Gravity-sensing and gravity-related signaling pathways in unicellular model systems of protists and plants

Signal Transduction

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 432-442

  Hemmersbach, Ruth ^a   Braun, Markus ^b  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Gravitaxis; Gravitropism; Gravity sensor; Microgravity

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE; CYTOSKELETON; ECOLOGY; EUGLENA; GRAVITROPISM; MICROGRAVITY; NONHUMAN; PARAMECIUM; PLANT MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTOPLAST; PROTOZOON; REVIEW; SIGNAL DETECTION; STIMULATION;

PROTISTA; PROTOZOA;

EID: 33845926392     PISSN: 16154053     EISSN: 16154061     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/sita.200600106     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Häder, D.-P., Hemmersbach, R., Lebert, M. (Eds.): Gravity and the behaviour of unicellular organisms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York (United Kingdom, USA) 2005.
2. Braun, M. (1997) Gravitropism in tip-growing cells. Planta 2003: S11-S19.
3. Hemmersbach, R., von der Wiesche, M., Seibt, D. (2006) Ground-based experimental platforms in gravitational biology and human physiology. Signal Transduction 6: 381-387.
4. Ruyters, G., Friedrich, U. (2006) From the Bremen drop tower to the International Space Station ISS - ways to weightlessness in the German Space Life Sciences Program -. Signal Transduction 6: 397-405.
5. Bean, B. (1984) Microbial geotaxis. In Membranes and Sensory Transduction. Eds. Colombetti, G., Lend, F. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 163-198.
6. Hemmersbach, R., Häder, D.-P. (1999) Graviresponses of certain ciliates and flagellates. FASEB J. 13: S69-S75.
7. Machemer, H., Bräucker, R. (1992) Gravireception and graviresponses in ciliates. Acta Protozoologica 31: 185-214.
8. Fenchel, T., Finlay, B.J. (1984) Geotaxis in the ciliated protozoon Loxodes. J. Exp. Biol. 110: 17-33.
9. 2 toxicity in the freshwater ciliated protozoan, Loxodes striatus. J. Protozoologica 33: 157-165.
10. Fenchel, T., Finlay, B.J. (1986) The structure and function of Müller vesicles in Loxodid ciliates. J. Protozoologica 33: 69-76.
11. Häder, D.-P. (1987) Polarotaxis, gravitaxis and vertical phototaxis in the green flagellate, Euglena gracilis. Arch. Microbiol. 147: 179-183.
12. Häder, D.-P. (1997) Gravitaxis in flagellates. Biol. Bull. 192: 131-133.
13. Machemer, H., Machemer-Röhnisch, S., Bräucker, R., Takahashi, K. (1991) Gravikinesis in Paramecium: Theory and isolation of a physiological response to the natural gravity vector. J. Comp. Physiol. A 168: 1-12.
14. Ooya, M., Mogami, Y., Izumi-Kurotani, A., Baba, S.A. (1992) Gravity-induced changes in propulsion of Paramecium caudatum: a possible role of gravireception in protozoan behaviour. J. Exp. Biol. 163: 153-167.
15. Sievers, A., Buchen, B., Hodick, D. (1996) Gravity sensing in tip-growing cells. Trends Plant Sci. 1: 273-279.
16. Hodick, D. (1994) Negative gravitropism in Chara protonemata: A model integrating the opposite gravitropic responses of protonemata and rhizoids. Planta 195: 43-49.
17. Braun, M., Wasteneys, G.O. (1998) Reorganization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton throughout blue-light-induced differentiation of characean protonemata in multicellular thalli. Protoplasma 202: 38-52.
18. Sievers, A., Volkmann, D. (1979) Gravitropism in single cells. In Physiology of Movements, Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, NS Vol. 7. Eds. Haupt, W., Feinleib, M. E. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 567-572.
19. Hemmersbach-Krause, R., Briegleb, W., Vogel, K., Häder, D.-P. (1993) Swimming velocity of Paramecium under the conditions of weightlessness. Acta Protozoologica 32: 229-236.
20. Hemmersbach-Krause, R., Briegleb, W., Häder, D.-P., Vogel, K., et al. (1993) Orientation of Paramecium under the conditions of weightlessness. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 40: 439-446.
