Crustal structure and tectonic model of northeastern Baltica, based on deep seismic and potential field data

Geological Society Memoir

Volumn 32, Issue , 2006, Pages 521-539

  Kostyuchenko, S ^a   Sapozhnikov, R ^b   Egorkin, A ^a   Gee, David G ^c   Berzin, R ^b   Solodilov, L ^a  

^a V V Fedinsky Center GEON   (Russian Federation)

^b FGUP Spetsgeofizika ^*  (Russian Federation)

^c UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCRETION; BACKARC BASIN; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; MANTLE STRUCTURE; MARGINAL SEA; MODEL; OROGENY; PALEOZOIC; POTENTIAL FIELD; SEISMIC DATA; SEISMIC REFLECTION; SEISMIC REFRACTION;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; BALTIC SEA; EURASIA; KOLA PENINSULA; MEZEN BASIN; MURMANSK [RUSSIAN FEDERATION]; PECHORA BASIN; RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

COLA ACUMINATA;

EID: 33846054987     PISSN: 04354052     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.32     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Baldridge, W. S., Keller, G. R., Haak, V., Wendlandt, E., Jiracek, G. R. & Olsen, K. H. 1995. The Rio Grande Rift. In: Olsen, K. H. (ed.) Continental Rifts: Evolution, Structure, Tectonics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 233-275.
2. Belyakova, L. T. & Stepanenko, V. I. 1991. Magmatism and geodynamics of the Baikalide basement of the Timan-Pechora syneclise. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya, 12, 106-117 [in Russian].
3. Berezovsky, V. Z., Gubaidulin, M. G. & Egorkin, A. V. 1993. Synthetic density model of the crust of the Arkhangelsk region. In: Sharov, N. V. (ed.) Arrangement of the Lithosphere of the Baltic Shield. Nauka, Moscow, 109-116, 136-141 [in Russian].
4. Berlyand, N. T. 1989. Timan-Pechora plate. In: Geological Structure and Minerageny of the USSR. Book 1. Nedra, Leningrad, 45-46 [in Russian].
5. Berthelsen, A. & Marker, M. 1986. Tectonics of Kola collision suture and adjacent Archean and Early Proterozoic terrains in the northeastern region of the Baltic Shield (Part 1). Tectonophysics, 126, 31-55.
6. Berzin, R. G., Suleimanov, A. K., Zamozhnaya, N. G., Andryuschenko, Yu. N. & Stupak, V. M. 2001. Geophysical investigations on regional profile 4B SVEKALAPKO. In: Berzin, R. G., Lipilin, A. V., Mints, M. V., Morozov, A. F., Suleimanov, A. K. & Sharov, H. V. (eds) Deep Structure and Crustal Evolution of the Eastern Fennoscandian Shield: Kem-Kalevala Reflection Profile. Karelian Research Centre RAS, Petrozavodsk, 39-63 [in Russian].
7. Berzin, R. G., Yurov, Yu. G. & Pavlenkova, N. I. 2002. CDP and DSS data along the Uchta-Kem profile (the Baltic Shield). Tectonophysics, 355, 187-200.
8. Bhattacharyya, B. K. 1966. Magnetic anomalies from free magnetization prism-like sources. In: Aeromagnetic Methods in Geophysics. Mir, Moscow, 69-83 [in Russian].
9. Bogatsky, V. I., Bogdanov, N. A., Kostyuchenko, S. L., Senin, B. V., Sobolev, S. F., Shepilov, E. V. & Khain, V. E. 1996. Explanatory notes to supplement the tectonic map of the Barents Sea and northern part of European Russia. Scale 1:2 500 000. Institute of the Lithosphere RAS, Moscow.
10. Bogdanov, A. A. 1961. On some Problems of the Tectonics of Europe. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gornogo Instituta, Seriya Geologicheskaya, Moscow, 5 [in Russian].
11. Bogdanov, A. A. & Khain, V. E. 1968. Assintskaya (Baikalian) era of tectonogenesis and its role in the history of the Earth under the light of new data: instead concluding remarks. In: Assintskaya Tectonics in Geological Picture of the Earth. Nauka, Moscow, 207-241 [in Russian].
