The crowd and collective behavior: Bringing symbolic interaction back in

Symbolic Interaction

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 433-463

  McPhail, Clark ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846067573     PISSN: 01956086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/si.2006.29.4.433     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (88)

1. Aguirre, Benigno, Dennis Wenger, and Gabriela Vigo. 1998. "A Test of the Emergent Norm Theory of Collective Behavior." Sociological Forum 13:301-20.
2. Aveni, Adrian. 1977. "The Not So Lonely Crowd: Friendship Groups in Collective Behavior." Sociometry (now Social Psychology Quarterly) 40:96-99.
3. Bailey, Jane and Clark McPhail. 1979. "The Assembling Process: A Replication." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Sociological Society, April, Minneapolis.
4. Bass, Jack. 1969. "The Charleston Hospital Workers Strike." New South 24 (Summer): 35-44.
5. Bass, Jack and Jack Nelson. 1996. The Orangeburg Massacre, 2nd ed. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
6. Blumer, Herbert G. 1936. "Social Attitudes and Nonsymbolic Interaction." Journal of Educational Sociology 9:515-23.
7. Blumer, Herbert G. 1937. "Social Psychology." Pp. 144-98 in Man and Society, edited by E. P. Schmitt. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
8. Blumer, Herbert G. 1939. "Collective Behavior." Pp. 221-80 in An Outline of the Principles of Sociology, edited by Robert E. Park. New York: Barnes and Noble.
9. Blumer, Herbert G. 1957. "Collective Behavior." Pp. 127-58 in Review of Sociology: Analysis of a Decade, edited by J. B. Gittler. New York: Wiley and Sons.
10. Blumer, Herbert G. 1965. "The Justice of the Crowd." Transaction 2:44.
11. Bryan, John. 1982. An Examination and Analysis of the Dynamics of Human Behavior in the MGM Grand Hotel Fire. Clark County, NV: National Fire Protection Association.
12. Calvo-Merino, B., D. E. Glaser, J. Grezes, R.E. Passingham, and P. Haffard, 2005. "Action Observation and Acquired Motor Skills: An fMRI Study with Expert Dancers. Cerebral Cortex 15:1243-49.
13. Clarke, Lee. 2002. "Panic: Myth or Reality?" Contexts 1:21-26.
14. Cornwell, Benjamin. 2003. "Bonded Fatalities: Relational and Ecological Dimensions of a Fire Evacuation." Sociological Quarterly 44:617-38.
15. Cottrell, Leonard S. 1971. "Covert Behavior in Interpersonal Interaction." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 115:462-69.
16. Decker, Ethan. 2001. "Self-Organizing Systems: A Tutorial in Complexity." Albuquerque: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico. Retrieved February 13, from http://www.ncst. ernet.in/kbcs/vivek/ issues/13.1/sos/sos.html.
17. della Porta, Donatella and Herbert Reiter. 1998. Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
18. Dewey, John. 1896. "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" Psychological Review 3:357-70.
19. Durkheim, Emile. 1915. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated from the French by Joseph Ward Swain. New York: Free Press.
20. Goffman, Erving. 1963. Behavior in Public Places. New York: Free Press.
21. Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper and Row.
22. Heritage, John and David Greatbatch. 1986. "Generating Applause: A Study of Rhetoric and Response at Party Political Conferences." American Journal of Sociology 92:110-57.
23. Johnson, Norris. 1987. "Panic at 'The Who Concert Stampede': An Empirical Assessment." Social Problems 45:362-73.
24. Johnson, Norris. 1988. "Fire in a Crowded Theater." International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 6:7-26.
25. Johnson, Norris, William Feinberg, and Drue Johnston. 1994. "Microstructure and Panic: The Impact of Social Bonds on Individual Action in Collective Flight from the Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire." Pp. 168-89 in Disaster, Collective Behavior, and Social Organization, edited by R. Dynes and K. Tierney. Newark: University of Delaware Press.
26. Killian, Lewis M. 1984. "Organization, Rationality, and Spontaneity in the Civil Rights Movement." American Sociological Review 49:770-83.
27. Lang, Kurt and Gladys Engel Lang. 1953. "The Unique Perspective of Television and Its Effect: A Pilot Study." American Sociological Review 18:3-12.
28. Lang, Kurt and Gladys Engel Lang. 1961. Collective Dynamics. New York: Cromwell.
29. Lewin, Roger. 1992. Complexity: Life at the Edge of Chaos. New York: Macmillan.
30. Macy, Michael and Robert Willer. 2002. "From Factors to Actors: Computational Sociology and Agent-Based Modeling." Annual Review of Sociology 28:143-66.
