Reducing cardiovascular risk by targeting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Current Atherosclerosis Reports

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 81-88

  Toth, Peter P ^a  

^a Sterling Rock Falls Clinic ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 METHYLPROPANETHIOIC ACID S [2 [1 (2 ETHYLBUTYL)CYCLOHEXYLCARBOXAMIDO]PHENYL] ESTER; ABC TRANSPORTER A1; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; APOLIPOPROTEIN A1 AGONIST; ATORVASTATIN; BEZAFIBRATE; CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN INHIBITOR; COLESTIPOL; D 4F; ETC 216; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GEMFIBROZIL; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIVER X RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR AGONIST; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; RECOMBINANT HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; RIMONABANT; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR BI; TORCETRAPIB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ATHEROGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INCIDENCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE; META ANALYSIS; MONOTHERAPY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROTECTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; STROKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; RISK;

EID: 33846125931     PISSN: 15233804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02693933     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. American Heart Association: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: 2005 Update. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 2005.
2. Petersen S, Peto V, Rayner M, et al.: European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics. 2005 edition. European Heart Network and British Heart Foundation.
3. LaRosa JC, Hunninghake D, Bush D, et al.: The cholesterol facts. A summary of the evidence relating dietary fats, serum cholesterol, and coronary heart disease. A joint statement by the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The Task Force on Cholesterol Issues, American Heart Association. Circulation 1990, 81:1721-1733.
4. De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, et al.: European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: third joint task force of European and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of eight societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2003, 10(Suppl 1):S1-S78.
5. Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults: Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). NIH Publication No. 02-5215, 2001.
6. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group: Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994, 344:1383-1389.
7. Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group: Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1349-1357.
8. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al.: Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:1301-1307.
9. Sacks FM., Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al.: The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1001-1009.
10. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al.: Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 1998, 279:1615-1622.
11. Toth PP: High-density lipoprotcin and cardiovascular risk. Circulation 2004, 109:1809-1812.
12. Alsheikh-Ali AA, Kuvin JT, Karas RH: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the cardiovascular equation: does the "good" still count? Atherosclerosis 2005, 180:217-223.
13. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, et al.: High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med 1977, 62:707-714.
14. Castelli WP, Garrison RJ, Wilson PW, et al.: Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study. JAMA 1986, 256:2835-2838.
15. Sharrett AR, Ballantyne CM, Coady SA, et al.: Coronary heart disease prediction from lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, and HDL density subfractions: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation 2001, 104:1108-1113.
16. Assmann G, Schulte H: Relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides to incidence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (the PROCAM experience). Prospective Cardiovascular Munster study. Am J Cardiol 1992, 70:733-737.
17. Assmann G, Schulte H, von Eckardstein A, Huang Y. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk. The PROCAM experience and pathophysiological implications for reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis 1996, 124(Suppl):S11-S20.
18. Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, et al.: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989, 79:8-15.
19. Badimon JJ, Badimon L, Fuster V: Regression of atherosclerotic lesions by high density lipoprotein plasma fraction in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. J Clin Invest 1990, 85:1234-1241.
20. Rubin EM., Krauss RM, Spangler EA, et al.: Inhibition of early atherogenesis in transgenic mice by human apolipoprotein AI. Nature 1991, 353:265-267.
21. Plump AS, Scott CJ, Breslow JL: Human apolipoprotein A-I gene expression increases high density lipoprotein and suppresses atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994, 91:9607-9611.
22. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al.: Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prcvention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1987, 317:1237-1245.
23. Stulc T, and Ceska R: Cholesterol lowering and the vessel wall: new insights and future perspectives. Physiol Res 2001, 50:461-471.
24. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al.: Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:410-418.
25. Frick MH, Manninen V, Huttunen JK, et al.: HDL-cholesterol as a risk factor in coronary heart disease. An update of the Helsinki Heart Study. Drugs 1990, 40(Suppl 1):7-12.
26. Manninen V, Elo MO, Frick MH, et al.: Lipid alterations and decline in the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. JAMA 1988, 260:641-651.
27. Robins SJ, Collins D, Wittes JT, et al.: Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001, 285:1585-1591.
28. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation 2000, 102:21-27.
29. Boden WE: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as an independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease: assessing the data from Framingham to the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Am J Cardiol 2000, 86:19L-22L.
