Performance enhancing substances

Journal of Legal Medicine

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 493-509

  Tynes, Jarred R ^a  

^a SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANABOLIC AGENT; ANDRO; ANDROSTENEDIONE; CAFFEINE; EPHEDRINE; STEROID;

ACNE; AGGRESSION; ALOPECIA; ATHLETE; BASEBALL; BONE GROWTH; BREAST CANCER; BREAST HYPERPLASIA; CACAO; COFFEE; DEPRESSION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIZZINESS; DOPING; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG LEGISLATION; DRUG MARKETING; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; FEMINIZATION; FLUID RETENTION; FLUSHING; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GROWTH RETARDATION; HAIR LOSS; HEADACHE; HEALTH HAZARD; HEART DISEASE; HEART PALPITATION; HEAT STROKE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMPOTENCE; INFERTILITY; INSOMNIA; LIVER FUNCTION; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; MOOD CHANGE; NERVOUSNESS; ORGANIZATION; PARANOIA; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; POLICY; PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY; REPEATED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN TINGLING; SPERMATOGENESIS; TESTIS ATROPHY; VIOLENCE; VIRILIZATION; VOMITING;

BASEBALL; DOPING IN SPORTS; HUMANS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33845753932     PISSN: 01947648     EISSN: 1521057X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01947640601021113     Document Type: Review

References (137)

