How does the new TANF work requirement "work" in rural minority communities? A case study of the northern cheyenne nation

American Indian Culture and Research Journal

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 95-120

  Whiting, Erin Feinauer ^a   Ward, Carol ^b   Villa, Rita Hiwalker ^c   Davis, Judith ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Chief Dull Knife College   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845977325     PISSN: 01616463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17953/aicr.29.4.t6534t565260v536     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. J. Larry Brown and Sandra H. Venner, "Initial Returns Show Welfare Devolution Failing," in Welfare Reform, 1996-2000: Is There a Safety Net? ed. J. Hansan and R. Morris (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 176-96.
2. John E. Hansan and Robert Morris, eds., Welfare Reform, 1996-2000: Is There a Safety Net? (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999).
3. See, e.g., Kathleen Pickering, "Alternative Economic Strategies in Low-Income Rural Communities: TANF, Labor Migration, and the Case of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation," Rural Sociology 65, no. 1 (2000): 148-67;
4. Mark Harvey, Gene F. Summers, Kathleen Pickering, and Patricia Richards, "The Short-Term Impacts of Welfare Reform in Persistently Poor Rural Areas," in Rural Dimensions of Welfare Reform, ed. B. A. Weber, G. Duncan, and L. A. Whitener (Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2002), 375-409.
5. Eddie F. Brown, Stephen Cornell, Leslie Whitaker, Melinda Springwater, Miriam Jorgensen, Michelle Hale, and Ami Nagle, Welfare, Work, and American Indians: The Impact of Welfare Reform - A Report to the National Congress of American Indians, http://udallcenter.arizona.edu/nativenations/pubs/ welfare_re.form.pdf (accessed 21 October 2005).
6. Matthew Snipp, "American Indian Economic Development," in The Changing American Countryside: Rural People and Places, ed. Emery N. Castle (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 303-17.
7. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Labor Force Report for the Northern Cheyenne Agency (Lame Deer, MT: BIA, 1997).
8. See Randy Albelda, "Fallacies of Welfare-to-Work Policies," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 577 (2001): 66-77;
9. Frances Fox Piven, "Welfare and Work," Social Justice 25, no. 1 (1998): 67-81.
10. Hansan and Morris, Welfare Reform.
11. C. Broughton, "Work Programs and Welfare Recipients: An Ethnography of Work-Based Welfare Reform," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 15 (2001): 18.
12. See Broughton, "Work Programs"; and J. A. Turner and T. Main, "Work Experience under Welfare Reform," in The New World of Welfare, ed. R. M. Blank and R. Haskins (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), 291-310.
13. Piven, "Welfare and Work"; Frances Fox Piven, "Globalization, American Politics, and Welfare Policy," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 577 (2001): 26-37;
14. Frances Fox Piven, "Welfare Reform and Low Wage Labor Markets," in The New Poverty Studies: The Ethnography of Power, Politics, and Impoverished People in the United States, ed. J. Goode and J. Maskovsky (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 135-51;
15. See also Hansan and Morris, Welfare Reform.
16. K. Edin and L. Lein, Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-Wage Work (New York: Sage, 1997);
17. Janet M. Fitchen, "The Single-Parent Family, Child Poverty, and Welfare Reform," Human Organization 54, no. 4 (1995): 355-63;
18. S. Morgen and J. Weigt, "Poor Women, Fair Work, and Welfare-to-Work That Works," in The New Poverty Studies: The Ethnography of Power, Politics, and Impoverished People in the United Slates, ed. J. Goode and J. Maskovsky (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 152-78.
19. Pickering, "Alternative Economic Strategies."
20. Albelda, "Fallacies."
21. R. M. Blank and L. Schmidt, "Work, Wages, and Welfare," in The New World of Welfare, ed. R. M. Blank and R. Haskins (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), 70-102; Turner and Main, "Work Experience."
22. Hansan and Morris, Welfare Reform, 11.
23. See, e.g., Albelda, "Fallacies"; Gary Burtless, "The Employment Experiences and Potential Earnings of Welfare Recipients," in Welfare Reform, 1996-2000: Is There a Safety Net? ed. J. Hansan and R. Morris (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 52-73.
24. Harvey et al., "Short-Term Impacts."
25. Burtless, "Employment Experiences," 61.
26. House Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education, Welfare Reform: Assessing the Progress of Work-Related Provisions, Hearings on the Training and Life-Long Learning of the Committee on Education and the Workforce, 106th Cong., 1st sess., 1999, 38.
27. Albelda, "Fallacies"; J. Bernstein, "Welfare Reform and the Low-Wage Labor Market: Employment, Wages, and Wage Policies," in Welfare Reform, 1996-2000: Is There a Safety Net?ed.J. Hansan and R. Morris (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 27-50; Piven, "Welfare and Work"; Piven, "Globalization."
28. Bernstein, "Welfare Reform," 39.
29. Piven, "Welfare and "Work"; Piven, " Globalization"; Piven, "Welfare Reform"; for the case of orange vests in New York see Piven, "Welfare and Work."
30. Piven, "Globalization."
31. D. L. Lichter, L. J. Beaulieu, J. L. Findeis, and R. A. Teixeira, "Human Capital, Labor Supply, and Poverty in Rural America," in Persistent Poverty in Rural America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), 39-67.
32. See, e.g., Matthew Snipp, Public Policy Impacts on American Indian Economic Development (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988);
33. Carol Ward and Matthew Snipp, introduction to Human Capital and American Indian Economic Development, ed. C. Ward and M. Snipp (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996), 1-15;
