Anaesthetic management of adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome;Prise en charge anesthésique d'un adulte atteint d'un syndrome d'apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS)

Annales Francaises d'Anesthesie et de Reanimation

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 39-52

  Siyam, M ^a   Benhamou, D ^b  

^a hôpital d'Arpajon   (France)

^b BICÊTRE HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Difficult intubation; Obesity; Postoperative monitoring; Sleep apnoea syndrome; Snoring

Indexed keywords

ALFENTANIL; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTACID AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLONIDINE; DESFLURANE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; ENFLURANE; FLUOXETINE; HALOTHANE; HYPNOTIC AGENT; ISOFLURANE; OPIATE; PROPOFOL; REMIFENTANIL; SEDATIVE AGENT; SEVOFLURANE; SUFENTANIL; THEOPHYLLINE; THIOPENTAL; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ANESTHESIA; ANESTHESIA INDUCTION; DRUG MECHANISM; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HUMAN; INTUBATION; PHARYNX COLLAPSE; PHARYNX DISEASE; POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; SHORT SURVEY; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION; METHODOLOGY; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; REVIEW;

ANESTHESIA, GENERAL; HUMANS; INTUBATION, INTRATRACHEAL; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE;

EID: 33846119133     PISSN: 07507658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2006.06.022     Document Type: Short Survey

References (132)

