The Nature of Forest Canopies

Forest Canopies: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 3-23

  Nadkarni, Nalini M ^a   Parker, Geoffrey G ^b   Rinker, H Bruce ^c,d   Jarzen, David M ^e  

^a EVERGREEN STATE COLLEGE   (United States)

^b SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c MARIE SELBY BOTANICAL GARDENS   (United States)

^d TREE Foundation   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845745600     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012457553-0/50005-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (84)

1. Basset Y., Horlyek V., Wright S.J. Studying Forest Canopies from Above: The International Canopy Crane Network 2003, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and United Nations Environment Programme, Panama City.
2. Arthropods of Tropical Forests: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Resource Use in the Canopy 2003, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Y. Basset, R. Kitching, S. Miller, V. Novotny (Eds.).
3. Bennett B. Uses of epiphytes, lianas and parasites by the Shuar people of Amazonian Ecuador. Selbyana 1992, 13:99-114.
4. Benzing D.H. Vascular Epiphytes: General Biology and Related Biota 1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. Benzing D.H. Vulnerabilities of tropical forests to climate change: the significance of resident epiphytes. Climatic Change 1998, 39:519-540.
6. Berg D.R., Brown T.K., Blessing B. Silvicultural system design with emphasis on the forest eanopy. Northwest Sci. 1996, 70:31-36.
7. Ecology and the Jewish Spirit: Where Nature and the Sacred Meet 1998, Jewish Lights Publishing, Woodstock. E. Bernstein (Ed.).
8. Blair R.B., Ballard H.L. Conservation Biology: A Hands-On Introduction to Biodiversity 1996, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
9. Blair J.B., Rabine D.L., Hofton M.A. The Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor: a medium-altitude, digitization-only, airborne laser altimeter for mapping vegetation and topography. ISPRS J. Photogram Rem. Sens. 1999, 54:115-122.
10. Brokaw, N., Fraver, S., Grear, J.S., Thompson, J., Zimmerman, J.K., Waide, R.B., Everham, E.M. III, Hubbell, S.P., and Foster, R.B. Disturbance and canopy structure in two tropical forests. (In press). In "Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism: Results from a Long-Term Tropical Forest Network" (E. Losos and E.G. Leigh Jr., Eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
11. Catling P.M., Brownell V.R., Lefkovitch L.P. Epiphytic orchids in a Belizean grapefruit orchard: Distribution, colonization, and association. Lindleyana 1986, 1:194-202.
12. Chase M.W. Obligate twig epiphytes in the Oncidiinae and other neotropical orchids. Selbyana 1987, 10:24-30.
13. Clark K.L., Nadkarni N.M., Schaefer D.A., Gholz H.L. Atmospheric deposition and net retention of ions by the canopy in a tropical montane forest, Monteverde, Costa Rica. J. Trop. Ecol. 1998, 14:27-45.
14. Cobb A.R., Nadkarni N.M., Ramsey G.A., Svoboda A.J. Recolonization of bigleaf maple branches by epiphytic bryophytes following experimental disturbance. Can. J. Bot. 2001, 79:1-8.
15. Cushing J.b., Bond B., Dial R., Nadkarni N.M. How trees and forests inform biodiversity and ecosystem informatics. Comp. in Sci. and Eng. 2003, 5:32-43.
16. Davis A.J., Sutton S.E. The effects of rain forest canopy loss on arboreal dung beetles in Borneo: implications for the measurement of biodiversity in derived tropical ecosystems. Diversity and Distributions 1998, 4:167-173.
17. Davis M.B. Eastern Old Growth 1996, Island Press, Washington, D.C.
18. Dayton P.K. Ecology of kelp communities. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1985, 16:215-245.
19. Denison W.C. Life in tall trees. Sci. Amer. 1973, 228:74-80.
20. Durbin K. Tree Huggers: Victory, Defeat, and Renewal 1996, The Mountaineers, Seattle.
21. Erwin T. Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species. Coleopterists Bulletin 1982, 36:74-75.
22. Franklin J.F., Spies T.A., Van Pelt R., Carey A., Thornburgh D., Berg D.R., Lindenmayer D., Harmon M., Keeton W., Shaw D.C. Disturbances and the structural development of natural forest ecosystems with some implications for silviculture. For. Ecol. Manage. 2001, 155:399-423.
23. Freiberg M. Phenotypic expression of epiphytic Gesneriaceae under different microclimatic conditions in Costa Rica. Ecotropica 1996, 2:49-57.