21. Hemmersbach, R., Voormanns, R., Häder, D.-P. (1996) Graviresponses in Paramecium biaurelia under different accelerations: studies on the ground and in space. J. Exp. Biol. 199: 2199-2205.
22. Häder, D.-P., Rosum, A., Schäfer, J., Hemmersbach, R. (1996) Graviperception in the flagellate Euglena gracilis during a shuttle space flight. J. Biotechnol. 47: 261-269.
23. Häder, D.-P., Richter, P., Lebert, M. (2006) Sensory transduction in the graviperception of flagellates. Signal Transduction 6: 422-431.
24. Bräucker, R., Murakami, A., Ikegaya, K., Yoshimura, K., et al. (1998) Relaxation and activation of graviresponses in Paramecium caudatum. J. Exp. Biol. 201: 2103-2113.
25. Bräucker, R., Machemer-Röhnisch, S., Machemer, H. (1994) Graviresponses in Paramecium caudatum and Didinium nasutum examined under varied hypergravity conditions. J. Exp. Biol. 197: 271-294.
26. Braun, M. (1996) Anomalous gravitropic response of Chara rhizoids during enhanced accelerations. Planta 199: 443-450.
27. Braun, M., Buchen, B., Sievers, A. (2002) Actomyosin-mediated statolith positioning in gravisensing plant cells studied in microgravity. J. Plant Growth Regul. 21: 137-145.
28. Hemmersbach, R., Voormanns, R., Briegleb, W., Rieder, N., Häder, D.-P. (1996) Influence of accelerations on the spatial orientation of Loxodes and Paramecium. J. Biotechnol. 47: 271-278.
29. Hemmersbach, R., Volkmann, D., Häder, D.-P. (1999) Graviorientation in protists and plants. J. Plant Physiol. 154: 1-15.
30. Hensel, W. (1984) A role of microtubules in the polarity of statocytes from roots of Lepidium sativum L. Planta 162: 404-414.
31. Blancaflor, E. B. (2002) The cytoskeleton and gravitropism in higher plants. J. Plant Growth Regul. 21: 120-136.
32. Sack, F.D. (1997) Plastids and gravitropic sensing. Planta 203: 63-68.
33. Pickard, B.G., Thimann, K.V. (1966) Geotropic response of wheat coleoptiles in absence of amyloplast starch. J. Gen. Physiol. 49: 1065-1086.
34. Wayne, R., Staves, M.P., Leopold, A.C. (1990) Gravity-dependent polarity of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitellopsis. Protoplasma 155: 43-57.
35. Wayne, R., Staves, M.P. (1996) A down to earth model of gravisensing or Newton's Law of gravitation from the apple's perspective. Physiologia Plantarum 98: 917-921.
36. Hemmersbach, R., Voormanns, R., Bromeis, B., Schmidt, et al. (1998) Comparative studies of the graviresponses of Paramecium and Loxodes. Adv. Space Res. 21: 1285-1289.
37. Neugebauer, D.C., Machemer-Röhnisch, S., Nagel, U., Bräucker, R., Machemer, H. (1998) Evidence of central and peripheral gravireception in the ciliate Loxodes striatus. J. Comp. Physiol A 183: 303-311.
38. Lebert, M., Häder, D.-P. (1996) How Euglena tells up from down. Nature 379: 590.
39. Sievers, A., Kramer-Fischer, M., Braun, M., Buchen, B. (1991) The polar organization of the growing Chara rhizoid and the transport of statoliths are actin-dependent. Botanica Acta 104: 103-109.
40. Braun, M. (2002) Gravity perception requires statoliths settled on specific plasma-membrane areas in characean rhizoids and protonemata. Protoplasma 219: 150-159.
41. Braun, M., Hauslage, J., Czogalla, A., Limbach, C. (2004) Tip-localized actin polymerization and remodeling, reflected by the localization of ADF, profilin and villin, are fundamental for gravity-sensing and polarized growth of characean rhizoids. Planta 219: 379-388.
42. Hejnowicz, Z., Sievers, A. (1981) Regulation of the position of statoliths in Chara rhizoids. Protoplasma 108: 117-137.
43. Braun, M. (1996) Immunolocalization of myosin in rhizoids of Chara globularis Thuill. Protoplasma 191: 1-8.
44. Volkmann, D., Buchen, B., Hejnowicz, Z., Tewinkel, M., Sievers, A. (1991) Oriented movement of statoliths studied in a reduced gravitational field during parabolic flights of rockets. Planta 185: 153-161.
45. Buchen, B., Braun, M., Hejnowicz, Z., Sievers, A. (1993) Statoliths pull on microfilaments. Experiments under microgravity. Protoplasma 172: 38-42.