1. Gastaut H., Tassinari C.A., and Duron B. Étude polygraphique des manifestations épisodiques (hypniques et respiratoires), diurnes et nocturnes, du syndrome de Pickwick. Rev. Neurol. 112 (1965) 568-579
2. Hendolin H., Kansenen M., Koski E., and Nuutinen J. Propofol-nitrous oxide versus thiopentone-isoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in patients with sleep apnea. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 38 (1994) 694-698
3. Ostermeier A.M., Roizen M.F., Hautkappe M., Klock P.A., and Klafta J.M. Three sudden postoperative respiratory arrests associated with epidural opioids in patients with sleep apnea. Anesth. Analg. 85 (1997) 452-460
4. Den Herder C., Schmeck J., Appelboom D.J., and de Vries N. Risks of general anaesthesia in people with obstructive sleep apnoea. BMJ 329 (2004) 955-959
5. Johnson J.T., and Braun T.W. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 31 (1998) 1025-1030
6. Van Dercar D.H., Martinez A.P., and De Lisser E.A. Sleep apnea syndromes: a potential contraindication for patient-controlled analgesia. Anesthesiology 74 (1991) 623-624
7. Yoshioka T., Kochi A., Nakahara R., Takahashi K., and Kochi T. Combined propofol and thoracic epidural anesthesia for pulmonary resection in a morbidly obese patient with sleep apnea syndrome. J. Anesth. 15 (2001) 63-65
8. Warwick J.P., and Mason D.G. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in children. Anaesthesia 53 (1998) 571-579
9. Lanfranchi P.A., Somers V.K., Braghiroli A., Corra U., Eleuteri E., and Giannuzzi P. Central sleep apnea in left ventricular dysfunction: prevalence and implications for arrhythmic risk. Circulation 107 (2003) 727-732
10. Bradley T.D., Logan A.G., Kimoff R.J., Series F., Morrison D., Ferguson K., et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (2005) 2025-2033
11. American Academy of sleep medicine. International classification of sleep disorders, revised: diagnostic and coding manual (2001), American Academy of sleep medicine, Chicago, Illinois
12. Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. The report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force. Sleep 22 (1999) 667-689
13. Young T., Palta M., Dempsey J., Skatrud J., Weber S., and Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 29 (1993) 1230-1235
14. Teculescu D., Mayeux L., Montaut-Verient B., and Michaely J.P. Étude épidémiologique des troubles respiratoires du sommeil dans une population masculine lorraine : résultats préliminaires. Santé Publique (Bucur) 10 (1998) 177-190
15. Borys J. Un tiers des Français sont trop gros, un sur dix est obèse. Le Quotidien du Médecin (2003)
16. Young T., Evans L., Finn L., and Palta M. Estimation of the clinically diagnosed proportion of sleep apnea syndrome in middle-aged men and women. Sleep 20 (1997) 705-706
17. Kapsimalis F., and Kryger M.H. Gender and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, part 2: mechanisms. Sleep 25 (2002) 499-506
18. Hanning C.D. Obstructive sleep apnoea. Br. J. Anaesth. 63 (1989) 477-488
19. Chung F., and Imarengiaye C. Management of sleep apnea in adults. Can. J. Anesth. 49 (2002) R1-R6
20. Hoffstein V., and Zamel N. Sleep apnoea and the upper airway. Br. J. Anaesth. 65 (1990) 139-150
21. Yu X., Fujimoto K., Urushibata K., Matsuzawa Y., and Kubo K. Cephalometric analysis in obese and nonobese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 124 (2003) 212-218
22. Malhotra A., and White D.P. Obstructive sleep apnoea. Lancet 360 (2002) 237-245
23. Series F., Cormier Y., Lampron N., and La Forge J. Increasing the functional residual capacity may reverse obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 11 (1988) 349-353
24. Mezzanotte W.S., Tangel D.J., and White D.P. Waking genioglossal electromyogram in sleep apnea patients versus normal controls (a neuromuscular compensatory mechanism). J. Clin. Invest. 89 (1992) 1571-1579
25. Mezzanotte W.S., Tangel D.J., and White D.P. Influence of sleep onset on upper-airway muscle activity in apnea patients versus normal controls. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153 (1996) 1880-1887
26. Redline S., Strauss M.E., Adams N., Winters M., Roebuck T., Spry K., et al. Neuropsychological function in mild sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep 20 (1997) 160-167
27. Bedard M.A., Montplaisir J., Richer F., Rouleau I., and Malo J. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: pathogenesis of neuropsychological deficits. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 13 (1991) 950-964
28. Naegele B., Thouvard V., Pepin J.L., Levy P., Bonnet C., Perret J.E., et al. Deficits of cognitive executive functions in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 18 (1995) 43-52
