Cost of producing venom in three North American pitviper species

Copeia

Volumn , Issue 4, 2006, Pages 818-825

  McCue, Marshall D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOMETRY; BODY MASS; COST; METABOLISM; SNAKE; TOXIN;

NORTH AMERICA;

ANIMALIA; SERPENTES;

EID: 33845928659     PISSN: 00458511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2006)6[818:COPVIT]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. ALLON, N., AND E. KOCHVA. 1956. The quantities of venom injected into prey of different size by Vipera palaestine in a single bite, p. 71-75. In: Venoms. Vol. 44. E. E. Buckley and N. Forges (eds.). AAAS, Washington, D.C.
2. ASIH. 2001. Guidelines for use of live amphibians and reptiles in field research. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), Herpetologists' League (HL), Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR).
3. BDOLAH, A. 1979. The venom glands of snakes and venom secretion, p. 41-57. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 52. C.-Y. Lee (ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York.
4. BON, C. 1997. Snake venom and pharmacopoeia, p. 194-209. In: Snakes: A Natural History. R. Bauchot (ed.). Sterling, New York.
5. BROWN, J. H. 1973. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
6. BROWN, R. S., M. B. BROWN, A. BDOLAH, AND E. KOCHVA. 1975. Accumulation of some secretory enzymes in venom glands of Vipera palaestinae. Am. J. Physiol. 229:1675-1679.
7. DALTRY, J. C., W. WUSTER, AND R. S. THORPE. 1996. Diet and snake evolution. Nature 379:537-540.
8. DAVIDSON, F. F., AND E. A. DENNIS. 1990. Evolutionary relationships and implications for the regulation of phospholipase A2 from snake venom and human secreted forms. J. Molec. Evol. 31:228-238.
9. DE LUCCA, F. L., A. HADDAD, E. KOCHVA, A. M. ROTHSCHILD, AND V. VALERI. 1974. Protein synthesis and morphological changes in the secretory epithelium of the venom gland of Crotalus durissus terrificus at different times after manual extraction of venom. Toxicon 12:361-368.
10. DE ROODT, A. R., J. A. DOLAB, P. P. GALARCE, E. GOULD, S. LITWIN, J. C. DOKMETJIAN, L. SEGRE, AND J. C. VIDAL. 1998. A study on the venom yield of venomous snake species from Argentina. Ibid. 36: 1949-1957.
11. DESSAUER, H. C., J. E. CADLE, AND R. LAWSON. 1987. Patterns of snake evolution suggested by their proteins. Field. Zool. 34:1-34.
12. FORSMAN, A. 1994. Growth rate and survival in relation to relative head size in Vipera berus. J. Herpetol. 28:231-238.
13. -. 1996. An experimental test for food effects on head size allometry in juvenile snakes. Evolution 50:2536-2542.
14. -, AND L. E. LINDELL. 1993. The advantage of a big head: swallowing performance in aders, Vipera berus. Funct. Ecol. 7:183-189.
15. GANS, C. 1961. The feeding mechanism of snakes and its possible evolution. Am. Zool. 1:217-227.
16. GITHENS, T. S. 1935. Studies on the venom of North American pit vipers. J. Immunol. 29:165-173.
17. GRENARD, S. 1994. Medical Herpetology. NG Publishing, Pottsville, Pennsylvania.
18. HAYES, W. K. 1992. Factors associated with the mass of venom expended by prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus v. viridis) feeding on mice. Toxicon 30:449-460.
19. -, S. S. HERBERT, G. C. REHLING, AND J. F. GENNARO. 2002. Factors that influence venom expenditure in viperids and other snake species during predatory and defensive contexts, p. 207-234. In: Biology of the Vipers. G. W. Schuett, M. Hoggren, M. E. Douglas, and H. W. Greene (eds.). Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah.
20. -, P. A. LAVIN-MURCIO, AND K. V. KARDONG. 1995. Northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis oreganus) meter venom when feeding on prey of different sizes. Copeia 1995:337-343.