30. Birjmohun RS, Hutten BA, Kastelein JJ, Stroes ES: Efficacy and safety of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-increasing compounds: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005, 45:185-197.
31. Garg R, Elam MB, Crouse JR III, et al.: Effective and safe modification of multiple atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Am Heart J 2000, 140:792-803.
32. Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA 1975, 231:360-381.
33. Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, et al.: Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986, 8:1245-1255.
34. Sacks FM: Clinical usefulness of HDL cholesterol as a target to lower risk of coronary heart disease - summary of evidence and recommendations of an expert group. Br J Cardiol 2003, 10:297-304.
35. Chapman MJ, Assmann G, Fruchart JC, et al.: Raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with reduction of cardiovascular risk: the role of nicotinic acid - a position paper developed by the European Consensus Panel on HDL-C. Curr Med Res Opin 2004, 20:1253-1268.
36. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, et al.: Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med 1990, 323:1289-1298.
37. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360:7-22.
38. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al.: Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial - Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 361:1149-1158.
39. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al.: Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:1495-1504.
40. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al.: Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004, 364:685-696.
41. Koren MJ, Hunninghake DB: Clinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics: the alliance study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 44:1772-1779.
42. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al.: Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:1495-1504.
43. Chong PH, Kezele R, Franklin C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the role of statins. Circ J 2002, 66:1037-1044.
44. Colquhoun D, Keech A, Hunt D, et al.: Effects of pravastatin on coronary events in 2073 patients with low levels of both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: results from the LIPID study. Eur Heart J 2004, 25:771-777.
45. Ballantyne CM, Herd JA, Ferlic LL, et al.: Influence of low HDL on progression of coronary artery disease and response to fluvastatin therapy. Circulation 1999, 99:736-743.
46. Toth PP: High-density lipoprotein: epidemiology, metabolism, and antiatherogenic effects. Dis Mon 2001, 47:369-416.
47. Brewer HB Jr, Remaley AT, Neufeld EB, et al.: Regulation of plasma high-density lipoprotein levels by the ABCA1 transporter and the emerging role of high-density lipoprotein in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004, 24:1755-1760.
48. Yancey PG, Bortnick AE, Kellner-Weibel G, et al.: Importance of different pathways of cellular cholesterol efflux. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:712-719.
49. Wang N, Lan D, Chen W, et al.: ATP-binding cassette transporters G1 and G4 mediate cellular cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:9774-9779.
50. Schwartz CC, VandenBroek JM, Cooper PS: Lipoprotein cholesteryl ester production, transfer, and output in vivo in humans. J Lipid Res 2004, 45:1594-1607.
51. Rader DJ: Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity: a new therapeutic approach to raising high-density lipoprotein. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004, 6:398-405.
52. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final Report. Circulation 2002, 106:3143-3421.
53. American Diabetes Association: Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:S83-S86.
54. Mosca L, Appel LJ, Benjamin EJ, et al.: Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation 2004, 109:672-693.
55. Dattilo AM, Kris-Etherton PM: Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1992, 56:320-328.
56. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al.: Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69:632-646.
57. Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, et al.: Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation 2003, 107:3109-3116.
58. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV: Aerobic exercise, lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005, 29:881-893.
59. Maeda K, Noguchi Y, Fukui T: The effects of cessation from cigarette smoking on the lipid and lipoprotein profiles: a meta-analysis. Prev Med 2003, 37:283-290.
60. Cottrell DA, Marshall BJ, Falko JM: Therapeutic approaches to dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol 2003, 18:301-308.
61. Grundy SM, Vega GL, McGovern ME, et al.: Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily niacin for the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes: results of the assessment of diabetes control and evaluation of the efficacy of niaspan trial. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:1568-1576.
62. American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005, 28(Suppl 1):S4-S36.
63. Raskin P, Rendell M, Riddle MC, et al.: A randomized trial of rosiglitazone therapy in patients with inadequately controlled insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:1226-1232.
64. Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Matsuda M, et al.: Improved glycemic control and enhanced insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic subjects treated with pioglitazone. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:710-719.
65. Martens FM, Visseren FL, Lemay J, et al.: Metabolic and additional vascular effects of thiazolidinediones. Drugs 2002, 62:1463-1480.