29. Teran-Santos J., Jimenez-Gomez A., and Cordero-Guevara J. The association between sleep apnea and the risk of traffic accidents. Cooperative Group Burgos-Santander. N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (1999) 847-851
30. Lindberg E., Carter N., Gislason T., and Janson C. Role of snoring and daytime sleepiness in occupational accidents. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164 (2001) 2031-2035
31. Flemons W.W., Remmers J.E., and Gillis A.M. Sleep apnea and cardiac arrhythmias. Is there a relationship?. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148 (1993) 618-621
32. Peppard P.E., Young T., Palta M., and Skatrud J. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 342 (2000) 1378-1384
33. Shahar E., Whitney C.W., Redline S., Lee E.T., Newman A.B., Javier Nieto F., et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 163 (2001) 19-25
34. Hung J., Whitford E.G., Parsons R.W., and Hillman D.R. Association of sleep apnoea with myocardial infarction in men. Lancet 336 (1990) 261-264
35. Logan A.G., Perlikowski S.M., Mente A., Tisler A., Tkacova R., Niroumand M., et al. High prevalence of unrecognized sleep apnoea in drug-resistant hypertension. J. Hypertens. 19 (2001) 2271-2277
36. Cahan C., Decker M.J., Arnold J.L., Goldwasser E., and Strohl K.P. Erythropoietin levels with treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. J. Appl. Physiol. 79 (1995) 1278-1285
37. Margel D., Cohen M., Livne P.M., and Pillar G. Severe, but not mild, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with erectile dysfunction. Urology 63 (2004) 545-549
38. Loh N.K., Dinner D.S., Foldvary N., Skobieranda F., and Yew W.W. Do patients with obstructive sleep apnea wake up with headaches?. Arch. Intern. Med. 159 (1999) 1765-1768
39. Bixler E.O., Vgontzas A.N., Ten Have T., Tyson K., and Kales A. Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157 (1998) 144-148
40. Peppard P.E., Young T., Palta M., Dempsey J., and Skatrud J. Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing. JAMA 284 (2000) 3015-3021
41. Dancey D.R., Hanly P.J., Soong C., Lee B., and Hoffstein V. Impact of menopause on the prevalence and severity of sleep apnea. Chest 120 (2001) 151-155
42. Young T., Finn L., Austin D., and Peterson A. Menopausal status and sleep-disordered breathing in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167 (2003) 1181-1185
43. Redline S., Tishler P.V., Hans M.G., Tosteson T.D., Strohl K.P., and Spry K. Racial differences in sleep-disordered breathing in African-Americans and Caucasians. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155 (1997) 186-192
44. Stradling J.R., and Crosby J.H. Predictors and prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring in 1001 middle aged men. Thorax 46 (1991) 85-90
45. Wetter D.W., Young T.B., Bidwell T.R., Badr M.S., and Palta M. Smoking as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. Arch. Intern. Med. 154 (1994) 2219-2224
46. Flemons W.W., Whitelaw W.A., Brant R., and Remmers J.E. Likelihood ratios for a sleep apnea clinical prediction rule. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150 (1994) 1279-1285
47. Liistro G., Rombaux P., Belge C., Dury M., Aubert G., and Rodenstein D.O. High Mallampati score and nasal obstruction are associated risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur. Respir. J. 21 (2003) 248-252
48. Gislason T., Janson C., Vermeire P., Plaschke P., Bjornsson E., Gislason D., et al. Respiratory symptoms and nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study of young adults in three European countries. Chest 121 (2002) 158-163
49. Punjabi N.M., Sorkin J.D., Katzel L.I., Goldberg A.P., Schwartz A.R., and Smith P.L. Sleep-disordered breathing and insulin resistance in middle-aged and overweight men. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165 (2002) 677-682
50. Skjodt N.M., Atkar R., and Easton P.A. Screening for hypothyroidism in sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160 (1999) 732-735
51. Flemons W.W. Clinical practice. Obstructive sleep apnea. N. Engl. J. Med. 15 347 (2002) 498-504
52. Silverberg D., Oskenberg A., and Iaina A. Sleep apnoea and hypertension. Active approach to detection of obstructive sleep apnoea is imperative. BMJ 321 (2000) 238
53. Johns M.W. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep 14 (1991) 540-545
54. Friedman M., Tanyeri H., La Rosa M., Landsberg R., Vaidyanathan K., Pieri S., et al. Clinical predictors of obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope 109 (1999) 1901-1907
55. Dworschak M., Maurer J.T., Haschemian T., Rapp H.J., and Waschke K.F. The use of spectral measures of heart rate variability to differentiate between male snorers and patients with sleep apnoea syndrome. Anaesthesia 56 (2001) 424-428