21. HILL, R. E., AND S. P. MACKESSY. 1997. Venom yields from several species of colubrid snakes and differential effects of ketamine. Toxicon 35: 671-678.
22. IVANOV, O. C. 1981. The evolutionary origin of toxic proteins. Ibid. 19:171-178.
23. IWANAGA, S., AND T. SUZUKI. 1979. Enzymes in snake venom, p. 61-144. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. C.-Y. Lee (ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York.
24. JACKSON, K. 2003, The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 137:337-354.
25. JIMENEZ-PORRAS, J. M. 1961. Biochemical studies on venom of the rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox atrox. J. Exp. Zool. 148:251-258.
26. JOBLING, M. 1981. The influences of feeding in the metabolic rate of fishes: a short review. J. Fish Biol. 18:385-400.
27. KARDONG, K. V. 1980. Evolutionary patterns in advanced snakes. Am. Zool. 20:269-282.
28. -. 1986. Predatory strike behavior of the rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus. J. Comp. Psych. 100:304-313.
29. KARDONG, K. 1997. Squamates at geological boundaries: unbounded evolution. Zoology 100:152-163.
30. -, T. L. KIENE, AND V. BELS. 1997. Evolution of trophic systems in squamates. Netherl. J. Zool. 47: 411-427.
31. -, AND P. A. LAVIN-MURCIO. 1993. Venom delivery of snakes as high-pressure and low-pressure systems. Copeia 1993:644-650.
32. KINI, R. M., AND Y. M. CHAN. 1999. Accelerated evolution and molecular surface of venom phospholipase A2 enzymes. J. Molec. Evol. 48:125-132.
33. KLAUBER, L. M. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind II. University of California Press, Los Angeles.
34. KOCHOLATY, W. F., E. B. LEDFORD, J. G. DALY, AND T. A. BILLINGS. 1960. Toxicity and some enzymatic properties and activities in the venoms of Crotalidae, Elapidae, and Viperidae. Toxicon 9:131-138.
35. KOCHVA, E., AND C. GANS. 1965. The venom glands of Vipera palaestinae with comments on the glands of some other viperines. Acta Anatom. 62:365-401.
36. -, O. NAKAR, AND M. OVADIA. 1983. Venom toxins: plausible evolution from digestive enzymes. Am. Zool. 23:427-430.
37. -, U. ORON, A. BDOLAH, AND N. ALLON. 1975. Regulation of venom secretion and injection in viperid snakes. Toxicon 13:104.
38. -, -, M. OVADIA, T. SIMON, AND A. BDOLAH. 1980. Venom glands, venom synthesis, venom secretion and evolution, p. 3-12. In: Natural Toxins. D. Eaker and T. Wadstrom (eds.). Pergamon Press, New York.
39. KONDO, H., S. KONDO, S. SADAHIR K. YAMAUCHI, A. OHSAKA, R. MURATA, Z. HOKAMA, AND M. YAMAKAWA. 1972. Estimation by an new method of the amount of venom injected by a single bite of Trimeresurus species. Jap. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 25:123-131.
40. LIMA, F. A. P., S. SCHENBERG, L. N. SCHIRIPA, AND A. NAGAMORI. 1971. ATPase and phosphodiesterase differentiation in snake venoms, p. 463-470. In: Toxins of Animal and Plant Origin. Vol. 1. A. de Vries and E. Kochva (eds.). Gordon and Breach, New York.
41. MACKESSY, S. P. 1991. Morphology and ultrastructure of the venom glands of the northern Pacific rattlesnake Crotalus viridis oreganus. J. Morph. 208: 109-128.
42. -. 1993. Fibrinolytic proteases from the venoms of juvenile and adult northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis oreganus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106B:181-189.
43. -. 2002. Biochemistry and phamacology of colubrid snake venoms. J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 21: 43-83.
44. -, K. WILLIAMS, AND K. G. ASHTON. 2003. Ontogenetic variation in venom composition and diet of Crotalus oreganus concolor. a case of venom paedomorphosis? Copeia 2003:769-782.
