Whatever happened to patriotic women, 1914-1918?

Australian Historical Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 115, 2000, Pages 273-286

  Beaumont, Joan ^a  

^a DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846147721     PISSN: 1031461X     EISSN: 19405049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10314610008596131     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Ernest Scott, Australia during the War: The Official History of the War of 1914-18, vol. 11 (1936; St Lucia: University of Queensland Press with the Australian War Memorial, 1989), 703
2. For details of these, see Scott, chap. 21; and Michael Mckernan, The Australian People and the Great War (1980; Sydney: Collins, 1984), chap. 4
3. Jennifer Crew, 'Women's Wages in Britain and Australia during the First World War", Labour History 57 (1989): 31
4. Wray Vamplew, ed., Australian Historical Statistics (Broadway, NSW: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates, 1987), 412
5. Until recently this was also the case in Britain. Recent exceptions to this are Janet S.K. Watson, 'Khaki Girls, VADs and Tommy's Sisters: Gender and Class in First World War Britain', International History Review 14, no. 1 (1997): 32-51
6. A notable exception to this informal female dominance was the NSW Lord Mayor's Patriotic Fund which resisted the inclusion of women in key executive and administrative positions and was run like a 'male club'. See Melanie Oppenheimer, 'Alleviating Distress: The Lord Mayor's Patriotic Fund in New South Wales, 1914-1920', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 81, no. 1 (1995): 93
7. Noel Whiteside, 'The Population at War', in Britain and the First World War, ed. John Turner (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 92
8. See Marnie Haig-Muir, 'The Economy at War', in Australia's War, 1914-18, ed. Joan Beaumont (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1995), chap. 4. There was only a limited shift from domestic to industrial and office work and to white collar occupations such as banking, insurance and the public service
9. See Joy Damousi and Marilyn Lake, Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 8
10. Cora V. Baldock, 'Public Policies and the Paid Work of Women', in Women, Social Welfare and the State, eds Cora V. Baldock and Bettina Cass (Sydney: George Allen & Unwin, 1983), 27
11. Margaret Bevege et al., Worth Her Salt: Women at Work in Australia (Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 1982)
12. In contrast, much of Gail Braybon and Penny Summeriield, Out of the Case: Women's Experiences in Two World Wars (London: Pandora Press, 1987) is focused on the issue of paid employment
13. Carmel Shute, 'Heroines and Heroes: Sexual Mythology in Australia, 1914-18', Hecate 1, no. 1 (1975), reprinted in Damousi and Lake, 23-42
14. Blood Votes and the "Bestial Boche": A Case Study in Propaganda', Hecate 2, no. 2 (1976): 6-22
15. This same construction of women's roles occurred in the USA: US historians, Jean Bethke Elshtain and Sheila Tobias preface their edited collection, Women, Militarism and War: Essays in History, Politics, and Social Theory (Savage, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990) by describing women historically as the "'Spartan mothers" whose civic identity is bound up with the warrioring of sons' (ix)
16. Jan Bassett, "Ready to Serve": Australian Women and the Great War", Journal of the Australian War Memorial 2 (1983): 8-16
17. See Robert, 53; Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War (London: Blackwell/Polity, 1986), 712
18. Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 7 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1979), 346
19. Joy Damousi, 'Marching to Different Drums: Women's Mobilisations, 1914-1919', in Gender Relations in Australia: Domination and Negotiation, eds Kay Saunders and Raymond Evans (Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992), 361-5
20. Joy Damousi, 'Socialist Women and Gendered Space: Anti-conscription and Anti-war Campaigns, 1914-18', Labour History 60 (1991), reprinted in Damousi and Lake, 254-73
21. Pat Gowland, 'The Women's Peace Army', in Women, Class and History: Feminist Perspectives on Australia, 1788-1978, ed. E. Windschuttle (Sydney: Fontanal Collins, 1980), 216-34
22. Judith Smart, 'Feminists, Food and the Fair Price: The Cost of Living Demonstrations in Melbourne, August-September 1917', Labour History 50 (1986): 113-29
23. Judith Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition: The Reaction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria to the Great War", in Women, Faith and Fetes, ed. Sabine Willis (Melbourne: Dove Communication, 1977), 162-92
24. Judith Smart, 'Eva Hughes', in Double Time: Women in Victoria-150 Years, eds Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly (Melbourne: Penguin, 1985), 183
25. See Joy Damousi, Women Come Rally: Socialism, Communism and Gender in Australia, 1890-1955 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1994), 35
26. Damousi, 'Socialist Women', 261 ff
27. Darryn Kruse and Charles Sowerwine, 'Feminism and Pacifism: "Women's Sphere" in Peace and War', in Australian Women: New Feminist Perspectives, eds. Norma Grieve and Alisa Burns (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1986), 42 ff