56. Argod J., Pepin J.L., and Levy P. Differentiating obstructive and central sleep respiratory events through pulse transit time. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 158 (1998) 1778-1783
57. Strollo Jr. P.J., and Rogers R.M. Obstructive sleep apnea. N. Engl. J. Med. 334 (1996) 99-104
58. Penzel T., Moller M., Becker H.F., Knaack L., and Peter J.H. Effect of sleep position and sleep stage on the collapsibility of the upper airways in patients with sleep apnea. Sleep 24 (2001) 90-95
59. Sullivan C.E., Issa F.G., Berthon-Jones M., and Eves L. Reversal of obstructive sleep apnoea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares. Lancet 1 (1981) 862-865
60. Loube D.I. Technologic advances in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 116 (1999) 1426-1433
61. Boushra N.N. Anaesthetic management of patients with sleep apnoea syndrome. Can. J. Anaesth. 43 (1996) 599-616
62. Strollo Jr. P.J., Sanders M.H., and Atwood C.W. Positive pressure therapy. Clin. Chest Med. 19 (1998) 55-68
63. Gay P.C., Herold D.L., and Olson E.J. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing continuous positive airway pressure with a novel bilevel pressure system for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 26 (2003) 864-869
64. Ng A.T., Gotsopoulos H., Qian J., and Cistulli P.A. Effect of oral appliance therapy on upper airway collapsibility in obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168 (2003) 238-241
65. Phillips B.A., Schmitt F.A., Berry D.T., Lamb D.G., Amin M., and Cook Y.R. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. A preliminary report comparing nasal CPAP to nasal oxygen in patients with mild OSA. Chest 98 (1990) 325-330
66. Garrigue S., Bordier P., Jaïs P., Shah D.C., Hocini M., Raherison, et al. Benefit of atrial pacing in sleep apnea syndrome. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 404-412
67. Brownell L.G., West P., Sweatman P., Acres J.C., and Kryger M.H. Protriptyline in obstructive sleep apnea: a double-blind trial. N. Engl. J. Med. 307 (1982) 1037-1042
68. Lin C.C., Tsan K.W., and Chen P.J. The relationship between sleep apnea syndrome and hypothyroidism. Chest 102 (1992) 1663-1667
69. Hanly P.J., and Pierratos A. Improvement of sleep apnea in patients with chronic renal failure who undergo nocturnal hemodialysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (2001) 102-107
70. Auckley D.H., Schmidt-Nowara W., and Brown L.K. Reversal of sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in end-stage renal disease after kidney transplantation. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 34 (1999) 739-744
71. Thatcher G.W., and Maisel R.H. The long-term evaluation of tracheostomy in the management of severe obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope 113 (2003) 201-204
72. Prinsell J.R. Maxillomandibular advancement surgery in a site-specific treatment approach for obstructive sleep apnea in 50 consecutive patients. Chest 116 (1999) 1519-1529
73. Fischer Y., Khan M., and Mann W.J. Multilevel temperature-controlled radiofrequency therapy of soft palate, base of tongue, and tonsils in adults with obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope 113 (2003) 1786-1791
74. Nagler R.M., and Laufer D. Genioglossal advancement--a simple surgical procedure for sleep apnea. Case report and literature review. Eur. Surg. Res. 34 (2002) 373-377
75. Kern R.C., Kutler D.I., Reid K.J., Conley D.B., Herzon G.D., and Zee P. Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty and tonsillectomy for the management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope 113 (2003) 1175-1181
76. Gupta R.M., Parvizi J., Hanssen A.D., and Gay P.C. Postoperative complications in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome undergoing hip or knee replacement: a case-control study. Mayo Clin. Proc. 76 (2001) 897-905
77. Loadsman J.A., and Hillman D.R. Anaesthesia and sleep apnoea. Br. J. Anaesth. 86 (2001) 254-266
78. Benumof J.L. Obstructive sleep apnea in the adult obese patient: implications for airway management. Anesthesiol. Clin. North Am. 20 (2002) 789-811
79. Hiremath A.S., Hillman D.R., James A.L., Noffsinger W.J., Platt P.R., and Siger S.L. Relationship between difficult tracheal intubation and obstructive sleep apnoea. Br. J. Anaesth. 80 (1998) 606-611
80. Vidhani K., and Langham B.T. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: is this an overlooked cause of desaturation in the immediate postoperative period?. Br. J. Anaesth. 78 (1997) 442-443
81. Lamarche Y., Martin R., Reiher J., and Blaise G. The sleep apnoea syndrome and epidural morphine. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 33 (1986) 231-233