45. MCCUE, M., AND H. B. LILLYWHITE. 2002. Oxygen consumption and the energetics of island dwelling Florida cottonmouth snakes. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 75:165-178.
46. MCCUE, M. D. 2005. Enzyme activities and biological functions of snake venoms. App. Herpetol. 2: 109-123.
47. -, A. F. BENNETT, AND J. W. HICKS. 2005. The effect of meal composition on specific dynamic action in Burmese pythons (Python molurus). Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 78:182-192.
48. MINTON, S. A. 1953. Variation in venom samples from copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix mokeson) and timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus horridus). Copeia 1953:212-215.
49. MIRTSCHIN, P. J., R. SHINE, T. J. NIAS, N. L. DUNSTAN, B. J. HOUGH, AND M. MIRTSCHIN. 2002. Influences on venom yield in Australian tigersnakes (Notechis scutatus) and brownsnakes (Pseudonaja textilis: Elapidae, Serpentes). Toxicon 40:1581-1592.
50. MORRISON, J. J., J. H. PEARN, N. T. CHARLES, AND A. R. COULTER. 1983. Further studies on the mass of venom injected by elapid snakes. Ibid. 21:279-284.
51. ORON, U., AND A. BDOLAH. 1973. Regulation of protein synthesis in the venom gland of viperid snakes. J. Biol. Chem. 56:177-190.
52. -, S. KINAMON, AND A. BDOLAH. 1978. Asynchrony in the synthesis of secretory proteins in the venom gland of the snake Vipera Palestine. Biochem. J. 174:733-739.
53. PAINE, R. T. 1971. The measurement and application of the calorie to ecological applications. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2:145-164.
54. PE, T., AND A. C. KHIN. 1986. Amount of venom injected by Russell's viper (Vipera russelli). Toxicon 24:730-733.
55. PETERSON, C. C., B. M. WALTON, AND A. F. BENNETT. 1999. Metabolic costs of growth in free-living garter snakes and the energy budgets of ectotherms. Funct. Ecol. 13:500-507.
56. ROTENBERG, D., E. S. BAMBEREGER, AND E. KOCHVA. 1971. Studies on ribonucleic acid synthesis in the venom glands of Vipera palaestine (Ophidia, Reptilia). Biochem. J. 121:609-612.
57. SAVITZSKY, A. H. 1980. The role of venom delivery strategies in snake evolution. Evolution 34: 1194-1204.
58. TU, A. T. 1977. Venoms: Chemistry and Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
59. -. 1982. Chemistry of venoms, p. 247-312. In: Rattlesnake Venoms: Their Actions and Treatment. A. T. Tu (ed.). Marcel Dekker, New York.
60. UNDERWOOD, G. 1997. An overview of venomous snake evolution. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 70:1-13.
61. VANDENPLAS, M. L., S. VANDENPLAS, K. BREBNER, A. J. BESTER, AND C. D. BOYD. 1985. Characterization of the messenger RNA population coding form components of viperid snake venom. Toxicon 23: 289-305.
62. WITHERS, P. C. 1977. Measurement of VO2, VCO2, and evaporative water loss with a flow-through mask. J. App. Physiol. 42:120-123.
63. YAMANOUYE, N., L. R. G. BRITTO, S. M. CARNEIRO, AND R. P. MARKUS. 1997. Control of venom production and secretion by sympathetic outflow in the snake Bothrops jararaca. J. Exp. Biol. 200:2547-2556.
64. YOUNG, B. A., M. PHELAN, M. MORAIN, M. OMMUNDSEN, AND R. KURT. 2003. Venom injection by rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox): peripheral resistance and the pressure-balance hypothesis. Can. J. Zool. 81: 313-320.
65. -, AND K. ZAHN. 2001. Venom flow in rattlesnakes: mechanics metering. J. Exp. Biol. 204:4345-4351.
66. -, -, M. BLAIR, AND J. LALOR. 2000. Functional subdivision of the venom gland musculature and the regulation of venom expulsion in rattlesnakes. J. Morphol. 246:249-259.
67. ZAIDAN, F., AND S. J. BEAUPRE. 2003. Effects of body mass, meal size, fast length, and temperature on specific dynamic action in the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 76: 447-458.