperature and Alkalinity", Corrosion, Vol 55, No. 9, 825-839, September 1999.
87. 2 Corrosion, Vol 1, Corrosion 83, 163-171, 1983.
88. 2 Corrosion, Vol 2, Corrosion 84/85, 113-132, 1985.
89. D.V. Satyanarayana Gupta, "Effect of pH and Sulphide ion Concentration in Aqueous Neutral and Alkaline Solution at Room Temperature", Corrosion, Vol 37, No. 11, 611-616, 1981.
90. H.S. Gadiyar, N.S.D. Elayathu, "Corrosion and Magnetite Growth on Carbon Steels in Water at 310 C- Effect of Dissolved Oxygen, pH, and EDTA Addition", Corrosion, Vol 36, No. 6, 306-312, 1980.
91. 2 Corrosion, Vol 1, Corrosion 83, 72-86, 1983.
92. 2S Corrosion at Elevated Temperatures", Advances in CO2 Corrosion, Vol 2, Corrosion 84/85, 72-79, 1985.
93. 2 Corrosion, Vol 2, Corrosion 84/85, 47-54, 1985.
94. A. Dugstad, "Mechanism of Protective Film Formation During CO2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel", Corrosion 98, Paper #31, 1998.
95. B. Lefebvre, G. Guntz, J.J. Prouheze, J.J. Renault, and P. Bounie, "Behaviour of Carbon Steel and Chromium Steels in CO2 Environments", Advances in CO2 Corrosion, Vol 2, Corrosion 84/85, 55-71, 1985.
96. C. Manfredi, T.A. Mozhi, and B.E. Wilde, "Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Saturated Brine at 150 C - The Effect of pH", Corrosion, Vol 45, No. 3, 172-177, 1989.
97. W. McLeod, R.R. Rogers, "Sulfurous Acid Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel at Ordinary Temperatures - I. Its Nature", Corrosion, Vol 22, 143-146, 1966.
98. 2 Corrosion, Vol 2, Corrosion 84/85, 80-95, 1985.
99. 2 Environment", Corrosion, Vol 35, No. 3, 136-138, 1979.
100. J.N. Al-Hajji, M.R. Reda, "Corrosion Behavior of Low-Residual Carbon Steels in a Sour Environment", Corrosion, Vol 49, No. 5, 363-371, 1993.
101. CD. Waard, U. Lotz, "Prediction of CO2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel", Corrosion 93, Paper #69, 1993.
102. E. Heitz, "Chemo-Mechanical Effects of Flow on Corrosion", Corrosion, Vol 47, No. 2, 135-145, 1991.
103. G. Schmitt, B. Rothmann, "Corrosion of Unalloyed and Low-alloyed Steels in Carbonic Acid Solutions", Werkstoffe und Korrosion, Vol. 29, 237, 1978.
104. J.A. Dougherty, "Corrosion Inhibition of Wet, Sour Gas Lines Carrying Elemental Sulfur", Corrosion 92, Paper #2, 1992.
105. J.W. Slusser, S.W. Dean, and W.R. Watkins, "CO Inhibition of Wet CO2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel", Materials Performance, 40-45, January 1997.
106. P. Chatterjee, D.D.N. Singh, "Inhibitive Effect of Octyl Amines in Hydrogen Sulphide Solution", J. Electrochem. Soc., India, 1989.
107. S.W. Dean, "Velocity - Accelerated Corrosion Testing and Predictions", Materials Performance, 61-67, September 1990.
108. R. Nyborg, A. Dugstad, "MESA Corrosion Attack in Carbon Steel and 0.5% Chromium Steel", Corrosion 98, Paper #29, 1998.
109. 2 Corrosion, Vol 1, Corrosion 83, 151-156, 1983.
110. 2 Corrosion, Vol 2, Corrosion 84/85, 1-22, 1985.
111. K. Videm, A. Dugstad, "Corrosion of Carbon Steel in an Aqueous Carbon Dioxide Environment Part 2: Film Formation", Material Performance, 46-50, April 1989.
112. 2S". NACE, Corrosion 89. Paper #620, 1989.
