Randomized and non-randomized evidence for the effect of compulsory community and involuntary out-patient treatment on health service use: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 3-14

  Kisely, Stephen ^a   Campbell, Leslie Anne ^a   Scott, Anita ^a   Preston, Neil J ^b   Xiao, Jianguo ^c  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b Fremantle Hospital and Health Service   (Australia)

^c Health Information Centre   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL TRIAL; COMMUNITY CARE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; META ANALYSIS; OUTPATIENT CARE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; REVIEW; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SURVIVAL RATE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS;

AMBULATORY CARE; COMMITMENT OF MENTALLY ILL; COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; HUMANS; LENGTH OF STAY; MENTAL DISORDERS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33846004204     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291706008592     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Atkinson, J. M., Garner, H. C., Gilmour, W. H. & Dyer, J. A. (2002). The end of indefinitely renewable leave of absence in Scotland: The impact of the Mental Health (Patients in the Community) Act 1995. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 13, 298-314.
2. Atkinson, J. M., Gilmour, H., Dyer, J., Hutcheson, F. & Patterson, L. (1999). Retrospective evaluation of extended leave of absence in Scotland 1988-94. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 10, 131-147.
3. Bailey, R. K. (2002). The civil commitment of sexually violent predators: A unique Texas approach. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 30, 525-532.
4. Bar El, Y. C., Durst, R., Rabinowitz, J., Kalian, M., Teitelbaum, A. & Shlafman, M. (1998). Implementation of order of compulsory ambulatory treatment in Jerusalem. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 21, 65-71.
5. Bero, L., Grilli, R., Grimshaw, J. & Oxman, A. (1998). The Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group (EPOC) Module. Cochrane Library, Issue 4. Update Software: Oxford.
6. Bindman, J. (2002). Involuntary outpatient treatment in England and Wales. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 15, 595-598.
7. Borum, R., Swartz, M., Riley, S., Swanson, J., Hiday, V. A. & Wagner, R. (1999). Consumer perceptions of involuntary outpatient commitment. Psychiatric Services 50, 1489-1491.
8. Bursten, B. (1986). Posthospital mandatory outpatient treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 143, 1255-1258.
9. Canvin, K., Bartlett, A. & Pinfold, V. A. (2002). 'A bittersweet pill to swallow': Learning from mental health service users' responses to compulsory community care in England. Health and Social Care in the Community 10, 361-369.
10. Cavanaugh, J. L. & Wasyliw, O. E. (1985). Treating the not guilty by reason of insanity outpatient: A two-year study. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 13, 407-415.
11. Crisanti, A. S. & Love, E. J. (2001). Characteristics of psychiatric inpatients detained under civil commitment legislation: A Canadian study. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 24, 399-410.
12. Davies, S., Fallow, S., Bruce, J. & Boundey, A. (2001). Early outcomes of supervised discharge. Medicine, Science and the Law 41, 31-34.
13. Dawson, J. (2005). Community Treatment Orders: International Comparisons. Otago University Print: Dunedin, NZ.
14. de Miranda, S. (1989). The ethics of statutory coercion in the treatment of chemical substance abuse/dependence (addiction). Medicine and Law 7, 427-432.
15. Durst, R., Teitelbaum, A., Bar-El, Y., Shlafman, M. & Ginath, Y. (1999). Evaluation of compulsory ambulatory treatment in Israel. Psychiatric Services 50, 698-700.
16. EPOC (2006). Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group of the Cochrane Collaboration (www.epoc.uottawa.ca). Accessed 12 June 2006.
17. Fernandez, G. A. & Nygard, S. (1990). Impact of involuntary outpatient commitment on the revolving-door syndrome in North Carolina. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41, 1001-1004.
18. Frank, D., Perry, J. C., Kean, D., Sigman, M. & Geagea, K. (2005). Effects of compulsory treatment orders on time to hospital re-admission. Psychiatric Services 56, 867-869.
19. Geller, J., Grudzinskas, A. J., McDermeit, M., Fisher, W. H. & Lawlor, T. (1998). The efficacy of involuntary outpatient treatment in Massachusetts. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 25, 271-285.
