Statin therapy in cardiovascular diseases other than atherosclerosis

Current Atherosclerosis Reports

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 25-32

  Beaudry, Dominique ^b   Stone, Kenneth E ^b   Wetherold, Suzanne ^b   Hemphill, John ^b   McClish, John ^b   Chilton, Robert ^a  

^a SOUTH TEXAS VETERANS HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BILE ACID; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLESTEROL; CISPLATIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DOXORUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INTERFERON; LIPID; LOSARTAN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; AORTA VALVE STENOSIS; ARTERY DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; ENZYME INHIBITION; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; LIPID ANALYSIS; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; PLEIOTROPY; REVIEW; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; STOMACH CANCER; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS;

EID: 33846126566     PISSN: 15233804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02693937     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Korantzopoulos P, Kokkoris S: The antioxidant effects of statins may extend beyond atherosclerosis: potential benefits for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Atherosclerosis 2004, 175:1-187.
2. Carnes CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al.: Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001, 89:e32-e38.
3. Korantzopoulos P, Galaris D, Papaioannides D, Kokkoris S: C-reactive protein and oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 2003, 88:103-104.
4. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis T, Siogas K, Goudevenos J: Atrial fibrillation and electrical remodeling: the potential role of inflammtion and oxidative stress. Med Sci Monit 2003, 9:RA225-RA229.
5. Mihm MJ, Yu F, Carnes CA, et al.: Impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001, 104:174-180.
6. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis T, Siogas K, Goudevenos J: Atrial fibrillation and electrical remodeling: the potential role of inflammtion and oxidative stress. Med Sci Monit 2003, 9:RA225-RA229.
7. Dernellis J, Panaretou M: C-reactive protein and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol 2001, 56:375-380.
8. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K: The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model. Cardiovasc Res 2004, 62:105-111.
9. Siu CW, Lau CP, Tse HF, et al.: Prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence by statin therapy in patients with lone atrial fibrillation after successful cardioversion. Am J Cardiol 2003, 92:1343-1345.
10. Amar D, Zhang H, Heerdt PM, et al.: Statin use is associated with a reduction in atrial fibrillation after noncardiac thoracic surgery independent of C-reactive protein. Chest 2005, 128:3421-3427.
11. Marin F, Pascual DA, Roldan V, et al.: Statins and postoperative risk of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 2005, 97:55-60.
12. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, et al.: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Circulation 2001, 104:2996-3007.
13. Pederson TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O, et al.: Lipoprotein changes and the reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandanavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation 1998, 97:1453-1460.
14. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al.: Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. The effect of Pravastatin on coronary events in myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1001-1009.
15. Hayashidani S, Tsutsui H, Shiomi T, et al.: Fluvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002, 105:868-873.
16. Koh KK: Effects of statins on vascular wall: vasomotor function, inflammation, and plaque stability. Cardiovasc Res 2000, 47:648-657.
17. Treasure CB, Klein JL, Weintraub WS, et al.: Beneficial effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy on coronary endothelium in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:481-487.
18. Kapadia S, Dibbs Z, Kurrelmeyer K, et al.: The role of cytokines in the failing human heart. Cardiol Clin 1998, 16:645-656.
19. Blum A, Miller H: Pathophysiological role of cytokines in congestive heart failure. Annu Rev Med 2001, 52:15-27.
20. Lefer DJ: Statins as potent anti-inflammatory drugs. Circulation 2002, 106:2041-2042.
21. Rosenson RS, Tangney CC, Casey LC: Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production by pravastatin. Lancet 1999, 353:983-984.
22. Suzumura K, Yasuhara M, Tanaka K: An in vitro study of the hydroxyl radical scavenging property of fluvastatin, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Chem Pharm Bull 1999, 47:1010-1012.
23. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Bisgaier CL, Newton RS: Atorvastatin and gemfibrozil metabolites, but not the parent drugs, are potent antioxidants against lipoprotein oxidation. Atherosclerosis 1998, 138:271-280.
24. Chen MF, Hsu HC, Lee YT: Short-term treatment with low-dose pravastatin attenuates oxidative susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein in hypercholesterolemic patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997, 11:787-793.
25. Girona J, LaVille AE, Sola R, et al.: Simvastatindecreases aldehyde production derived from lipoprotein oxidation. Am J Cardiol 1999, 83:846-851.
26. Korantzopoulos P, Galaris D, Papaioannides D, Siogas K: The possible role of oxidative stress in heart failure and the potential of antioxidant intervention. Med Sci Monit 2003, 9:RA120-RA125.