12. Bogdanov, N. A., Khain, V. E., Bogatsky, V. I., Kostychenko, S. L., Senin, B. V., Shipilov, E. V. & Sobolev, S. F. 1996. Tectonic map of the Barents Sea and the Northern part of European Russia. Scale 1:2 500 000. Institute of the Lithosphere RAS, Moscow.
13. Bogdanova, S. V. 1993. Segments of the East European Craton. In: Gee, D. G. & Beckholmen, M. (eds) Europrobe Symposium in Jablonna 1991. Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences-European Science Foundation, Warsaw, 33-38.
14. Bogdanova, S. V., Pashkevich, I. K., Gorbatschev, R. & Orlyuk, M. I. 1996. Riphean rifting and major Palaeoproterozoic crustal boundaries in the basement of the East European Craton: geology and geophysics. Tectonophysics, 268, 1-21.
15. Bogolepova, O. K. & Gee, D. G. 2004. Early Palaeozoic unconformity across the Timanides, NW Russia. In: Gee, D. G. & Pease, V. L. (eds) The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 30, 145-157.
16. Buyanov, A. F., Glaznev, V. N., Raevsky, A. B. & Skopenko, G. B. 1989. Combined interpretation of gravity, seismic and geothermic data. Geophysical Journal, 11(2), 30-39 [in Russian].
17. Buyanov, A. F., Glaznev, V. N., Mitrofanov, F. P. & Raevskt, A. B. 1995. Three-dimensional modelling of the Lapland Granulite Belt and adjacent structures of the Baltic Shield from geophysical data. Norges Geologiske Undersokelse, Special Publications, 7, 167-178.
18. Christensen, N. I. & Mooney, W. D. 1995. Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: a global view. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(7), 9761-9788.
19. Daly, S., Balagansky, V. V., Timmerman, M. J. & Whitehouse, M. J. 2006. The Lapland-Kola orogen: Palaeoproterozoic collision and accretion of the northern Fennoscandian lithosphere. In: Gee, D. G. & Stephenson, R. A. (eds) European Lithosphere Dynamics. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 32, 579-598.
20. Dedeev, V. A. & Zaporozhtseva, I. V. 1985. Earth Crust of the North-eastern European Portion of USSR. Nauka, Leningrad [in Russian].
21. Dedeev, V. A., Berkovsky, A. N., Bondarenko, L. P., Dagelayskiy, V. B., Maslennikov, V. A. & Shustov, L. E. 1976. Geological structure and evolution of the Early Precambrian basement of the Russian plate. In: Geology, Petrology and Metallogeny of the Crystalline Units of the East-European Platform. Part 1. Geology and Deep Mapping of the Burial Basement of the East-European Platform. Nedra, Moscow, 7-18 [in Russian].
22. Dix,C. H. 1965. Reflection seismic crustal studies. Geophysics, 30, 1068-1084.
23. Dovzhikova, E., Pease, V. & Remizov, D. 2004. Neoproterozoic island arc magmatism beneath the Pechora Basin, NW Russia, Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 126, 353-362.
24. Dushin, V. A. 1997. Magmatism and Geodynamics of the Paleocontinental Sector of the Northern Urals. Nedra, Moscow [in Russian].
25. Egorkin, A. V. 1998. Velocity structure, composition and discrimination of crustal provinces in the former Soviet Union. Tectonophysics, 298, 395-404.
26. Egorkin, A. V. 1999. Deep seismic investigations with the three component recording. Physics of the Earth, 7-8 [in Russian].
27. Egorkin, A., Ershova, T. N., Zyuganov, S. K. & Mikhailova, N. G. 1985. About possibility of application of non-linear filtering in DSS study. Geodynamic Researches, 8, 118-131 [in Russian].
28. Exploration Geophysics 1964. Geophysical Methods for Study of the Earth Crust, Searching and Prospecting for Mineral Resources 1964. Nedra, Moscow [in Russian].