20. Geller, J. L., McDermeit, M., Grudzinskas, A. J., Lawlor, T. & Fisher, W. H. (1997). A competency-based approach to court-ordered outpatient treatment. New Directions in Mental Health Services 75, 81-95.
21. Gilbody, S. M. & Whitty, P. A. (2002). Improving the delivery and organization of mental health services: Beyond the conventional RCT. British Journal of Psychiatry 180, 13-18.
22. Gray, J. & O'Reilly, R. (2001). Clinically significant differences among Canadian mental health acts. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 46, 315-321.
23. Hatfield, B., Shaw, J., Pinfold, V., Bindman, J., Evans, S., Huxley, P. & Thornicroft, G. (2001). Managing severe mental illness in the community using the Mental Health Act 1983: A comparison of Supervised Discharge and Guardianship in England. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 36, 508-515.
24. Hiday, V. A. & Scheid-Cook, T. L. (1989). A follow-up of chronic patients committed to outpatient treatment. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 40, 52-59.
25. Hiday, V. A. & Scheid-Cook, T. L. (1991). Outpatient commitment for 'revolving door' patients: Compliance and treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 179, 83-88.
26. Higgins, J. P. T. & Green, S. (eds) (2005). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5. The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, UK (www.cochrane.org/resources/handbook/hbook.htm). Accessed 31 May 2005.
27. Hotopf, M., Churchill, R. & Lewis, G. (1999). Pragmatic randomised controlled trials in psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry 175, 217-223.
28. King, T. (1998). The search for rationality in illicit drug policy. In Drug Use in Australia: A Harm Minimisation Approach (ed. M. Hamilton, A. Kelleheary and G. Rumbold), pp. 131-144. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
29. Kisely, S., Campbell, L. A. & Preston, N. (2005a). Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders. Cochrane Database Systematic Review 3, CD004408.
30. Kisely, S. R., Smith, M., Preston, N. J. & Xiao, J. (2005b). A comparison of health service use in two jurisdictions with and without compulsory community treatment. Psychological Medicine 35, 1357-1367.
31. Kisely, S. R., Xiao, J. & Preston, N. J. (2004). Impact of compulsory community treatment on admission rates: Survival analysis using linked mental health and offender databases. British Journal of Psychiatry 84, 432-438.
32. Lansing, A. E., Lyons, J. S. & Martens, L. C. (1997). The treatment of dangerous patients in managed care. Psychiatric hospital utilization and outcome. General Hospital Psychiatry 19, 112-118.
33. Lawton-Smith, S. (2005). A Question of Numbers: The Potential Impact of Community-based Treatment Orders in England and Wales. King's Fund: London (www.kingsfund.org.uk/resources/publications/ a_question_of_1.html). Accessed 10 November 2005.
34. Lidz, C. W. (1998). Coercion in psychiatric care: What have we learned from research? Journal of American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 26, 631-637.
35. Miller, R. D. (1985). Commitment to outpatient treatment: A national survey. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 36, 265-267.
36. Miller, R. D. & Fiddleman, P. B. (1984). Outpatient commitment: treatment in the least restrictive environment? Hospital and Community Psychiatry 35, 147-151.
37. Munetz, M. R., Grande, T., Kleist, J. & Peterson, G. A. (1996). The effectiveness of outpatient civil commitment. Psychiatric Services 47, 1251-1253.
38. O'Brien, A. & Farrell, S. (2005). Community treatment orders: Profile of a Canadian experience. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 50, 27-30.
39. O'Keefe, C., Potenza, D. P. & Mueser, K. T. (1997). Treatment outcomes for severely mentally ill patients on conditional discharge to community-based treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 185, 409-411.
40. O'Reilly, R. L. (2001). Does involuntary out-patient treatment work? Psychiatric Bulletin 25, 3714.
41. O'Reilly, R. L. (2004). Why are community treatment orders controversial ? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 579-584.
42. O'Reilly, R. L., Keegan, D. L. & Elias, J. W. (2000). A survey of the use of community treatment orders by psychiatrists in Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 45, 79-81.
43. Pinfold, V., Bindman, J., Friedli, K., Beck, A. & Thornicroft, G. (1999). Supervised discharge orders in England. Psychiatric Bulletin 23, 199-203.
