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(Lefrancois,) have argued against Hernstein and Murray's hypothesis that IQ is genetically determined. Gould and Lefrancois, on the other hand, contend that IQ is influenced significantly by environmental factors and that if African Americans were provided with similar social circumstances and utilization of resources, they too would approximate whites in IQ test scores. See Gould, S. The Mismeasure of Man; W. W. Norton: New York, 1996; and Lefrancois, G. The Lifespan, 6th Ed.;Wadsworth: Belmont, CA, 1999
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