27. Horwich TB, MacLellan R, Fonarow GC: Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 43:642-648.
28. Dhalla NS, Temsah RM, Netticadan T: Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J Hypertens 2000, 18:655-673.
29. Ball AM, Sole MJ: Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of heart failure. Cardiol Clin 1998, 16:665-675.
30. Singal PK, Khaper N, Farahmand F, Bello-Klein A: Oxidative stress in congestive heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rep 2000, 2:206-211.
31. Sawyer DB, Colucci WS: Mitochondrial oxidative stress in heart failure: 'oxygen wastage' revisited. Circ Res 2000, 86:119-120.
32. Ferrari R, Agnoletti L, Comoni L, et al.: Oxidative stress during myocardial ischemia and heart failure. Eur Heart J 1998, 19(Suppl B):2-11.
33. McMurray J, Chopra M, Abdullah I, et al.: Evidence of oxidative stress in chronic heart failure in humans. Eur Heart J 1993, 14:1493-1498.
34. Keith M, Geranmeyagan A, Sole MJ, et al.: Increased oxidative stress in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Card 1998, 31:1352-1356.
35. Yucel D, Aydogdu S, Senes M, et al.: Evidence of increased oxidative stress by simple measurements in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Scan J Clin Lab Invest 2002, 62:463-468.
36. Ide T, Tsutsui H, Kinugawa S, et al.: Mitochondrial electron transport complex I is a potential source of oxygen free radicals in the failing myocardium. Circ Res 1999, 85:357-363.
37. Rosenson RS: Statins in atherosclerosis: lipid-lowering agents with antioxidant capabilites. Atherosclerosis 2004, 173:1-12.
38. Fonarow GC, Horwich TB: Cholesterol and mortality in heart failure: the bad gone good? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 42:1941-1943.
39. Niebauer J, Volk HD, Kemp M, et al.: Endotoxin and immune activation in chronic heart failure: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 1999, 353:1838-1842.
40. Mozaffarian D, Nye R, Levy WC: Statin therapy is associated with lower mortality among patients with severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2004, 93:1124-1129.
41. Foody JM, Shah R, Galusha D, et al.: Statins and mortality among elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure. Circulation 2006, 113:1086-1092.
42. Hognestad A, Dickstein K, Myhre E, et al.: Effect of combined statin and beta-blocker treatment on one-year morbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction associated with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2004, 93:603-606.
43. Node K, Fujita M, Kitakaze M, et al.: Short-term statin therapy improves cardiac function and symptoms in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2003, 108:839.
44. Fukuta H, Sane DC, Brucks S, Little WC: Statin therapy may be associated with lower mortality in patients with diastolic heart failure: a preliminary report. Circulation 2005, 112:357-363.
45. Lindroos M, Kupari M, Heikkila J, Tilvis R: Prevalence of aortic valve abnormalities in the elderly: an echocardiographic study of a random population sample. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 21:1220-1225.
46. Otto CM, Kuusisto J, Reichenbach DD, et al.: Characterization of the early lesion of 'degenerative' valvular aortic stenosis: histological and immunohistochemical studies. Circulation 1994, 90:844-853.
47. Wu B, Elmariah S, Kaplan FS, et al.: Paradoxical effects of statins on aortic valve myofibroblasts and osteoblasts. Implications for end-stage valvular heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005, 25:592-597.
48. Osman L, Chester AH, Amrani M, et al.: A novel role of extracellular nucleotides in valve calcification a potential target for atorvastatin. Circulation 2006, 114(Suppl I): I-566-I-572.
49. Cowell SJ, Newby DE, Prescott RJ, et al.: a randomized trial of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in calcific aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:2389-2397.
50. Rosenhek R, Rader F, Loho N, et al.: Statins but not angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors delay progression of aortic stenosis. Circulation 2004, 110:1291-1295.
51. Fathi R, Haluska B, Short L, Marwick TH: Randomized trial of aggressive lipid reduction for improvement of myocardial ischemia, symptom status, and vascular function in patients with coronary artery disease not amenable to intervention. Am J Med 2003, 114:445-453.
52. Treasure CB, Klein JL, Weintraub WS, et al.: Benefical effects of cholesterol lowering therapy on the coronary endothelium in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:481-487.
53. Mostaza JM, Gomez MV, Gallardo F, et al.: Cholesterol reduction improves myocardial perfusion abnormalities in patients with coronary artery disease and average cholesterol levels. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 35:76-82.
54. Stoyloglou A, Jaff MR: Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease: a comprehensive review. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004, 15:197-1207.