113. 2O System", Corrosion, Vol 18, 119-124, 1962.
114. R.L. Tapping, P.A. Lavoie, and R.D. Davidson, "Effect of Neutralization on Protectiveness of Sulfide Film on Carbon Steel", Materials Performance (9), 43-47, 1983.
115. A.L. Cummings, F.C. Veatch, A.E. Keller, "Corrosion and Corrosion Control Methods in Amine Systems Containing Hydrogen Sulfide", Materials Performance, 42-47, January 1998.
116. R.A. Pisigan, Jr., J.E. Singley, "Evaluation of Water Corrosivity Using the Langlier Index and Relative Corrosion Rate Models". Material Performance-NACE, 26-36, 1985.
117. D.L. Johnson, H. Omura, "Characterization of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Dilute Ammonium Nitrate Solutions and Irrigation Ground Waters", Corrosion, Vol 37, No. 4, 209-213, 1981.
118. 2 Solutions", Corrosion 96, Paper #1, 1996.
119. 2 Corrosion of Carbon Steels", Corrosion 92, Paper #14, 1992.
120. A. Dugstad, H. Hemmer, and M. Seiersten. "Effect of Steel Microstructure on Corrosion Rate and Protective Iron Carbonate Film Formation", Corrosion, Vol 57, No. 4, 369-378, April 2001.
121. 2 Corrosion of Steels in the Oil and Gas Wells and the Corresponding Mechanisms", Oil/Gas European Magazine, Vol 10, No. 2. 68-76, 1984.
122. T. Hara, H. Asahi, Y. Suehiro, and H. Kaneta, "Effect of FlowVelocity on Carbon Dioxide Corrosion Behavior in Oil and Gas Environments", Corrosion, Vol 56, No. 8, 860-866, August 2000.
123. 2S, Condensate, Metallurgy, and Flowrate", Corrosion 90, Paper #6, 1990.
124. G. Schmitt, D. Steinmetz, and W. Bruckhoff, "Unexpected Alloying Influences in Connection with the Corrodibility of Sour Gas Delivery Pipes", Workstoffe und Korrosion 36, 309-315, 1985.
125. M.W. Joosten, T. Johnsen, A. Dugstad, T. Walmann, T. Jossang, P. Meakin, and J. Feder, "In-Situ Observation of Localized CO2 Corrosion", Corrosion 94, Paper #3, 1994.
126. 2 Corrosion, Vol 1, Corrosion 83, 130-142, 1983.
127. C.D. Waard, D.E. Milliams, "Carbonic Acid Corrosion of Steel", Corrosion, Vol 31, No. 5, 177-181, 1975.
128. G. Schmitt, C. Bosch, U. Pankoke, W. Bruckhoff, and G. Siegmund, "Evalution of Critical Flow Intensities for FILC in Sour Gas Production", Corrosion 98, Paper #46, 1998.
129. J.W. Graydon, D.W. Kirk, "Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Aqueous Lithium Hydroxide", Corrosion, Vol 46, No. 12, 1002-1006, 1990.
130. V. Subramanian, W.J. Van Ooij, "Effect of the Amine Functional Group on Corrosion Rate of Iron Coated with Films of Organofunctional Silanes", Corrosion, Vol 54, No. 3, 204-215, 1998.
131. J.M. Ahao, Y. Zuo, "Pitting Corrosion of Steel Pipeline in Oil-Water-Gas Multiphase Flow System", British Corrosion Journal 2000, Vol 35, No. 1 73-74, 2000.
132. M. Ueda, A. Ikeda, "Effect of Microstructure and Cr Content in Steel on CO2 Corrosion", Corrosion 96, Paper #13, 1996.
133. H.U. Schutt, P.R. Rhodes, "Corrosion in an Aqueous Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonia, and Oxygen System", Corrosion, Vol 52, No. 12, 947-952, 1996.
134. 2 Environments", Corrosion 2001, Paper #01066, 2001.
135. 2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel and 13Cr Steel in Particle-laden Fluid". Corrosion, Vol 44, No. 11, 800-809. November 1988.
136. S. Nesic, L. Lunde, "Carbon Dioxide Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Two-phase Flow". Corrosion, Vol 50. No. 9, 717-727, September 1994.