24. Garvin J., Bufton J., Blair B., Harding D., Lutheke S., Frawley J., Rowlands D. Observations of the Earth's topography from the Shuttle Laser Altimeter (SLA): laser-pulse echo-recovery measurements of terrestrial surfaces. Phys. Chem. Earth Sci. 1998, 23:1053-1068.
25. Ghazoul J., McLeish M. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest trees in logged and fragmented habitats in Thailand and Costa Rica. Plant Ecology 2001, 153:335-345.
26. Hallé F. Canopy architecture in tropical trees: a pictorial approach. Forest Canopies 1995, 27-44. Academic Press, San Diego. M.D. Lowman, N.M. Nadkarni (Eds.).
27. Harrison R.P. Forests: The Shadow of Civilization 1992, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
28. Hayden B.P. Ecosystem feedbacks on climate at the landscape scale. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 1998, 353:5-18.
29. Christianity and Ecology 2000, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. D.T. Hessel, R.R. Reuther (Eds.).
30. Ishii H., Ford E.D. The role of epicormic shoot production in maintaining foliage in old Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) trees. Can. J. Bot. 2001, 79:251-264.
31. Kellert S.R., Wilson E.O. The Biophilia Hypothesis 1993, Island Press, Washington, D.C.
32. Kress W.J. The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes: an update. Selbyana 1986, 9:2-22.
33. Leach M. Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend 1972, Harper and Row, San Francisco.
34. Lefsky M.A., Cohen W.B., Harding D.J., Parker G.G. Lidar remote sensing for ecosystem studies. BioScience 2002, 52:19-30.
35. Longino J., Nadkarni N.M. A comparison of ground and canopy leaf litter ants (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in a neotropical montane forest. Psyche 1990, 97:81-94.
36. Lowman M.D., Nadkarni N.M. Forest Canopies 1995, Academic Press, San Diego.
37. Lugo A.E., Scatena F. Epiphytes and climate change research in the Caribbean: a proposal. Selbyana 1992, 13:123-130.
38. Margulis L. What is canopy biology? A microbial perspective. Selbyana 2001, 22:232-235.
39. McCune B., Derr C.C., Muir P.S., Shirazi A.M., Sillett S.C., Daly W.J. Lichen pendants for transplant and growth experiments. Lichenologist 1996, 28:161-169.
40. Moffett M.W. What's "up?" A critical look at the basic terms of canopy biology. Biotropica 2000, 32:569-596.
41. Moffett M.W. The nature and limits of canopy biology. Selbyana 2001, 22:155-179.
42. Moffett M.W., Lowman M.D. Canopy access techniques. Forest Canopies 1995, 3-26. Academic Press, San Diego. M.D. Lowman, N.M. Nadkarni (Eds.).
43. Nadkarni N.M. Colonization of stripped branch surfaces by epiphytes in a lower montane cloud forest, Monteverde, Costa Rica. Biotropica 2000, 32:358-363.
44. Nadkarni N.M. Enhancement of forest canopy research, education, and conservation in the new millennium. Plant Ecology 2001, 153:361-367.
45. Nadkarni N.M. Trees and spirituality: an exploration. Northwest Dharma News 2002, 15:10-13.
46. Nadkarni N.M., Matelson T.J. Bird use of epiphyte resources in neotropical trees. Condor 1989, 69:891-907.
47. Nadkarni N.M., Parker G.G. A profile of forest canopy science and scientists-who we are, what we want to know, and obstacles we face: results of an international survey. Selbyana 1994, 15:38-50.
48. Novotny V., Basset Y., Miller S.E., Weiblen G.D., Bremer B., Cizek L., Drozd P. Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest. Nature 2002, 416:841-844.
49. Oliver C.D., Larson B.C. Forest stand Dynamics 1990, McGraw-Hill, New York.
50. Orians G.H. Habitat selection: general theory and applications to human behavior. The Evolution of Human Social Behavior 1980, 32-45. Elsevier North-Holland. J.S. Lockard (Ed.).
51. Ozanne C.M.P., Anhuf D., Boulter S.L., Keller M., Kitching R.L., Korner C., Meinzer F.C., Mitchell A.W., Nakashizuka T., Silva Dias P.L., Stork N.E., Wright S.J., Yoshimura M. Biodiversity meets the atmosphere: a global view of forest canopies. Science 2003, 301:183-186.
52. Parker G.G. Structure and microclimate of forest canopies. Forest Canopies 1995, 73-106. Academic Press, San Diego. M.D. Lowman, N.M. Nadkarni (Eds.).
53. Parker G.G. Canopy structure and light environment of an old-growth Douglas-fir/western hemlock forest. Northwest Sci. 1997, 71:261-270.
54. Parker G.G., Brown M.J. Forest canopy stratification: is it useful?. American Naturalist 2000, 155:473-484.
55. Parker G.G., Harding D.J., Berger M. A portable laser altimeter for rapid determination of forest canopy structure. J. Appl. Ecol. 2004, (in press).