29. Gaal, G. & Gorbatschev, R. 1987. An outline of the Precambrian evolution of the Baltic Shield. Precambrian Research, 35, 15-52.
30. Gafarov, R. A. 1963. Arrangement of the Precambrian Basement for the Northern Portion of the Russian Platform. Geological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Science Publications, 85. Nauka, Moscow [in Russian].
31. Gafarov, R. A. 1985. Arrangement of the folded basement of the East-European platform based on geophysical data. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya, 8, 56-67 [in Russian].
32. Ganchin, Y. V., Smithson, S. B., Morozov, I. B., Smythe, D. K., Garipov, V. Z., Karaev, N. A. & Kristofferson, Y. 1998. Seismic studies around the Kola Superdeep Borehole, Russia. Tectonophysics, 288, 1-16.
33. Gee, D. G. 2005. Timanides of Northern Russia. In: Selley, R., Cocks, L. R. M. & Plimer, I. R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Geology, 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 49-56.
34. Gee, D. G. & Pease, V. L. 2004. The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of eastern Baltica: introduction. In: Gee, D. G. & Pease, V. (eds) The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 30, 1-5.
35. Gee, D. G. & Zeyen, H. J. (eds) 1996. Lithosphere Dynamics: Origin and Evolution of Continents. EUROPROBE Secretariat, Uppsala University, Uppsala.
36. Gee, D., Beliakova, L., Pease, V., Larionov, A. & Dovzhikova, E. 2000. Vendian granites in the Neoproterozoic basement beneath the Pechora Basin: new Pb-Pb evaporation ages. Polarforschung, 68, 161-170.
37. Getsen, V. G. 1975. Structure of the Basement of the Northern Timan and Kanin Peninsula. Nauka, Leningrad [in Russian].
38. Getsen, V. G. 1987. Tectonics of the Timan. Nauka, Leningrad [in Russian].
39. Getsen, V. G. 1991. Geodynamic reconstruction for the developing of the northern-eastern Europe of USSR for the Late Proterozoic stage. Geotectonics, 5, 26-36 [in Russian].
40. Glaznev, V. N. 2003. Integrated Geophysical Models of the Fennoscandian Lithosphere. K&M, Apatity [in Russian].
41. Glaznev, V. N., Raevsky, A. B. & Sharov, N. V. 1989. A model of the deep structure of the northeastern part of the Baltic Shield based on joint interpretation of seismic, gravity, magnetic and heat flow data. Tectonophysics, 162(1-2), 151-164.
42. Grazhdankin, D. 2004. Late Neoproterozoic sedimentation in the Timan foreland. In: Gee, D. G. & Pease, V. (eds) The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 30, 37-47.
43. Ismail-Zadeh, A. T., Kostyuchenko, S. L. & Naimark, B. M. 1997. The Timan-Pechora Basin (northeastern European Russia): tectonic subsidence analysis and a model of formation mechanism. Tectonophysics, 283, 205-218.
44. Ivanov, S. N. 1981. About Baikalids of the Urals and Siberia. Geotectonics, Moscow, 5, 47-63 [in Russian].
45. Keller, G. R., Wendlandt, R. F. & Bott, M. H. P. 1995. West and Central African rift system. In: Olsen, K. H. (ed.) Continental Rifts: Evolution, Structure, Tectonics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 437-449.
46. Korhonen, J. V., Koistinen, T., Elo, S., et al. 1999. Preliminary magnetic and gravity anomaly maps of the Fennoscandian shield 1:10 000 000. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Papers, 27, 173-179.
47. Korja, A., Lahtinen, R. & Nironen, M. 2006. The Svecofennian orogen: a collage of microcontinents and island arcs. In: Gee, D. G. & Stephenson, R. A. (eds) European Lithosphere Dynamics. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 32, 561-578.
