Sex, group composition, and the efficacy of group interventions to promote forgiveness

Group Dynamics

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 297-308

  Wade, Nathaniel G ^a,b   Goldman, Daniel B ^a  

^a Department of Statistics Center for Statistics and Applications in Forensic Evidence Iowa State University 2438 Osborn Dr Ames   (United States)

^b W112 Lagomarcino Hall ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Forgiveness intervention; Group composition; Sex differences

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EMPATHY; FEMALE; FORGIVENESS; GROUP DYNAMICS; GROUP THERAPY; HUMAN; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SEX;

EID: 33845726235     PISSN: 10892699     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2699.10.4.297     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Andronico, M. P. (1997). Men in groups: Insights, interventions, and psychoeducational work. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(3), 267-271.
2. Baskin, T. W., & Enright, R. D. (2004). Intervention studies on forgiveness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 79-90.
3. Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 65-122). New York: Academic Press.
4. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 155-162.
6. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. DiLalla, L. F., Hull, S. K., & Dorsey, J. K. (2004). Effect of gender, age, and relevant coursework on attitudes toward empathy, patient spirituality, and physician wellness. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 16(2), 165-170.
8. Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 100-131.
9. Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping client's forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10. Enright, R. D., Gassin, E. A., & Wu, C. (1992). Forgiveness: A developmental view. Journal of Moral Development, 21, 99-114.
11. Gault, B. A., & Sabini, J. (2000). The roles of empathy, anger, and gender in predicting attitudes toward punitive, reparative, and preventative public policies. Cognition and Emotion, 14(4), 495-520.
12. Good, G. E., Robertson, J. M., O'Neil, J. M., Fitzgerald, L. F., Stevens, M., DeBord, K. A., et al. (1995). Male gender role conflict: Psychometric issues and relations to psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 3-10.
13. Karakowsky, L., McBey, K., & Chuang, Y. (2004). Perceptions of team performance: The impact of group composition and task-based cues. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19, 506-525.
14. Karakowsky, L., & Siegel, J. P. (1999). The effects of proportional representation and gender orientation of the task on emergent leadership behavior in mixed-gender work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 620-631.
15. Klein, K. J. K., & Hodges, S. D. (2001). Gender differences, motivation, and empathic accuracy: When it pays to understand. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(6), 720-730.
16. Kopper, B. A., & Epperson, D. L. (1996). The experience and expression of anger: Relationships with gender, gender role socialization, depression, and mental health functioning. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(2), 158-165.
17. Lamb, S. (2002). Women, abuse, and forgiveness: A special case. In S. Lamb & J. G. Murphy (Eds.), Before forgiving: Cautionary views on forgiveness in psychotherapy (pp. 155-171). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
18. Lennon, R., & Eisenberg, N. (1987). Gender and age differences in empathy and sympathy. In N. Eisenberg and J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development: Cambridge studies in social and emotional development (pp. 195-217). New York: Cambridge University Press.
19. Levant, R. F. (2001). Desperately seeking language: Understanding, assessing, and treating normative male alexithymia. In G. R. Brooks & G. E. Good (Eds.), The new handbook of psychotherapy and counseling with men: A comprehensive guide to settings, problems, and treatment approaches, Vol. 1 & 2 (pp. 424-443). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
20. Lieberman, M. A., Wizlenberg, A., & Golant, M. (2005). The impact of group composition on internet support groups: Homogeneous versus heterogeneous Parkinson's groups. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 9, 239-250.
21. Macaskill, A., Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2002). Forgiveness of self and others and emotional empathy. Journal of Social Psychology, 142(5), 663-665.
22. McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., & Tsang, J. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: The temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 540-557.
23. McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships II: Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 321-336.
24. National Institute of Mental Health. (2005). Real men. Real depression. Retrieved on November 3, 2005, from http://menanddepression.nimh.nih.gov
25. Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Piper, W. E., & Joyce, A. S. (2004). Differences in men's and women's responses to short-term group psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 14(2), 231-243.
26. O'Neil, J. M., Helms, B. J., Gable, R. K., David, L., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1986). Gender role conflict scale: College men's fear of femininity. Sex Roles, 14(5-6), 335-350.
27. Rye, M. S. (2005, November 4). Personal communication.
28. Rye, M. S., Pargament, K. I., Pan, W., Yingling, D. W., Shogren, K. A., & Ito, M. (2005). Can group interventions facilitate forgiveness of an exspouse? A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 880-892.
29. Sternbach, J. (2003). Self-disclosure with all-male groups. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 53, 61-81.
30. Wade, N. G., Bailey, D. C., & Shaffer, P. (2005). Helping clients heal: Does forgiveness make a difference? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(6), 634-641.
31. Wade, N. G., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2005). In search of a common core: A content analysis of interventions to promote forgiveness. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42(2), 160-177.
32. Wade, N. G., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Haake, S. (in press). Promoting forgiveness: Comparison of explicit forgiveness interventions with an alternative treatment. Journal of Counseling and Development.
33. Wade, N. G., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Meyer, J. E. (2005). But do they work? A meta-analysis of group interventions to promote forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 423-440). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
34. Walker, D. F., & Doverspike, D. (2001). The relationship between forgiveness experiences and the masculine gender role among Christian men. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 20, 29-39.
35. Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2001). Five steps to forgiveness: The art and science of forgiving. New York: Crown Publishers.
36. Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Drinkard, D. T. (2000). Promoting reconciliation through psychoeducational and therapeutic interventions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26, 93-101.
37. Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Lerner, A. K. (2006). Gender and forgiveness: A qualitative review of 20 years of empirical research. Unpublished manuscript, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
38. Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Wade, N. G. (1999). The psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18(4), 385-418.
39. Yalom, I. D., & Leszcz, M. (2005). Theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.) New York: Basic Books.