82. Benumof J.L. Obstructive sleep apnea in the adult obese patient: Implications for airway management. J. Clin. Anesth. 13 (2001) 144-156
83. Fogel R.B., Malhotra A., Shea S.A., Edwards J.K., and White D.P. Reduced genioglossal activity with upper airway anesthesia in awake patients with OSA. J. Appl. Physiol. 88 (2000) 1346-1354
84. Sivarajan M., and Fink B.R. The position and the state of the larynx during general anesthesia and muscle paralysis. Anesthesiology 72 (1990) 439-442
85. Connolly L.A. Anesthetic management of obstructive sleep apnea patients. J. Clin. Anesth. 3 (1991) 461-469
86. Pawlik M.T., Hansen E., Waldhauser D., Selig C., and Kuehnel T.S. Clonidine premedication in patients with sleep apnea syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth. Analg. 101 (2005) 1374-1380
87. Langeron O., Masso E., Huraux C., Guggiari M., Bianchi A., Coriat P., et al. Prediction of difficult mask ventilation. Anesthesiology 92 (2000) 1229-1236
88. Gentil B., De Larminat J.M., Boucherez C., and Lienhart A. Difficult intubation and sleep apnoea syndrome. Br. J. Anaesth. 72 (1994) 386
89. Siyam M., and Benhamou D. Difficult endotracheal intubation inpatients with sleep apnea syndrome. Anesth. Analg. 95 (2002) 1098-1102
90. Ezri T., Gewurtz G., Sessler D.I., Medalion B., Szmuk P., Hagberg C., et al. Prediction of difficult laryngoscopy in obese patients by ultrasound quantification of anterior neck soft tissue. Anaesthesia 58 (2003) 1111-1114
91. Biro P., Kaplan V., and Bloch K.E. Anesthetic management of a patient with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and difficult airway access. J. Clin. Anesth. 7 (1995) 417-421
92. Ezri T., Medalion B., Weisenberg M., Szmuk P., Warters R.D., and Charuzi I. Increased body mass index per se is not a predictor of difficult laryngoscopy. Can. J. Anesth. 50 (2003) 179-183
93. Esclamado R.M., Glenn M.G., McCulloch T.M., and Cummings C.W. Perioperative complications and risk factors in the surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope 99 (1989) 1125-1129
94. Brodsky J.B., Lemmens H.J., Brock-Utne J.G., Vierra M., and Saidman L.J. Morbid obesity and tracheal intubation. Anesth. Analg. 94 (2002) 732-736
95. Boisson-Bertrand D., Bourgain J.L., Camboulives J., Crinquette V., Cros A.M., Dubreuil M., et al. Intubation difficile. Société française d'anesthésie et de réanimation : expertise collective. Ann. Fr. Anesth. Reanim. 15 (1996) 207-214
96. Adnet F., Baillard C., Borron S.W., Denantes C., Lefebvre L., Galinski M., et al. Randomized study comparing the "sniffing position" with simple head extension for laryngoscopic view in elective surgery patients. Anesthesiology 95 (2001) 836-841
97. Isono S., Tanaka A., Tagaito Y., Ishikawa T., and Nishino T. Influences of head positions and bite opening on collapsibility of the passive pharynx. J. Appl. Physiol. 97 (2004) 339-346
98. Isono S., Tanaka A., Ishikawa T., Tagaito Y., and Nishino T. Sniffing position improves pharyngeal airway patency in anesthetized patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 103 (2005) 489-494
99. e Congrès national d'anesthésie et de réanimation (2002), Elsevier, Paris 217-226
100. ® in adults after unpredicted failed laryngoscope-guided tracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 96 (2002) 296-299
101. Dimitriou V., Voyagis G.S., Iatrou C., and Brimacombe J. Flexible lightwand-guided intubation using the intubating laryngeal mask airway in the supine, right, and left lateral positions in healthy patients by experienced users. Anesth. Analg. 96 (2003) 896-898
102. Preis C., and Preis I. Removal of the connector on the laryngeal mask airway provides a useful alternative to the intubating laryngeal mask. Can. J. Anaesth. 48 (2001) 600-603
103. Freid E.B. The rapid sequence induction revisited: obesity and sleep apnea syndrome. Anesthesiol. Clin. North Am. 23 (2005) 551-564
104. Schwartz A.E., Matteo R.S., Ornstein E., Young W.L., and Myers K.J. Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in obese patients. Anesth. Analg. 73 (1991) 790-793
105. Song D., Whitten C.W., and White P.F. Remifentanil infusion facilitates early recovery for obese outpatients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth. Analg. 90 (2000) 1111-1113
106. Hofer R.E., Sprung J., Sarr M.G., and Wedel D.J. Anesthesia for a patient with morbid obesity using dexmedetomidine without narcotics. Can. J. Anesth. 52 (2005) 176-180
107. Strum E.M., Szenohradszki J., Kaufman W.A., Anthone G.J., Manz I.L., and Lumb P.D. Emergence and recovery characteristics of desflurane versus sevoflurane in morbidly obese adult surgical patients: a prospective, randomized study. Anesth. Analg. 99 (2004) 1848-1853