66. Erdmann E: The Effect of Pioglitazone on Recurrent Myocardial Infarction in 2445 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Preexisting Myocardial Infarction - Data from the PROactive Study. Paper presented at the Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, November 13-16, 2005, Dallas, Texas.
67. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Holman R, et al.: Rationale, design and recruitment characteristics of a large, simple international trial of diabetes prevention: the DREAM trial. Diabetologia 2004, 47:1519-1527.
68. Toth PP: High-density lipoprotein as a therapeutic target: clinical evidence and treatment strategies. Am J Cardiol 2005, 96(Suppl):50K-58K.
69. Tenenbaum A, Motto M, Fisman EZ: Dual and pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) co-agonism: the bezafibrate lessons. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2005, 4:14.
70. Joseph SB, McKilligin E, Pei L, et al.: Synthetic LXR ligand inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99:7604-7609.
71. Tangirala RK, Bischoff ED, Joseph SB, et al.: Identification of macrophage liver X receptors as inhibitors of atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99:11896-11901.
72. Sirtori CR, Calabresi L, Franceschini G, et al.: Cardiovascular status of carriers of the apolipoprotein A-IMilano mutant: the Limone sul Garda study. Circulation 2001, 103:1949-1954.
73. Calabresi L, Vecchio G, Longhi R, et al.: Molecular characterization of native and recombinant apolipoprotein A-IMilano dimer. The introduction of an interchain disulfide bridge remarkably alters the physicochemical properties of apolipoprotein A-I. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:32168-32174.
74. Franceschini G, Calabresi L, Chiesa G, et al.: Increased cholesterol efflux potential of sera from ApoA-IMilano carriers and transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999, 19:1257-1262.
75. Thompson M M, Reed SC, Cockerill GW: Therapeutic approaches to raising plasma HDL-cholesterol levels. Nature Clin Pract 2004, 1:84-89.
76. Toth PP, Davidson MH: Therapeutic interventions targeted at the augmentation of reverse cholesterol transport. Curr Opin Cardiol 2004, 19:374-379.
77. Nissen SE, Tsunoda T, Tuzcu EM, et al.: Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003, 290:2292-2300.
78. Navab M, Anantharamaiah GM, Reddy ST, et al.: Oral D-4F causes formation of pre-beta high-density lipoprotein and improves high-density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Circulation 2004, 109:3215-3220.
79. Despres JP, Golay A, Sjostrom L: Effects of rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:2121-2134.
80. Barter PJ, Brewer HB Jr, Chapman MJ, et al.: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: a novel target for raising HDL and inhibiting atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:160-167.
81. Okamoto H, Yonemori F, Wakitani K, et al.: A cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor attenuates atherosclerosis in rabbits. Nature 2000, 406:203-207.
82. Huang Z, Inazu A, Nohara A, et al.: Cholestefyl ester transfer protein inhibitor (JTT-705) and the development of atherosclerosis in rabbits with severe hypercholesterolaemia. Clin Sci (Lond) 2002, 103:587-594.
83. de Grooth GJ, Kuivenhoven JA, Stalenhoef AF, et al.: Efficacy and safety of a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, JTT-705, in humans: a randomized phase II dose-response study. Circulation 2002, 105:2159-2165.
84. Kuivenhoven JA, de Grooth GJ, Kawamura H, et al.: Effectiveness of inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein by JJT-705 in combination with pravastatin in type II dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol 2005, 95:1085-1088.
85. Morehouse LA, Sugarman ED, Bourassa PA, Milici AJ: HDL elevation by the CETP-inhibitor torcetrapib prevents aortic atherosclerosis in rabbits [abstract 1168]. Presented at the Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, November 7-10, 2004, New Orleans, Louisiana.
86. Davidson M, McKenney J, Revkin J, Shear C: Efficacy and safety of a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor torcetrapib when administered with and without atorvastatin to subjects with a low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [Presentation 802-3]. Presented at the Annual Scientific Sessions of the American College of Cardiology, March 6-9, 2005, Orlando, Florida. Presentation 802-3
87. Thuren T, Longcore A, Powell C, et al.: Torcetrapib combined with atorvastatin raises HDL-C, lowers LDL-C, and is well tolerated: results from a phase 2 dose-ranging clinical trial. Presented at the Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association. November 13-16, 2005, Dallas, Texas.