55. Hiatt WR: Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1608-1621.
56. Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, et al.: Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA 2001, 286:1317-1324.
57. American Heart Association statistical fact sheet on peripheral arterial disease. Available at http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/ 1136822690283PAD06%20REVdoc.pdf. Accessed on July 15, 2006.
58. Hankey GJ, Norman PE, Eikelboom JW: Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA 2006, 295:547-553.
59. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al.: ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47:1239-1312.
60. Sanderson KJ, van Rij AM, Wade CR, Sutherland WH: Lipid peroxidation of circulating low density lipoproteins with age, smoking and in peripheral vascular disease. Atherosclerosis 1995, 118:45-51. Erratum in Atherosclerosis 1996, 121:295.
61. Horby J, Grande P, Vestergaard A, Grauholt AM: High density lipoprotein cholesterol and arteriography in intermittent claudication. Eur J Vasc Surg 1989, 3:333-337.
62. Bradby GV, Valente AJ, Walton KW: Serum high-density lipoproteins in peripheral vascular disease. Lancet 1978, 16:1271-1274.
63. Pomrehn P, Duncan B, Weissfeld L, et al.: The association of dyslipoproteinemia with symptoms and signs of peripheral arterial disease. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1986, 73(Suppl):I100-I107.
64. Meijer WT, Hoes AW, Rutgers D, et al.: Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998, 18:185-192.
65. Sanderson KJ, van Rij AM, Wade CR, Sutherland WH: Lipid peroxidation of circulating low density lipoproteins with age, smoking and in peripheral vascular disease. Atherosclerosis 1995, 118:45-51. Erratum in Atherosclerosis 1996, 121:295.
66. Horby J, Grande P, Vestergaard A, Grauholt AM: High density lipoprotein cholesterol and arteriography in intermittent claudication. Eur J Vasc Surg 1989, 3:333-337.
67. Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF: Intermittent claudication. A risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1997, 96:44-49.
68. Miller EG, Stagnitti MN: Statin use in the civilian noninstitutionalized Medicare population in 2002. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2005. Statistical Brief #96. http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/ Accessed November 16, 2006.
69. Plenge JK, Hernandez TL, Weil KM, et al.: Simvastatin lowers C-reactive protein within 14 days: an effect independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction. Circulation 2002, 106:1447-1452.
70. Koh KK, Son JW, Ahn JY, et al.: Comparative effects of diet and statin on NO bioactivity and matrix metalloproteinases in hypercholesterolemic patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vascular Biol 2002, 22:e19-23.
71. Bickel C, Ruprecht HJ, Blankenberg S, et al.: Relation of markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and leukocyte count) and statin therapy to long term mortality in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2002, 89:901-908.
72. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a radomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360:7-22.
73. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group: Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994, 344:1383-1389.
74. Nolting PR, de Groot E, Zwinderman AH, et al.: Regression of carotid and femoral artery intima-media thickness in familial hypercholesterolemia: treatment with simvatatin. Arcb Intern Med 2003, 163:1837-1841.
75. McDermott MM, Guralnik JM, Greenland P, et al.: Statin use and leg functioning in patients with and without lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003, 107:757-761.
76. Aronow WS, Nayak D, Woodworth S, Ahn C: Effect of simvastatin versus placebo on treadmill exercise time until the onset of intermittent claudication in older patietns with peripheral arterial disease at six months and at ne year after treatment. Am J Cardiol 2003, 92:711-712.
77. Mohler E, Hiatt W, Creager M: Cholesterol reduction with atorvastatin improves walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003, 1088:1481-1486.
78. Mondillo S, Ballo P, Barbati R, et al.: Effects of simvastatin on walking performance and symptoms of intermittent claudication in hypercholesterolemic patients with peripheral vascular disease. Am J Med 2003, 114:359-364.
79. Giri J, McDermott MM, Greenland P, et al.: Statin use and functional decline in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47:998-1004.
80. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Circulation 2002, 106:3143-3421.
81. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al.: For the Pravastatin or atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy - Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators. Intesive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:1485-1504.
82. Berstein LM: Clinical usage of hypolipidemic and antidiabetic drugs in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Cancer Lett 2005, 224:203-212.
83. Chan KK, Osa AM, Siu LL: The statins as anticancer agents. Clin Cancer Res 2003, 9:10-19.
84. Denoyelle C, Albanese P, Uzan G, et al.: Molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer activity of cerivastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, on aggressive human breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2003, 15:327-338.
85. Blais L, Desgagne A, LeLorier J: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylgluaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors and the risk of cancer. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160:2363-2368.