108. McKay R.E., Large M.J., Balea M.C., and McKay W.R. Airway reflexes return more rapidly after desflurane anesthesia than after sevoflurane anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. 100 (2005) 697-700
109. Van den Elsen M., Sarton E., Teppema L., Berkenbosch A., and Dahan A. Influence of 0.1 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane, desflurane and isoflurane on dynamic ventilatory response to hypercapnia in humans. Br. J. Anaesth. 80 (1998) 174-182
110. Pandit J.J., Manning-Fox J., Dorrington K.L., and Robbins P.A. Effects of subanaesthetic sevoflurane on ventilation. 1: response to acute and sustained hypercapnia in humans. Br. J. Anaesth. 83 (1999) 204-209
111. Pandit J.J., Manning-Fox J., Dorrington K.L., and Robbins P.A. Effects of subanaesthetic sevoflurane on ventilation. 2: response to acute and sustained hypoxia in humans. Br. J. Anaesth. 83 (1999) 210-216
112. Gabrielczyk M.R. Acute airway obstruction after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Anesthesiology 69 (1988) 941-943
113. Fisher M.M., and Raper R.F. The 'cuff-leak' test for extubation. Anaesthesia 47 (1992) 10-12
114. Sabers C., Plevak D.J., Schroeder D.R., and Warner D.O. The diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for unanticipated admissions in outpatient surgery. Anesth. Analg. 96 (2003) 1328-1335
115. Mickelson S.A., and Hakim I. Is postoperative intensive care monitoring necessary after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty?. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 119 (1998) 352-356
116. Riley R.W., Powell N.B., Guilleminault C., Pelayo R., Troell R.J., and Li K.K. Obstructive sleep apnea surgery: risk management and complications. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 117 (1997) 648-652
117. Terris D.J., Fincher E.F., Hanasono M.M., Fee Jr. W.E., and Adachi K. Conservation of resources: indications for intensive care monitoring after upper airway surgery on patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope 108 (1998) 784-788
118. Ulnick K.M., and Debo R.F. Postoperative treatment of the patient with obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 122 (2000) 233-236
119. Wilson K., Lakheeram I., Morielli A., Brouillette R., and Brown K. Can assessment for obstructive sleep apnea help predict postadenotonsillectomy respiratory complications?. Anesthesiology 96 (2002) 313-322
120. Kim J.A., Lee J.J., and Jung H.H. Predictive factors of immediate postoperative complications after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Laryngoscope 115 (2005) 1837-1840
121. Serowka P., Turner K., Milne B., and Ashbury T. Postoperative complications in obstructive sleep apnea patients [abstract]. Can. J. Anesth. 49 (2002) 98A
122. Isono S., Tanaka A., and Nishino T. Lateral position decreases collapsibility of the passive pharynx in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 97 (2002) 780-785
123. Powell N.B., Riley R.W., Guilleminault C., and Murcia G.N. Obstructive sleep apnea, continuous positive airway pressure, and surgery. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 99 (1988) 362-369
124. Rennotte M.T., Baele P., Aubert G., and Rodenstein D.O. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea submitted to surgery. Chest 107 (1995) 367-374
125. Isono S., Sha M., Suzukawa M., Sho Y., Ohmura A., Kudo Y., et al. Preoperative nocturnal desaturations as a risk factor for late postoperative nocturnal desaturations. Br. J. Anaesth. 80 (1998) 602-605
126. Gill N.P., Wright B., and Reilly C.S. Relationship between hypoxaemic and cardiac ischaemic events in the perioperative period. Br. J. Anaesth. 68 (1992) 471-473
127. Reeder M.K., Muir A.D., Foex P., Goldman M.D., Loh L., and Smart D. Postoperative myocardial ischaemia: temporal association with nocturnal hypoxaemia. Br. J. Anaesth. 67 (1991) 626-631
128. Rosenberg J., and Kehlet H. Postoperative mental confusion-association with postoperative hypoxemia. Surgery 114 (1993) 76-81
129. Leuenberger U., Jacob E., Sweer L., Waravdekar N., Zwillich C., and Sinoway L. Surges of muscle sympathetic nerve activity during obstructive apnea are linked to hypoxemia. J. Appl. Physiol. 79 (1995) 581-588
130. Regli A., von Ungern-Sternberg B.S., Strobel W.M., Pargger H., Welge-Luessen A., and Reber A. The impact of postoperative nasal packing on sleep-disordered breathing and nocturnal oxygen saturation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Anesth. Analg. 102 (2006) 615-620
131. Kaw R., Michota F., Jaffer A., Ghamande S., Auckley D., and Golish J. Unrecognized sleep apnea in the surgical patient: implications for the perioperative setting. Chest 129 (2006) 198-205
132. Loadsman J.A., and Wilcox I. Is obstructive sleep apnoea a rapid eye movement-predominant phenomenon?. Br. J. Anaesth. 85 (2000) 354-358