46. Buchen, B., Braun, M., Sievers, A. (1997) Statoliths, cytoskeletal elements and cytoplasmic streaming of Chara rhizoids under reduced gravity during TEXUS flights. In Life sciences experiments performed on sounding rockets (1985-1994). Eds. Cogoli, A., Friedrich, U., Mesland, D., Demets, R., ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, Noordwijk (The Netherlands), ESA SP-1206, pp. 71-75.
47. Cai, W., Braun, M., Sievers, A. (1997) Displacement of statoliths in Chara rhizoids during horizontal rotation on clinostats. Acta Biologiae Experimental Sinica 30: 147-155.
48. Hoson, T., Kamisaka, S., Masuda, Y., Yamashita, M., Buchen, B. (1997) Evaluation of the three-dimensional clinostat as a simulator of weightlessness. Planta 203: S187-S197.
49. Leitz, G., Schnepf, E., Greulich, K.O. (1995) Micromanipulation of statoliths in gravity-sensing Chara rhizoids by optical tweezers. Planta 197: 278-288.
50. Limbach, C., Hauslage, J., Schaefer, C., Braun, M. (2005) How to activate a plant gravireceptor - early mechanisms of gravity sensing studied in characean rhizoids during parabolic flights. Plant Physiol. 139:1-11.
51. Gebauer, M., Watzke, D., Machemer, H. (1999) The gravikinetic response of Paramecium is based on orientation-dependent mechanotransduction. Naturwissenschaften 86: 352-356.
52. Krause, M. (2003) Schwerkraftwahrnehmung des Ciliaten Stylonychia mytilus: Elektro- und verhaltensphysiologische Untersuchungen. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany).
53. Baba, S.A., Tatematsu, R., Mogami, Y. (1991) A new hypothesis concerning graviperception of single cells, and supporting simulated experiments. Biol. Sci. Space 5: 290-291.
54. Lebert, M., Richter, P., Häder, D.-P. (1997) Signal perception and transduction of gravitaxis in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. J. Plant Physiol 150: 685-690.
55. Richter, P., Lebert, M., Korn, R., Häder, D.-P. (2001) Possible involvement of the membrane potential in the gravitactic orientation of Euglena gracilis. J. Plant Physiol. 158: 35-39.
56. Nagel, U., Machemer, H. (2000) Effects of Gadolinium on electrical membrane properties and behavior in Paramecium tetraurelia. Eur. J. Protistol. 36: 161-168.
57. Perbal, G., Driss-Ecole, D. (2003) Mechanotransduction in gravisensing cells. Trends Plant Sci. 8: 498-504.
58. Sievers, A., Buchen, B., Volkmann, D., Hejnowicz, Z. (1991) Role of the cytoskeleton in gravity perception. In The cytoskeletal basis for plant growth and form. Ed. Lloyd, C.V., Academic Press, London (United Kingdom), pp. 169-182.
59. Galland, P. (2002) Tropisms of Avena coleoptiles: sine law for gravitropism, exponential law for photogravitropic equilibrium. Planta 215: 779-784.
60. Bonini, N.M., Gustin, M.C., Nelson, D.L. (1986) Regulation of ciliary motility by membrane potential in Paramecium: a role for cyclic AMP. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 6: 256-272.
61. +-conductances. FEBS Lett. 356: 322-326.
62. Tahedl, H., Richter, P., Lebert, M., Häder, D.-P. (1998) cAMP is involved in gravitaxis signal transduction of Euglena gracilis. Microgravity Sci. Tec. 11: 173-178.
63. Richter, P., Lebert, M., Tahedl, H., Häder, D.-P. (2001) Calcium is involved in the gravitactic orientation in colorless flagellates. J. Plant Physiol. 158: 689-697.
64. Richter, P.R., Schuster, M., Wagner, H., Lebert, M., Häder, D.-P. (2002) Physiological parameters of gravitaxis in the flagellate Euglena gracilis obtained during a parabolic flight campaign. J. Plant Physiol. 159: 181-190.
65. Braun, M., Richter, P. (1999) Relocalization of the calcium gradient and a dihydropyridine receptor is involved in upward bending by bulging of Chara protonemata, but not in downward bending by bowing of Chara rhizoids. Planta 209: 414-423.
66. Braun, M., Limbach, C. (2005) Gravisensing in single-celled systems - Update on characean rhizoids and protonemata. Adv. Space Res. 36: 1156-1161.
67. Braun, M. (2001) Association of spectrin-like proteins with the actin-organized aggregate of endoplasmic reticulum in the Spitzenkörper of gravitropically tip-growing plant cells. Plant Physiol. 125: 1611-1620.