56. Parker G.G., Smith A.P., Hogan K.P. Access to the upper forest canopy with a large tower crane. BioScience 1992, 42:664-670.
57. Peck J.E. Commercial moss harvest in northwestern Oregon: describing the epiphyte communities. Northwest Sci. 1997, 71:186-195.
58. 2 enrichment system for tall trees in mature forests. Oecologia 2002, 133:1-9.
59. Perry D.R. A method of access into the crowns of emergent and canopy trees. Biotropica 1978, 10:155-157.
60. Remsen J.V., parker T.A. Arboreal dead-leaf-searching birds of the neotropics. Condor 1984, 86:36-41.
61. Richards P.W. The Tropical Rain Forest 1954, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
62. Rinker H.B., Lowman M.D., Moffett M.W. Africa from the treetops. Amer. Biol. Teacher 1995, 57:393-401.
63. Rook D.A., grace J.C., Beets P.N., Whitehead D., Sanantonio D., Madgwick H.A.I. Forest canopy design: biological models and management implications. Attributes of Trees as Crops 1985, 507-524. Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon. M.G.R. Cannell, J.E. Jackson (Eds.).
64. Schowalter T.D. Canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory in old-growth and regenerating forests in western Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 1989, 19:318-322.
65. Schowalter T.D., Webb J.W., Crossley D.A. Community structure and nutrient content of canopy arthropods in clearcut and uncut forest ecosystems. Ecology 1981, 62:1010-1019.
66. Shaw D.C., Freeman E.A., Mathiasen R.L. Evaluating the accuracy of ground-based hemlock dwarf mistletoe rating: a case study using the Wind River Canopy Crane. West. J. For Appl. 2000, 15:8-14.
67. Shuttleworth W.J. Micrometeorology of temperate and tropical forests. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B. 1989, 324:299-334.
68. Sillett S.C., McCune B., Peck J.E., Rambo T.R., Ruchty A. Dispersal limitations of epiphytic lichens result in species dependent on old-growth forests. Ecol. Appl. 2000, 10:789-799.
69. Sillett S.C., Van Pelt R. A redwood tree whose crown is a forest canopy. Northwest Sci. 2000, 74:34-44.
70. Skutch A.F. A naturalist in Costa Rica 1992, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
71. Sørensen L.L. Stratification of the spider fauna in a Tanzanian forest. Arthropods of Tropical Forests: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Resource Use in the Canopy 2003, 92-101. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Y. Basset, V. Novotny, S.E. Miller, R.L. Kitching (Eds.).
72. Spies T. Forest structure: a key to the ecosystem. Northwest Sci 1998, 72(Special Issue):34-39.
73. Spies T.A., Franklin J.F. The structure of natural young, mature, and old-growth Douglas-fir forests in Oregon and Washington. Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests 1991, 533-544. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland. L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, M.H. Brooks (Eds.).
74. Canopy Arthropods 1997, Chapman and Hall, London. N.E. Stork, J.A. Adis, R.K. Didham (Eds.).
75. Takano T., Nakamura K., Watanabe M. Urban residential environments and senior citizens' longevity in megacity areas: the importance of walkable green spaces. J. Epidemial Comm. Health 2002, 56:913-918.
76. Thich Nhat Hanh Living Buddha, Living Christ 1995, Riverhead Books, New York.
77. Thiollay J.M. Area requirements of the conservation of rain forest raptors and game birds in French Guiana. Conserv. Biol. 1989, 3:128-137.
78. Trichon V. Monkeys as canopy collectors. Forest Canopy Handbook 2002, 11-12. Global Canopy Programme, Oxford. A.W. Mitchell, K. Secoy, T. Jackson (Eds.).
79. Ulrich R.S. View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science 1984, 224:420-421.
80. Ulrich R.S., Simons R.F., Losito B.D., Fiorito E., Miles M.A., Zelson M. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. J. Environ. Psych. 1991, 11:201-230.
81. Webb L.J. A physiognomic classification of Australian rain forests. J. Ecol. 1959, 47:551-570.
82. Whitworth D.L., Nelson S.K., Newman S.H., Van Vliet G.B., Smith W.P. Foraging distances of radio-marked Marbled murrelets from inland areas in southeast Alaska. Condor 2000, 102:452-456.
83. Winchester N., Ring R.A. The biodiversity of arthropods from northern temperate ancient coastal rainforests: conservation lessons from the high canopy. Selbyana 1999, 20:268-275.
84. Zwally H.J., Schutz R., Abdalati W., Abshire J., Bentley C., Bufton J., Harding D., Herring T., Minster B., Spinhirne J., Thomas R. ICESat's laser measurements of polar ice, atmosphere, ocean, and land. J. Geodynamics 2002, 34:405-445.