Are borders more easily crossed today? The paradox of contemporary trans-border mobility in the Andes

Geopolitics

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-18

  Amilhat Szary, Anne Laure ^a  

^a UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOPOLITICS; POLITICAL BORDER; POLITICAL CONFLICT; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; TERRITORIALITY;

ANDES; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 33846026376     PISSN: 14650045     EISSN: 15573028     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14650040601031065     Document Type: Article

References (39)

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4. With the discovery of the second largest gas reserves in South America in the Tarija province in the mid-1990s, a political debate arose on the difficulties of their exploitation. Would they be developed for internal or external needs? And if destined for export, by which route should they reach the Pacific? In the liberal context of the turn of the twenty-first century, the operation was given first to a consortium called Pacific LNG, formed by the British companies British Gas and British Petroleum and the Spanish Repsol-YPF. Then in 2002-2003, various presidents (Jorge de Quiroga, followed by Sánchez de Lozada) proposed a pipeline be constructed toward the Chilean harbour at Mejillones, rather than a Peruvian one, although this meant co-operating with the historical enemy instead of allying with friendly Peru. Rioting erupted in October 2003 and forced Sánchez de Lozada to resign. His successor, Carlos Mesa, promised a referendum on the topic but did not succeed in matching liberal convictions with the nationalist claims of the capital's population. The gas war is one of the main factors in the dazzling political ascension of indigenous leader Evo Morales, who became Bolivia's new president following the 2005 elections. For more information, see L. Perrier Bruslé and J.-C. Roux, 'Les enjeux géopolitiques du gaz en Bolivie. Entre mondialisation et souveraineté perdue', Annales de Géographie 630 (2003) pp. 169-87.
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14. Free-trade agreements signed first with Canada in 1996 and then with Mexico, Central America, the Republic of Korea, the EFTA, the EU and the US, as well as Economic Complementation Agreements (Acuerdos de Complementación Económica), which are basically first-generation market access agreements (with Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, MERCOSUR, Peru and Venezuela).
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24. Nuñez and Dillehay have established a historical typology of these mobilities, according to the extension of networks and their degree of complexity. Following the 'exploratory' period, it distinguishes the followingTphases: - 1800-900 BC: transition or initial mobility phase, characterised by prolonged contacts between the human groups of the Altiplano and its surroundings, through regular caravans; - 900 BC-500 CE: Population increases and caravan routes begin to converge around Lake Titicaca, the most important agro-pastoral production zone. From 200 BC, the Tiwanaku area acquires a polarising effect; - 500-1400 CE: all networks converge in Tiwanaku, where social and economic alliances have preceded the emergence of strong, local religious patterns. The conjunction of religious influence and trade seems to have led to the first integration mechanism in the central Andes. The latter does not suffer too much from the diminishing influence of the Tiwanaku civilisation. - 1500-1525 CE: Inca occupation, based on the existing networks, which it improves, notably by building paved routes. L. Nuñez Atencio and T. S. Dillehay, Movilidad giratoria, harmonía social y desarrollo en los Andes meridionales: Patrones de tráfico e interacción económica (Antofagasta, Chile: Universidad Católica del Norte 1995) p. 190.
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28. V. Conti, 'La ruta de los arrieros y el salitre', in El capricornio andino (Santiago: Monumentos nactionales de Chile 2000) chap. 7
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31. For a chronology see J. A. González Pizarro, 'Esquema de periodificación histórica de las relaciones entre el Noroeste argentino y el Norte de Chile', Revista de Estudios Trasandinos 4 (2000) pp. 97-115.
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33. After World War I, nitrate exploitation was threatened by the invention of chemical fertilisers, and the economic crisis of the 1930s dealt the Chilean industry its deathblow.
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35. A.-L. Amilhat Szary, 'L'integration andine et ses présupposés: La région andine existe-t-elle?', Cahiers des Amériques Latines 50/3 (2005).
36. A.-L. Amilhat Szary, 'Les recompositions du Norte Grande chilien pendant la transition démocratique: Enjeux d'une gestion territoriale en contexte néolibéral', Revue de Géographie Alpine 88/1 (2000)
37. A.-L. (Amilhat) Szary, La région, paradoxe territorial néolibéral? Analyse de l'impact géographique d'un modèle économique sur le Norte Grande chilien, Ph.D. thesis (Toulouse: Université de Toulouse Le Mirail, UFR Géographie 1999) p. 509.
38. L. Juge, Mobilité, frontière et territoires commerçants dans les Andes Centrales, Master's thesis (Grenoble: UJF, IGA 2003) p. 85.
39. J. Petit, 'Les territoires de passage à l'épreuve des ameénagements transfrontaliers dans les Andes de la Puna', Revue de Géographie Alpine 91/3 (2003) pp. 71-91.