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2. Id.
3. Id.
4. Id.
5. Id.
6. Id. at 352.
7. Adrian Wilairat, Comment, Faster, Higher, Stronger? Federal Efforts to Criminalize Anabolic Steroids and Steroid Precursors, 8 J. HEALTH CARE L. & POL'Y 377, 381 (2005).
8. Id.
9. Id.
10. See NAT'L INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERV., PUB. No. 00-3721, ANABOLIC STEROID ABUSE 1 (Apr. 2000), available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/PDF/RRSteroi.pdf (last visited Sept. 6, 2006).
11. George Fan, Anabolic Steroid and Human Growth Hormone Abuse: Creating an Effective and Equitable Ergogenic Drug Policy, 1994 U. CHI. LEGAL F. 439, 442 (1994);
12. NAT'L INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, supra note 10, at 3-4.
13. Wilairat, supra note 7, at 379.
14. Diane Heckman, The Evolution of Drug Testing of Interscholastic Athletes, 9 VILL. SPORTS & ENT. L. J. 209, 227-28 (2002).
15. Wilairat, supra note 7, at 379.
16. Jerry Adler, Toxic Strength, NEWSWEEK, Dec. 20, 2004, available at http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6712731/site/newsweek (last visited Sept. 6, 2006).
17. Id.
18. See Heckman, supra note 13, at 227-28.
19. Wilairat, supra note 7, at 379.
20. Adler, supra note 15.
21. Id.
22. Id.
23. Id.
24. Dunne, supra note 1, at 357.
25. Id.
26. Id.
27. Id.
28. Id. at 358.
29. Id. at 351.
30. Id. at 358.
31. Id.
32. Id.
33. Id.
34. Id.
35. Id.
36. Id. at 362.
37. Id. at 358.
38. Id.
39. Id.
40. Id. at 364. The most notable user of andro is former MLB single-season homerun record holder Mark McGwire. See Wilairat, supra note 7, at 381.
41. Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Serv., HHS Launches Crackdown on Products Containing Andro: FDA Warns Manufacturers to Stop Distributing Such Products (Mar. 11, 2004), available at http://www.fda.gov/bbs/ topics/news/2004/hhs 031104.html (last visited Sept. 6, 2006).
42. Id.
43. Id.
44. Id.
45. Allan H. "Bud" Selig & Robert D. Manfred, Jr., The Regulation of Nutritional Supplements in Professional Sports, 15 STAN. L. & POL'Y REV. 35, 37 (2004).
46. Annaliese Smith, Comment, Marijuana as a Schedule I Substance: Political Ploy or Accepted Science?, 40 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 1137, 1146 (2000).
47. Id.
48. 21 U.S.C. § 812(a) (2000).
49. Id. § 812(b).
50. Id. § 812(b)(1).
51. Id. § 812(b)(5).
52. Selig & Manfred, supra note 44, at 37.
53. Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990, codified at 21 U.S.C § 812(c) (2000).
54. Id. § 812(b)(3)(A).
55. Id. § 812(b)(3)(B).
56. Id. § 812(b)(3)(C).
57. Id. § 802(41)(A).
58. Selig & Manfred, supra note 44, at 38.
59. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-417, 108 Stat. 432 (1994).
60. Wilairat, supra note 7, at 389.
61. Selig & Manfred, supra note 44, at 41.
62. Id.; Wilairat, supra note 7, at 389.
63. Selig & Manfred, supra note 44, at 41; Wilairat, supra note 7, at 389.
64. Dunne, supra note 1, at 357.
65. Id. at 361.
66. Id.
67. Id.
68. Id.
69. Id.
70. Id. at 362.
71. Nutraceutical Corp. v. Crawford, 364 F. Supp. 2d 1310, 1321 (D. Utah 2005), overruled by Nutraceutical Corp. v. Von Eschenbach, 2006 WL 2374338 (10th Cir. 2006).
72. Nutraceutical Corp., 364 F. Supp. 2d at 1318.
73. Id. at 1321.
74. Nutraceutical Corp., 2006 WL at 2374338.
75. Id.
76. Id.
77. Id.
78. Dunne, supra note 1, at 362.
79. Id. at 363.
80. Id. at 364.
81. Id. at 362.
82. Wilairat, supra note 7, at 390.
83. Id.
84. Id. at 389.
85. Id. at 390.
86. Id. at 391.
87. Wilairat, supra note 7, at 389.
88. Id. at 391.
89. Id.
90. Laura S. Stewart, Comment, Has the United States Anti-Doping Agency Gone Too Far? Analyzing the Shift from "Beyond Reasonable Doubt" to "Comfortable Satisfaction," 13 VILL. SPORTS & ENT. L.J. 207, 224-25 (2006).
91. Wilairat, supra note 7, at 381.
92. Id.
93. Id.
94. Id.
95. Selig & Manfred, supra note 44, at 52.
96. Id.
97. Id. at 54.
98. Id.
99. Id.
100. Id. at 53.
101. Id.
102. Id.
103. John T. Wendt, WADA, Doping and THG, 21 ENTM'T & SPORTS LAWYER 1, 30 (Winter 2004).
104. Selig & Manfred, supra note 44, at 35.
105. Id.
106. Id.
107. Barry M. Bloom, MLB Confident Deal Satisfies Congress (Nov. 16, 2005) (last visited Sept. 6, 2006), at http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/search archive.jsp (select "November 2005" in the date search field; scroll to articles from November 16).
108. Barry M. Bloom & Jim Molony, MLB, Union Agree to Stricter Drug Policy (Nov. 16, 2005) (last visited Sept. 6, 2006), at http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/ news/search archive. jsp (select "November 2005" in the date search field; scroll to articles from November 16).
109. Wilairat, supra note 7, at 386.
110. Bloom, supra note 106.
111. Bloom & Molony, supra note 107.
112. Bloom, supra note 106.
113. Id.
114. Bloom & Molony, supra note 107. Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig acknowledged that the stricter drug policy was "an important step to reaching our goal of ridding our sport of performance-enhancing substances, and should restore the integrity of and public confidence in our great game."
115. Bloom, supra note 106.
116. Id.
117. Id.
118. Id.
119. Id.
120. Id.
121. Barry M. Bloom, Selig Announces Steroid Investigation; Former Senator Mitchell Named to Head Probe into Past Drug Use (Mar. 30, 2006) (last visited July 31, 2006), at http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/search archive.jsp (select "March 2006" in the date search field; scroll to articles from March 30).
122. Id.
123. Stewart, supra note 89, at 211.
124. Id. at 212.
125. Id. at 222.
126. Id.
127. Id.
128. Id.
129. Id.
130. Id. at 223.
131. Id.
132. Id.
133. Id. at 224.
134. Id.
135. Id. at 225.
136. Id. at 224
137. Bloom, supra note 106.