48. Kostyuchenko, S. L. 1994. The structure and tectonic model of the Earth crust of the Timan-Pechora plate based on integrated geologic-geophysical study. In: Leonov, Yu., Antipov, M., Morozov, A. & Solodilov, L. (eds) Tectonics and Magmatism of the East European Platform. Proceeding of the International Workshop 'Intraplate Tectonics and Geodynamics of Sedimentary Basins', Opalikha, 12-15 May 1993. Nauka of Russia Fund Geo-invex, Moscow, 121-133 [in Russian].
49. Kostyuchenko, S. L. 1995. Structure and tectonic model of the Mezen syneclise's crust by the results of integrated geological and geophysical studies. Razvedka i Okhrana Nedr, 5, 2-7 [in Russian].
50. Kostyuchenko, S. L. 1998. Structure and major tectonics features of the continental margin of the Barents Sea, the Mezen Syneklise. In: Mitrofanov, F. P. & Sharov, N. V. (eds) Seismogeological Model of the Lithosphere of Northern Europe: the Barents Region. Kola Scientific Center, Apatity, 109-129 [in Russian].
51. Kostyuchenko, S. L. & Egorkin, A. V. 1994. Inter-crustal elements of northern part of the East European platform. Razvedka i Okhrana Nedr, 10, 12-15 [in Russian].
52. Kostyuchenko, S. L. & Romanyuk, T. V. 1997. Nature of the Mezen gravity maximum. Izvestiya of the Physics of the Solid Earth, 33(12), 961-980 [translated from Fizika Zemli Journal, 1997, 12, 3-22].
53. Kostyuchenko, S. L., Egorkin, A. V. & Solodilov, L. N. 1999. Structure and genetic mechanisms of the Precambrian rifts of the East-European Platform in Russia by integrated study of seismic, gravity, and magnetic data. Tectonophysics, 313, 9-28.
54. Kratz, K. O., Berkovsky, A. N., Bondarenko, L. P., et al. 1979. Main Problems of the Geological Structure of the Russian Plate. Nedra, Leningrad [in Russian].
55. Litvinenko, I. V. 1963. Applying of seismic methods in study of deep structure of Baltic Shield. Reports of the Leningradsky Gorny Institute, 46(2), 3-13 [in Russian].
56. Litvinenko, I. V. 1984. Seismic study of the Earth crust of the Baltic Shield. In: Belousov, V. V. & Pavlenkova, N. I. (eds) 27 IGC Geophysics, Section C.08, Reports, Volume 8. Nauka, Moscow 9-20 [in Russian].
57. Lobach-Zhuchenko, S. B., Chekulaev, V. P., Arestova, N. A., Levsky, L. K. & Kovalenko, A. V. 2000. Archean terrains of Karelia; their geological and isotope-geochemical substantiation. Geotectonics, 6, 26-42 [in Russian].
58. Lorenz, H., Pystin, A. M., Olovyanishnikov, V. G. & Gee, D. G. 2004. Neoproterozoic high-grade metamorphism of the Kanin Peninsula, Timanide Orogen, Northern Russia. In: Gee, D. G. & Pease, V. (eds) The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 30, 59-68.
59. Luosto, U. 1990. Seismic data from the northern segment of the EGT and from the nearby profiles. In: Freeman, R. & Mueller, S. (eds) European Geotraverse (EGT) Project. Data Compilations and Synoptic Interpretation. ESF and Commission of the European Communities, Strasbourg, 53-63.
60. Malyshev, N. A. 2002. Tectonics, Evolution and Oil and Gas Bearing of Sedimentary Basins of the European North of Russia. UD RAS, Ekaterinburg [in Russian].
61. Marker, M. 1990. Tectonic interpretation and new crustal modelling along the Polar profile, northern Baltic Shield. In: Freeman, R. & Mueller, S. (eds) European Geotraverse (EGT) Project. Data Compilations and Synoptic Interpretation. ESF and Commission of the European Communities, Strasbourg, 9-22.
62. Mints, M. V., Glaznev, V. N., Konilov, A. N., et al. 1996. The Early Precambrian of the Northeastern Baltic Shield: Palaeogeodynamics, Crustal Structure and Evolution. Scientific Word, Moscow [in Russian].