44. Pinfold, V., Bindman, J., Thornicroft, G., Franklin, D. & Hatfield, B. (2001). Persuading the persuadable: Evaluating compulsory treatment in England using Supervised Discharge Orders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 36, 260-266.
45. Pinfold, V., Rowe, A., Hatfield, B., Bindman, J., Huxley, P., Thornicroft, G. & Shaw, J. (2002). Lines of resistance: Exploring professionals' views of compulsory community supervision. Journal of Mental Health 11, 177-190.
46. Preston, N. J., Kisely, S. & Xiao, J. (2002). Assessing the outcome of compulsory psychiatry treatment in the community: Epidemiological study in Western Australia. British Medical Journal 324, 1244-1246.
47. Ridgely, S., Borum, R. & Pertila, J. (2001). The Effectiveness of Involuntary Outpatient Treatment. Empirical Evidence and the Experience of 8 States. RAND: California.
48. Rohland, B. M., Rohrer, J. E. & Richards, C. C. (2000). The longterm effect of outpatient commitment on service use. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 27, 383-394.
49. Salize, H. J. & Dressing, H. (2002). Compulsory Admission and Involuntary Treatment of Mentally Ill Patients - Legislation and Practice in EU Member States. Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Commission: Brussels (http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph/programmes/health/reports/ fp_promotion_2000_frep_08_en.pdf). Accessed 31 May 2005.
50. Segal, S. P. (2005). The utility of early intervention community treatment orders. In Proceedings of the 29th International Congress on Law and Mental Health, Paris, France, July 2005: 80 (www.ialmh.org/ Paris2005/Abstract_Final.pdf). Accessed 30 September 2005.
51. Sensky, T., Hughes, T. & Hirsch, S. (1991a). Compulsory psychiatric treatment in the community. I. A controlled study of compulsory community treatment with extended leave under the Mental Health Act: special characteristics of patients treated and impact of treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry 158, 792-799.
52. Sensky, T., Hughes, T. & Hirsch, S. (1991b). Compulsory psychiatric treatment in the community. II. A controlled study of patients whom psychiatrists would recommend for compulsory treatment in the community. British Journal of Psychiatry 158, 799-804.
53. Steadman, H. J., Gounis, K., Dennis, D., Hopper, K., Roche, B., Swartz, M. & Robbins, P. C. (2001). Assessing the New York City Involuntary Outpatient Commitment Pilot Program. Psychiatric Services 52, 330-336.
54. Swanson, J. W., Swartz, M. S., Wagner, H. R. & Burns, B. J. (2000). Involuntary out-patient commitment and reduction of violent behaviour in persons with severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 174, 324-331.
55. Swartz, M. S. & Swanson, J. W. (2004). Involuntary outpatient commitment, community treatment orders, and assisted outpatient treatment: What's in the data? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 49, 585-591.
56. Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J. W., Wagner, H. R., Burns, B. J. & Hiday, V. A. (2001). Effects of involuntary outpatient commitment and depot antipsychotics on treatment adherence in persons with severe mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 189, 583-592.
57. Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J. W., Wagner, H. R., Burns, B. J., Hiday, V. A. & Borum, R. (1999). Can involuntary outpatient commitment reduce hospital recidivism? Findings from a randomised trial with severely mentally ill individuals. American Journal of Psychiatry 156, 1968-1975.
58. Szmukler, G. & Hotopf, M. (2001). Effectiveness of involuntary outpatient commitment. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 653-654.
59. Van Putten, R. A., Santiago, J. M. & Berren, M. R. (1988). Involuntary outpatient commitment in Arizona: A retrospective study. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 39, 953-958.
60. Vaughan, K., McConaghy, N., Wolf, C., Myhr, C. & Black, T. (2000). Community Treatment Orders: Relationship to clinical care, medication compliance, behavioural disturbance and re-admission. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, 801-808.
61. Wagner, H. R., Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J. W. & Burns, B. J. (2003). Does involuntary outpatient commitment lead to more intensive treatment? Psychology, Public Policy and Law 9, 145-158.
62. Zanni, G. & DeVeau, L. (1986). Inpatient stays before and after outpatient commitment. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 37, 941-944.