28. See Katie Holmes, 'Day Mothers and Night Sisters: World War I Nurses and Sexuality', in Damousi and Lake, 43-59
29. Arthur Marwick, The Deluge: British Society and the First World War (London: Macmillan, 1965)
30. Penny Summerfield, 'Gender and War in the Twentieth Century', International History Review 19, no. 1 (1997): 4
31. See, for example, Robert; Joyce Berkman, 'Feminism, War and Peace Politics: The Case of World War 1', in Elshtain and Tobias, Women, Militarism and War, 149-51
32. Janette M. Bomford, That Dangerous and Persuasive Woman: Vida Goldstein (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993)
33. Vema Coleman, Adela Pankhurst: The Wayward Suffragette 1885-1961 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1996)
34. Joy Damousi, 'The Enthusiasms of Adela Pankhurst Walsh', Australian Historical Studies 25, no. 100 (1993): 422-36
35. Raymond Evans, ' "All the Passion of our Womanhood": Margaret Thorp and the Battle of the Brisbane School of Arts', in Damousi and Lake, 239-53
36. Jan Bassett, Guns and Brooches (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1992)
37. See, for example McKernan; Weston Bate, Life after Gold: Twentieth-Century Ballarat (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993), chap. 3
38. Melanie Oppenheimer is working on Lady Helen's role, which she considers briefly in Red Cross VAs: A History of the VAD Movement in New South Wales (Riverwood, NSW: Ohio Productions, 1999), passim. However, there is, as yet, no serious study of the Red Cross during the first world war, the only account being a chapter in a narrative history written by a former Secretary-General Leon Stubbings, 'Look What You Started, Henry!' A History of the Australian Red Cross, 1914-1991 (Melbourne: Australian Red Cross, 1992). There is a short history of the National Council of Women, again by one of its senior office-holders, Ada Norris, Champions of the Impossible: A History of the National Council of Women of Victoria, 1902-1977 (Melbourne: Hawthorn Press, 1978)
39. Smart, 'Feminists'; Smart, 'The Panacea of Prohibition'; Smart, 'Eva Hughes'; Judith Smart, ' "For the Good that We Can Do": Cecilia Downing and Feminist Christian Citizenship', Australian Feminist Studies (1994): 39-60
40. Melanie Oppenheimer, 'Volunteers in Action: Voluntary Work in Australia, 1939-1945' (PhD thesis, Macquarie University, 1997); this thesis' devotes a chapter to the study of women's voluntary work in the first world war
41. See Marilyn Lake, The Independence of Women and the Brotherhood of Man: Debates in the Labour Movement Over Equal Pay and Motherhood Endowment in the 1920s', Labour History 63 (1992): 1-24
42. David Walker, 'War, Women and the Bush: The Novels of Mary Grant Bruce and Ethel Turner', Historical Studies 18, no. 71 (1978): 306
43. Ken Inglis, 'Men, Women and War Memorials, Daedalus 116 (1987): 35
44. Samuel H. Bowden, ed., The History of the Australian Comforts Fund (n.p.:1922)
45. Damousi, 'Marching', 353
46. Richard Lindstrom, 'The Australian Experience of Psychological Casualties in War, 1915-1939' (PhD thesis, Victoria University of Technology, 1997), 148-50
47. See also Clem Lloyd and Jacqui Rees, The Last Shilling: A History of Repatriation in Australia (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1994), 26-9
48. See John F. Hutchinson, Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), especially 256 ff
49. Australian historians and political scientists have also tended, until recently, not to take conservative thought seriously. Much of the treatment of conservatism has been stereotypic, casting it as simply reactionary, anti-democratic or representing an obsequious, deferential posture towards the mother country and empire. Earlier exceptions to this were Cameron Hazlehurst, Australian Conservatism: Essays in Twentieth Century Political History (Canberra: ANU Press, 1979) and Robert Marine, ed., The New Conservatism in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1982). The Menzies period is also something of an exception. See Marion Simms, A Liberal Nation: The Liberal Party and Australian Politics (Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 1982) was followed in the 1990s by Allan Martin's two-volume Robert Menzies: A Life (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993)
50. Gerard Henderson's study of the Liberal Party, Menzies' Child: The Liberal Party of Australia, 1944-1994 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1994)
51. Evans,' "All the passion" ', 248
52. See Jenny Gould, 'Women's Military Services in First World War Britain', in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, eds 'Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 117
53. Kathleen Jones, 'Dividing the Ranks: Women and the Draft', in Elshtain and Tobias, Women, Militarism and War, 131
54. See Heather Gunn,' "For the Man on the Land": Issues of Gender and Identity in the Formation of the Victorian Farmers' Union Women's' Section, 1918-1922', Journal of Australian Studies, 42 (1994): 32-42. The Women's Section began in 1918
55. Smart, 'Cecilia Downing', 40
56. See Mary Wilkinson, 'Patriotism and Duty: The Women's War Work Collection at the Imperial War Museum', Imperial War Museum Review 6, 31-8