63. Mints, M. V., Berzin, R. G., Zamoahnyaya, N. G., Stupak, V. M. Suleimanov, A. K., Babarina, I. I. & Konilov, A. N. 2001. The structure and evolution of the crust and upper mantle in the eastern Baltic Shield: geological interpretation along reflection seismic profile 4B. In: Berzin, R. G., Lipilin, A. V., Mints, M. V., Morozov, A. F., Suleimanov, A. K. & Sharov, H. V. (eds) Deep Structure and Crustal Evolution of the Eastern Fennoscandian Shield: Kem-Kalevala Reflection Profile. Karelian Research Centre RAS, Petrozavodsk, 157-190 [in Russian].
64. Mitrofanov, F. P. & Bayanova, T. B. 2000, Keivy terrane within the Early Precambrian collision area of the Kola Peninsula: new geochronological data and results of interpretation. In: General Questions of Geotectonics. Geotectonics of Russia. Publications of the XXXIII Tectonic Meeting. GEOS, Moscow, 332-334 [in Russian].
65. Mooney, W. D., Laske, G. & Masters, T. G. 1998. CRUST 5.1: a global crustal model at 5° × 5°. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(B1), 727-747.
66. Mussachio, G., Mooney, W. D., Luetgert, J. H. & Christensen, N. I. 1997. Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from Vp/Vs ratios. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(B7), 15225-15241.
67. Nikolas, I. Ch. & Mooney, W. D. 1995. Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: a global view. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(B7), 9761-9788.
68. O'Leary, N., White, N., Tuli, S., Bashilov, V., Kuprin, V., Natapov, L. & Macdonald, D. 2004. Evolution of the Timan-Pechora and South Barents Sea basins. Geological Magazine, 141, 141-160.
69. Olovyanishnikov, V. G. 1998. Upper Precambrian of the Timan ana Kanin Peninsula. UrO RAN, Ekaterinburg [in Russian].
70. Olovyanishnikov, V. G., Buhuev, A. S. & Dokhsaniyants, E. P. 1996. Arrangement of transition zone between Russian and Pechorian plates based on geologic-geophysical data. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 351(1), 88-92 [in Russian].
71. Olovyanishnikov, V. G., Siedlecka, A. & Roberts, D. 1997. Aspects of the geology of the Timans, Russia, and linkages with Varanger Peninsula, NE Norway. Narges Geologiske Undersøkelse, Bulletin, 433, 28-29.
72. Parsons, T. 1995. The Basin and Range Province. In: Olsen, K. H. (ed.) Continental Rifts: Evolution, Structure, Tectonics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 277-324.
73. Pavlenkova, N. I. 1996. Crust and upper mantle structure in northern Eurasia from seismic data. In: Dmowaska, R. & Salrzman, B. (eds) Advances in Geophysics, 37. Academic Press, New York, 1-133.
74. Pease, V., Dovzhikova, E., Beliakova, L. & Gee, D. 2004. Late Neoproterozoic granitoid magmatism in the basement to the Pechora Basin, NW Russia: geochemical constraints indicate westward subduction beneath NE Baltica. In: Gee, D. G. & Pease, V. (eds) The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 30, 75-87.
75. Petrov, O. V., Morozov, A. F., Lipilin, A. V., et al. (eds) 2004a. Bouguer Anomaly Map of Russia. Scale 1:5 000 000. VSEGEI, VNIIGeofizika, St. Petersburg.
76. Petrov, O. V., Morozov, A. F., Lipilin, A. V., et al. (eds) 2004b. Magnetic Map of Russia. Scale 1:5 000 000. VSEGEI, St. Petersburg.
77. Puchkov, V. N. 1997. Structure and geodynamics of the Uralian Oroge. In: Burg, J.-P. & Ford, M. (eds) Orogeny through Time. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 121, 201-236.
78. Raznitsin, V. A. 1968. Tectonics of the Middle Timan. Nauka, Moscow [in Russian].
79. Roberts, D. & Olovyanuschikov, V. G. 2004. Structural and tectonic development of the Timanide orogen. In: Gee, D. G. & Pease, V. (eds) The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 30, 47-59.