34. Carol Ward, "The Importance of Context in Explaining Human Capital Formation and Labor Force Participation of American Indians in Rosebud County, Montana," Rural Sociology 63, no. 3 (1998): 451-80.
35. Pickering, "Alternative Economic Strategies."
36. Ward, "Importance of Context."
37. James Coleman, "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital," American Journal of Sociology 94 (1988): 95-120.
38. Pierre Bourdieu, "Forms of Capital," in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. J. Richards (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 241-58.
39. Pickering "Alternative Economic Strategies."
40. Ibid., 158.
41. Pickering "Alternative Economic Strategies"; Harvey et al., "Short-Term Impacts."
42. Pickering "Alternative Economic Strategies," 153.
43. Brown et al., Welfare, Work, and American Indians.
44. S. Pandey, E. Brown, M. Zhan, S. Hicks, and P. Welch, "State of Welfare Families on Reservations: Progress, Setbacks, and Issues for Reauthorization," working paper, cited in Brown et al., Welfare, Work, and American Indians.
45. Hansan and Morris, Welfare Reform;
46. House Subcommittee, Welfare Reform, 1.
47. M. Feeney, C. Kroll, E. Quigley, and C. Villalva, Social and Economic Effects of Coal Development on the Northern Cheyenne Tribe (Billings, MT: US Bureau of Land Management, 1986).
48. Bureau of Land Management, Economic, Social, and Cultural Supplement: Powder River I Regional EIS, US Department of the Interior, Miles City District Office (1989).
49. Ibid.
50. Montana Office of Indian Affairs, 1990 Profile of the Montana Native American (Helena: Montana Office of Indian Affairs, 1994).
51. US Department of Interior, Indian Service Population and Labor Force Report (Billings, MT: Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1999).
52. Bureau of Economic Analysis, US Department of Commerce, Regional Economic Information System (2001), http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/reis/default. cfm#a (accessed 25 October 2005).
53. See Ward, "Importance of Context."
54. Rita Hiwalker, Judith Davis, Carol Ward, Cheryl Youngstrom, and Erin Feinauer, Does the Eood Stamps Program Provide an Adequate Safety Net for American Indian Reservations'? Northern Cheyenne case report submitted to USDA, October 2000.
55. Rita Hiwalker, Judith Davis, Carol Ward, Cheryl Youngstrom, Weibo Li, and Michael Lemperle, The Relationship of Food Assistance Program Participation to Nutritional and Health Status, Diabetes Risk, and Food Security among the Northern Cheyenne, report submitted to USDA, October 2001.
56. Mark Nord, N. Kabbani, L. Teihen, M. Andrews, Gary Bickel, and Steven Carlson, Household Food Security in the United States, 2000 (Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2002).
57. Carol Ward, Erin Feinauer, Rita Hiwalker, and Judith Davis, "Implications of Welfare Reform for Community Development: A Case Study Comparing Tribal and County Food Assistance Programs Serving the Northern Cheyenne," Journal of Community Development 31, no. 2 (2000): 254-76;
58. Hiwalker et al., Does the Food Stamps Program;
59. Judith Davis, Rita Hiwalker, Carol Ward, and Erin Feinauer, The Impact of Welfare Reform on Food Assistance Programs on American Indian Reservations: The Northern Cheyenne Case Study, report submitted to USDA, October 1999.
60. Hiwalker et al., Does the Food Stamps Program.
61. Interviewees quoted in this section included TANF program directors for Rosebud and Big Horn counties. They were interviewed by Rita Hiwalker at their offices between June and August 1999. Interview transcripts are archived in the Sociology Department at BYU and at Chief Dull Knife College in Lame Deer, MT. These are confidential interviews and are available only by special permission.
62. Interviewees quoted in this section included Cheyenne and white employers. All were interviewed by Rita Hiwalker and Erin Feinauer Whiting at the interviewees' various work sites on the Northern Cheyenne reservation between spring and fall 2000. Interview transcripts are archived in the Sociology Department at BYU and at Chief Dull Knife College in Lame Deer, MT. These are confidential interviews and are available only by special permission.
63. Interviewees quoted in this section are American Indian, mostly Cheyenne, FAIM clients living on the Northern Cheyenne reservation. All were interviewed by Rita Hiwalker on the reservation between spring of 1999 and fall of 2000. Interview transcripts are archived in the Sociology Department at BYU and at Chief Dull Knife College in Lame Deer, MT. These are confidential interviews and are available only by special permission.
64. Hiwalker et al., Does the Food Stamps Program;
65. Hiwalker et al., Relationship of Food Assistance.
66. For more details see Ward "Importance of Context"; and Pickering "Alternative Economic Strategies."
67. Hiwalker et al., Does the Food Stamps Program.
68. Brown et al., Welfare, Work, and American Indians.
69. Albelda, "Fallacies"; Bernstein, "Welfare Reform"; Burtless "Employment Experiences."
70. See, e.g., Bernstein, "Welfare Reform"; Pickering, "Alternative Economic Strategies"; Brown et al., Welfare, Work, and American Indians; Harvey et al., "Short-Term Impacts."
71. See John H. Moore, The Cheyenne Nation (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987).
72. Bernstein, "Welfare Reform," 33.
73. Brown and Venner, "Initial Returns"; Morgen and Weigt, "Poor Women"; Turner and Main, "Work Experience"; House subcommittee, Welfare Reform.
74. See Pickering, "Alternative Economic Strategies."
75. Ward, "Importance of Context"; see also Carol Ward, Native Americans in the School System: Family, Community, and Academic Achievement (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2005).
76. Ward, "Importance of Context."
77. Ward and Snipp, "Introduction"; Ward, "Importance of Context."
78. Brown et al., Welfare, Work, and American Indians.
79. Ibid.