86. Graaf MR, Beiderbeck AB, Egberts AC, et al.: The risk of cancer in users of statins. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22:2388-2394.
87. Boudreau DM, Gardner JS, Malone KE, et al.: The association between 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitor use and breast carcinoma risk among post-menopausal women: a case-control study. Cancer 2004, 100:2308-2316.
88. Poynter JN, Gruber SB, Higgins PD, et al.: Statins and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:2184-192.
89. Bonovas S, Filioussi, Tsavaris N, Sitaras NM: use of statins and breast cancer: a meta-analysis of seven randomized clinical trials and nine observational studies. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:8606-8612.
90. Bjerre LM, LeLorier J: Do statins cause cancer? A metaanalysis of large randomized cliical trials. Am J Med 2001, 110:716-723.
91. Hebert PR, Gaziano JM, Chan KS, et al.: Cholesterol lowering with statin drugs, risk of stroke and total mortality: an overview of randomized trials. JAMA 1997, 278:313-321.
92. Dale KM, Coleman CI, Henyan NN, et al.: Statins and cancer risk a meta-analysis. JAMA 2006, 295:74-80.
93. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, et al.: Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360:1623-1630.
94. Werner M, Sacher J, Hohenegger M: Mutual amplification of apoptosis by statin-induced mitochondrial stress and doxorubicin toxicity in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Br J Pharm 2004, 143:715-724.
95. Dimitroulakos J, Ye LY, Benzaquen M, et al.: Differential sensitivity of various pediatric cancers and squamous cell carcinomas to lovastatin-induced apoptosis, therapeutic implications. Clin Cancer Res 2001, 7:158-167.
96. Hawk MA, Cesen KT, Siglin JC, et al.: Inhibition of lung tumor cell growth in vitro and mouse lung tumor formation by lovastatin. Cancer Lett 1996, 109:217-222.
97. Kikuchi T, Nagata Y, Abe T: In vitro and in vivo antiproliferative effects of simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on human glioma cells. J Neuro-oncol 1997, 4:233-239.
98. Clutterbuck RD, Millar BC, Powles RL: Inhibitory effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of human myeloid leukemia cells in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Br J Haematol 1998, 102:522-527.
99. Van de Donk N, Bloem AC, Spek E, Lokhorst HM: New treatment strategies for multiple myeloma by targeting bcl-2 and the mevalonate pathway. Cur Pharm Des 2006, 12:327-340.
100. Shellman YG, Ribble D, Miller L, et al.: Lovastatin-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res 2005, 15:83-89.
101. Zhong WB, Liang YC, Wang CY, et al.: Lovastatin suppresses invasiveness of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells by inhibiting Rho geranylgeranylation and RhoA/ROCK signaling. Endocrinol Rel Cancer 2005, 12:615-629.
102. Sumi S, Beauchamp RD, Townsend CM JR, et al.: Inhibition of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell growth by lovastatin. Gastroenterology 1992, 103:982-989.
103. Alonso DF, Farina HG, Skilton G, et al.: Reduction of mouse mammary tumor formation and metastasis by lovastatin, an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol synthesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998, 50:83-93.
104. Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Baba M, et al.: rasp21 Isoprenylation inhibition induces flat colon tumors in Wister rats. Dis Colon Rectum 2000, 13:70-75.
105. Kim WS, Kim MM, Choi HJ, et al.: Phase II study of high-dose lovastatin in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2001, 19:81-83.
106. Knox JJ, Siu LL, Chen E, et al.: A phase I trial of prolonged administration of lovastatin in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck or of the cervix. Eur J Cancer 2005, 41:516-522.
107. Agarwal B, Bhendwal S, Halmos B, et al.: Lovastatin augments apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents in colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 1999, 5:2223-2229.
108. Wang W, Collie-Duguid E, Cassidy J: Cerivastatin enhances the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil on chemosensitive and resistant colorectal cancer cell lines. FEBS Lett 2002, 531:415-420.
109. Prasanna P, Thibault A, Liu L, Samid D: Lipid Metabolism as a target for brain cancer therapy: synergistic activity of lovastatin and sodium phenylacetate against human glioma cells. J Neurochem 1996, 66:710-716.
110. Muller-Tidow C, Kiehl M, Sindermann JR: Synergistic growth inhibitory effects of interferon-alpha and lovastatin on bcr-abl positive leukemic cells. Int J Oncol 2003, 23:151-158.
111. Kawata S, Yamasaki E, Nagase T, et al.: Effect of pravastatin on survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. A randomized controlled trial. Br J Cancer 2001, 84:886-891.