137. 2 Corrosion with Protective Iron Carbonate Films", Corrosion 2001, Paper #01040, 2001.
138. 2 Corrosion and Reciprocating Sliding Wear on Plain Carbon Steel Part II - Electrochemical Studies", Corrosion, Vol 48, No. 12, 1027-1031, 1992.
139. K. Videm, J. Kvarekval, "Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Carbon Dioxide-Saturated Solutions Containing Small Amounts of Hydrogen Sulfide", Corrosion, Vol 51, No. 4, 260-269, April 1995.
140. D.C. Bond, G.A. Marsh, "Corrosion of Wet Steel by Hydrogen Sulfide-Air Mixtures", Corrosion, Vol 6, No. 1, 22-28, 1950.
141. B.D. Craig, "The Occurrence of Cementite as a Corrosion Product at Low Temperatures [50°C (120°F)] in a Gas Environment". Materials Performance, 34-37, February 1977.
142. P. Mayer, A.V. Manolescu, and M. Rasile, "Corrosion of Medium Carbon Steel in Aqueous Solution Containing Fluoride Ions at 300 C", Corrosion, Vol 40, No. 4, 186-189, 1984.
143. K.J. Kennelley, S.N. Smith, and T.A. Ramanarayanan, "Effect of Elemental Sulfur on the Performance of Nitrogen-Based Oilfield Corrosion Inhibitors", Materials Performance, 48-52, February 1990.
144. 2 Corrosion Product Scales Related to Environmental Condition", Corrosion 2000, Paper #00030, 2000.
145. 2 Corrosion", Corrosion 2000, Paper #00023, 2000.
146. J. Crolet, N. Thevenot, and A. Dugstad, "Role of Free Acetic Acid on the CO2 Corrosion of Steels", Corrosion 99, Paper #24, 1999.
147. 2 Corrosion: The Double Whammy", Corrosion 99, Paper #21, 1999.
148. R.L. Martin, R.R. Annand, "Accelerated Corrosion of Steel by Suspended Iron Sulfides in Brine", Corrosion, Vol 36, No. 5, 297-301, 1980.
149. W.P. Jepson, "The Effect of Flow Characteristics on Sweet Corrosion in High-Pressure, Three-Phase, Oil/Water/Gas Horizontal Pipelines", Prevention of Pipeline Corrosion Conference, 1994.
150. 2S", NACE, Corrosion 89, Paper #620, 1989.
151. 2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel", Corrosion 94, Paper #4, 1994.
152. J.K. Heuer, J.F. Stubbins, "Microstructure Analysis of Coupons Exposed to Carbon Dioxide Corrosion in Multiphase Flow", Corrosion, Vol 54, No. 7, 566-575, July 1998.
153. 2 Corrosion of N-80 Steel at 71°C in a Two-phase Flow System", Corrosion, Vol 49, No. 8, 686-693, August 1993.
154. 2S Production Environments", Corrosion 96, Paper #11, 1996.
155. T.A. Ramanarayanan, S.N. Smith, "Corrosion of Iron in Gaseous Environments and in Gas-Saturated Aqueous Environments", Corrosion, Vol 46, No. 1, 66-74, 1990.
156. 2 Corrosion: A Semi-Empirical Model", Corrosion 95, Paper #128, 1995.
157. K. Videm, A. Dugstad, "Corrosion of Carbon Steel in an Aqueous Carbon Dioxide Environment Part 1: Solution Effects", Material Performance, 63-67, April 1989.
158. 2 Corrosion", Corrosion 83, 52-63, 1983.
159. K. Mabuchi, Y. Horii, H. Takahashi, and M. Nagayama, "Effect of Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in High-Temperature Water", Corrosion, Vol 47, No. 7, 500-508, 1991.
160. J. Jelinek, P. Neufeld, "Kinetics of Hydrogen Formation from Mild Steel in Water under Anaerobic Conditions", Corrosion, Vol 38, No.2, 98-104, 1982.
161. NACE Report 3T199: "Techniques for Monitoring Corrosion Related Parameters in Field Applications", 1999.