80. Roberts, D. & Siedlecka, A. 1999. Baikalian/Cadomian deformation and metamorphism along the northern margin of Baltica, Northwest Russia and Northeast Norway. In: Proceedings of the International Meeting on Cadomian Orogens, Badajoz, Spain, 26 September-3 October, 223-228.
81. Roberts, D., Siedlecka, A. & Olovyanischnikov, V. G. 2004. Neoproterozoic, passive-margin, sedimentary systems of the Kanin Peninsula, and northern and central Timan, NW Russia. In: Gee, D. G. & Pease, V. (eds) The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 30, 5-19.
82. Rybakov, S. I. & Golubev, A. I. (eds) 1999. Metallogeny of Karelia. Karelian Research Centre RAS, Institute of Geology, Petrozavodsk [in Russian].
83. Sapozhnikov, R. B., Chenborisova, R. Z., Berzin, R. G., Suleimanov, A. K. & Andryuschenko, Yu. N. 2003. Effect of the CDP seismics in the study of geology of the Mezen syncline. Razvedka i Okhrana Nedr, 5, 32-35 [in Russian].
84. Sharov, N. V. 1993. Lithosphere of the Baltic Shield based on seismic data. Kola Research Centre RAN, Apatity 144 [in Russian].
85. Shatsky, N. S. 1935. On tectonics of the Arctic. In: Geology and Economic Deposits of the Northern USSR. Trudy of first geology exploration conference Glavsevmorputy Leningrad, 1, 149-165 [in Russian].
86. Shatsky, N. S. 1946. The major peculiarities of structure and evolution of the East-European platform. The comparative tectonics of old platforms. Paper 1. Akademii Nauk Izvestiya SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya, 1, 3-7 [in Russian].
87. Siedlecka, A. 1975. Late Precambrian stratigraphy and structure of the north-eastern margin of the Fennoscandian Shield (East Finmark-Timan Region). Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse, 316, 313-348.
88. Slabunov, A. I., Lobach-Zhuchenko, S. B., Bibikova, E. V., et al. 2006. The Archaean nucleus of the Fennoscandian (Baltic) Shield. In: Gee, D. G. & Stephenson, R. A. (eds) European Lithosphere Dynamics. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 32, 627-644.
89. Sokolov, V. A., Kulikov, V. S. & Stenar, M. M. (eds) 1987. Geology of Karelia. Nauka, Leningrad [in Russian].
90. Stephenson, R. A., Yegorova, T., Brunet, M.-F., Stovba, S., Wilson, M., Starostenko, V., Saintot, A. & Kusznir, N. 2006. Late Palaeozoic intra- and pericratonic basins on the East European Craton and its margins. In: Gee, D. G. & Stephenson, R. A. (eds) European Lithosphere Dynamics. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 32, 463 -480.
91. Timonin, N. I. 1998. Pechora Plate: the History of Geologicala Evolution in Phanerozoic. Uralian Division of RAS, Ekaterinburg [in Russian].
92. Tschernyshev, T. 1901. On geological structure of the Timans and on the relation of the Timan Fault to other regions of northern Europe. Zapisky Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva, Moscow, 34, 29-33 [in Russian].
93. Tschzyu, Z. I. 1964. The major peculiarities of tectonic evolution of the Timan-Pechora province. In: Geology of Oil and Gas ofthe North-east of European Portion of USSR. Nauka, Moscow, 3-25 [in Russian].
94. Wybraniech, S., Zhou, S., Thybo, H., et al. 1998. New map compiled of Europe's gravity field. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 79(37), 437, 442.
95. Zelt, C. A. & Smith, R. B. 1992. Seismic traveltime inversion for 2-D crustal velocity structure. Geophysical Journal International, 108, 16-34.
96. Zhuravlev, V, S. 1972. Comparative tectonics of the Pechora, Pre-Caspian and North Sea exogenous depressions of the European platform. GIN AS USSR Science Report, 232 [in Russian].