31. Markovsky, Barry and Casey Borch. 2002. "The Future of Complexity Theory for Group Processes Theory and Research." Paper presented at the Fifteenth Group Processes Conference, August, Chicago.
32. McCarthy, John D. and Clark McPhail. 1998. "The Institutionalization of Protest in the United States." Pp. 83-110 in The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century, edited by D. Meyer and S. Tarrow. Lanham, MD: Rowland and Littlefield.
33. McCarthy, John D. and Clark McPhail. 2006. "Places of Protest: The Public Forum in Principle and Practice." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 11:229-47.
34. McPhail, Clark. 1969. "Student Walkout: A Fortuitous Examination of Elementary Collective Behavior." Social Problems 16:441-55.
35. McPhail, Clark. 1971. "Civil Disorder Participation: A Critical Examination of Recent Research." American Sociological Review 36:1059-73.
36. McPhail, Clark. 1985. "The Social Organization of Demonstrations." Paper presented at the annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August, Washington, DC.
37. McPhail, Clark. 1989. "Meadean vs. Neo-Meadean Theories of Mind." Symbolic Interaction 12:43-51.
38. McPhail, Clark. 1991. The Myth of the Madding Crowd. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
39. McPhail, Clark. 2006a. "Crowd Behavior." Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. In press.
40. McPhail, Clark. 2006b. "Explaining Complex Collective Action." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Sociological Society, March 31, Omaha, NE.
41. McPhail, Clark and John D. McCarthy. 2005. "Protest Mobilization, Protest Repression, and their Interaction." Pp. 3-32 in Repression and Mobilization, edited by C. Davenport, H. Johnston, and C. Mueller. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
42. McPhail, Clark and David L. Miller. 1973. "The Assembling Process: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination." American Sociological Review 38:721-35.
43. McPhail, Clark and David S. Schweingruber. 1999. "Unpacking Protest Events: A Description Bias Analysis of Media Records with Systematic Direct Observations of Collective Action." Pp. 164-98 in Acts of Dissent: New Developments in the Study of Protest. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
44. McPhail, Clark and David S. Schweingruber. 2006. "The Closed-Loop, Negative-Feedback Model: Some Quantitative Evidence." Pp. 317-20 in Purpose, Meaning, and Action: Control Systems Theories in Sociology, edited by K. McClelland and T. Farraro. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.
45. McPhail, Clark and Charles W. Tucker. 2003. "Collective Behavior." Pp. 721-42 in Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism, edited by L. T. Reynolds and N. J. Herman-Kinney. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press of Rowman and Littlefield.
46. McPhail, Clark and Ronald T. Wohlstein. 1986. "Collective Locomotion as Collective Behavior." American Sociological Review 51:447-63.
47. McPhail, Clark, William T. Powers, and Charles W. Tucker. 1992. "Simulating Purposive Individual and Collective Action." Social Science Computer Review 10:1-28.
48. McPhail, Clark, David S. Schweingruber, and Nancy Berns. 1997. The Collective Action Observation Primer, 3rd ed. Urbana: Department of Sociology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.
49. McPhail, Clark, David S. Schweingruber and Alin M. Ceobanu. 2006a. "Closing the Collective Behavior and Social Movement Gap." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 14, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
50. McPhail, Clark, David S. Schweingruber and Alin M. Ceobanu. 2006b. "Describing and Explaining Collective Action." Pp. 57-83 in Purpose, Meaning and Action: Control Systems Theories in Sociology, edited by K. McClelland and T. Farraro. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.
51. McPhail, Clark, David S. Schweingruber, and John D. McCarthy. 1998. "Policing Protest in the United States, 1960-1995." Pp. 49-69 in Policing Mass Demonstrations in Contemporary Democracies, edited by D. della Porta and H. Reiter. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
52. McPhail, Clark et al. 2003. "Assembling, Remaining, and Dispersing with Companions at Ten Sport Events." Unpublished research, Sociology 341: Crowds and Collective Action Research Seminar. Department of Sociology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
53. Mead, George Herbert. 1899. "The Working Hypothesis in Social Reform." American Journal of Sociology 5:369-71.
54. Mead, George Herbert. 1903. "Definition of the Psychical." Pp. 77-78, 92-112 in The Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, "First Series." Vol. 3. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
55. Mead, George Herbert. 1938. The Philosophy of the Act. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
56. Miller, David L. 1973. Assemblage Formation: An Empirical Study. M.A. thesis, Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
57. Miller, David L. 2000. Introduction to Collective Behavior and Collective Action. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
58. Morin, Richard and Scott Wilson. 1997. "Men Were Driven to 'Confess Their Sins.'" Washington Post, October 5.
59. Neal, David. 1993. "A Further Examination of Anonymity, Contagion, and Deindividuation in Crowds and Collective Behavior." Sociological Focus 26:93-107.
60. Nelson, Jack and Jack Bass. 1970. The Orangeburg Massacre. New York: World Publishing.
61. Oliver, Pamela and Gerald Marwell. 1992. "Mobilizing Technologies for Collective Action." Pp. 251-72 in Frontiers of Social Movement Theory, edited by A. Morris and C. Mueller. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
62. O'Toole, Richard and Robert Dubin. 1968. "Baby Feeding and Body Sway: An Experiment in G. H. Mead's 'Taking the Role of the Other.'" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10:59-65.
63. Pickens, Robert G. 1975. The Explananda of Collective Behavior. Ph.D. diss., Department of Sociology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
64. Powers, William T. 1973. Behavior: The Control of Perception. Chicago: Aldine.
65. Quarantelli, Enrico. 1957. "The Behavior of Panic Participants." Sociology and Social Research 41:187-94.
66. Quarantelli, Enrico. 2001. "The Sociology of Panic." International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. 16:1020-23. Oxford: Pergamon.
67. Rizzolatti, Giacomo and Vittorio Gallese. 1998. "Language Within Our Grasp." Trends in the Neurosciences 21:188-94.
68. Rizzolatti, Giacomo and Vittorio Gallese. 2002. "From Mirror Neurons to Imitation: Facts and Speculations." Pp. 427-66 in The Imitative Mind: Development, Evolution, and Brain Bases. Edited by Andrew N. Meltzof and Wolfgang Prinz. Cambridge, GB: Cambridge University Press.
69. Rudé, George. 1964. The Crowd in History. New York: Wiley.
70. Schweingruber, David S. 2000. "Mob Sociology and Escalated Force: Sociology's Contribution to Repressive Police Tactics." Sociological Quarterly 41:371-89.
71. Schweingruber, David S. and Clark McPhail. 1999. "A Method for Systematically Observing and Recording Collective Action." Sociological Methods and Research 27:451-98.
72. Seidler, John, Katherine Meyer, and Lois MacGillivray. 1977. "Collecting Data on Crowds and Rallies: A New Method of Stationary Sampling." Social Forces 55:507-18.
73. Shibutani, Tomatsu. 1968. "A Cybernetic Theory of Motivation." Pp. 330-36 in Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist. Chicago: Aldine.
74. Shibutani, Tomatsu. 1988. "Human Agency from the Standpoint of Pragmatism." Paper presented to the Summer Institution of the Organization for Advanced Studies in Interpretative Sociology August, Munich.
75. Sime, Jonathan D. 1983. "Affiliative Behaviour during Escape to Building Exits." Journal of Environmental Psychology 3:21-41.
76. Singer, Benjamin. 1970. "Mass Media and Communication Processes in the Detroit Riot of 1968." Public Opinion Quarterly 34:236-45.
77. Smith, Don. 1976. "Primary Group Interaction in Panic Behavior: A Test of Theories." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Sociological Society, Miami Beach, FL.
78. Smith, Richard L. 1971. "Reflexive Behavior: An Experimental Examination of G. H. Mead's Treatment of Vocal Gestures." M.A. thesis, Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
79. Snow, David and Phillip Davis. 1995. "The Chicago Approach to Collective Behavior." Pp. 188-220 in A Second Chicago School? Edited by Gary Alan Fine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
80. Snow, David and Ronnelle Paulsen. 2000. "Crowds and Riots." Pp. 553-62 in Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2d edition, edited by Edgar F. Borgatta and Rhonda J. V. Montgomery. New York: Mac-Millan.
81. Stewart, Robert L. 1998. Living and Acting Together: An Essay in Social Psychology. Dixon Hills, NY: General Hall.
82. Turner, Ralph H. 1964. "Collective Behavior." Pp. 382-425 in Handbook of Modern Sociology, edited by R. E. L. Faris. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
83. Turner, Ralph H. and Lewis Killian. 1957. Collective Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
84. Waddington, P. A. J. 1994. Liberty and Order: Public Order Policing in a Capitol City. London: University College of London Press.
85. Waldrop, M. Mitchell. 1992. Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos. New York: Simon and Schuster.
86. Wallace, Walter. 1969. Sociological Theory. Chicago: Aldine.
87. Wohlstein, Ronald T. 1977. "The Theoretical and Methodological Specification and Description of Collective Locomotion." Ph.D. diss., Department of Sociology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
88. Zillman, D. J. Bryant and B. Sapolsky. 1989. "The Enjoyment of Watching Sports Contests." Pp. 297-335 in Sports, Games, and Play, edited by Jeffrey Goldstein. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.