Germs, genes and postcolonial geographies: Reading the return of tuberculosis to Leicester, UK, 2001

Cultural Geographies

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 577-599

  Bell, Morag ^a   Brown, Tim ^a   Faire, Lucy ^b  

^a LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EPIDEMIC; TUBERCULOSIS;

ENGLAND; EURASIA; EUROPE; LEICESTER [ENGLAND]; MIDLANDS [ENGLAND]; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 33845709775     PISSN: 14744740     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1191/1474474006cgj376oa     Document Type: Article

References (174)

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40. S. Sontag, AIDS and its metaphors Ibid. p. 95,
41. quoted in Cresswell, 'Mobility', p. 274.
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45. According to the Census 2001, the population of Leicester was 63.9% White, 29.9% Asian and 3.1% Black or Black British. When the figures for the Asian population are broken down further they reveal that the dominant sub-population is Indian (25.7%), followed by Pakistani (1.5%) and Bangladeshi (0.7%). See Office of National Statistics, 'National Census Statistics 2001', http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk (accessed 9 Feb. 2005).
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50. See Brah, Cartographies, p. 184;
51. V. Robinson, 'The Indians: onward and upward', in C. Peach, ed., Ethnicity in the 1991 census (London, HMSO, 1996), pp. 95-121.
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53. J. Urry, Sociology beyond societies: mobilities for the twenty-first century (London, Routledge, 2000), pp. 21ff.
54. A. Wakelin, 'Pupils are given TB jab', Leicester Mercury (30 Mar. 2001), p. 1;
55. A. Wakelin, 'The facts on TB', Leicester Mercury (30 Mar. 2001), p. 1.
56. A. Wakelin, 'The facts on TB', Leicester Mercury (2001), p. 1. Ibid.
57. A. Wakelin, 'The facts on TB', Leicester Mercury (2001), p. 1. Ibid
58. H.M. Collins and R. Evans, 'The third wave of science studies: studies of expertise and experience', Social studies of science 32 (2002), p. 268.
59. S. Brewis, 'How the battle against "white death" was won', Leicester Mercury (5 Apr. 2001), p. 2.
60. S. Brewis, 'How the battle against "white death" was won', Leicester Mercury (2001), p. 2. Ibid.
61. C. Burns, 'Testing time', Leicester Mercury (5 Apr. 2001), p. 3.
62. C. Burns, 'Testing time', Leicester Mercury (2001), p. 3. Ibid.
63. A point which is perhaps most apparent in the case of AIDS/HIV: see Treichler, AIDS, pp. 11ff.
64. See N. King, 'The scale politics of emerging infectious diseases', Osiris 19 (2004), pp. 62-76;
65. B. Turner, 'Social fluids: metaphors and meanings of society', Body and society 9 (2003), pp. 1-10;
66. Urry, Mobilities.
67. D.N. Livingstone, 'Spaces of knowledge: Contributions towards a historical geography of science', Environment and planning D: society and space 13 (1995), pp. 5-34.
68. Collins and Evans, 'Third Wave', p. 268.
69. BBC, 'TB pupils treated at hospital', http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/ 1261985.stm 5 Apr. 2001 (accessed 4 June 2004).
70. General Practice in the UK forms part of the Primary Care sector. General Practitioners are the first point of contact for medical services.
71. NHS Direct forms part of the Primary Care sector in the UK. It is a health advice service that can be accessed by telephone or online.
72. C. Burns, 'Mystery over TB outbreak', Leicester Mercury (5 Apr. 2001), p. 3.
73. BBC, '"Major outbreak" of TB', http://news.bbc.co.Uk/1/hi/ health/1260810.stm 4 Apr. 2001 (accessed 4 June 2004);
74. C. Burns, '5,000 to face TB testing', Leicester Mercury (5 Apr. 2001), p. 1.
75. C. Burns, '5,000 to face TB testing', Leicester Mercury (2001), p. 1. Ibid.
76. A. Wakelin, 'Schools to face TB screening', Leicester Mercury (4 Apr. 2001), p. 6.
77. Philip Monk, quoted in Burns, '5,000', p. 1.
78. Burns, '5,000', p. 1.
79. Burns, '5,000', p. 1. Ibid. (emphasis added).
80. Burns, 'Mystery', p. 3;
81. Burns, '5,000', p. 1.
82. C. Burns, 'Children', Leicester Mercury (6 Apr. 2001), p. 1.
83. C. Burns, 'Hundreds of pupils to get TB test early', Leicester Mercury (7 Apr. 2001), p. 2.
84. C. Burns, 'Experts to decide the next step in TB battle', Leicester Mercury (9 Apr. 2001), p. 2.
85. C. Burns, '140,000 parents to get letter on TB', Leicester Mercury (11 Apr. 2001), p. 2. C.
86. Burns, 'Fears: contact with NHS Direct doubled since outbreak', Leicester Mercury (18 Apr. 2001), p. 4.
87. C. Burns, 'TB: there is no need to panic', Leicester Mercury (6 Apr. 2001), p. 1.
88. Burns, 'Hundreds of pupils to get TB test early'.
89. Burns, 'TB', p. 1.
90. C. Scale, 'Health and media: an overview', Sociology of health and illness 25 (2003), p. 514.
91. K. Ewer, J. Decks, L. Alvarez, G. Bryant, S. Waller, P. Anderson, P. Monk and A. Lalvani, 'Comparison of T-cell-based assay with tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a school tuberculosis outbreak', Lancet 361 (2003), p. 1168.
92. See Allan, Media, pp. 76-80.
93. See D. L. Heyman and G. R. Rodier, 'Hot spots in a wired world: WHO surveillance of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases', Lancet infections diseases 1 (2001), pp. 345-53.
94. L. Garrett, The return of infectious disease', Foreign affairs 75 (1996), p. 69,
95. quoted in King, 'Scale', p. 63.
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98. J. Laurance, 'Sharp rise in TB is confined to migrants', Independent (15 Feb. 2001), p. 10.
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109. Boseley, 'School', p. 3;
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111. King, 'Scale', p. 63.
112. C. Milmo and E. Hartley, 'Number of TB cases triples to 24', Independent (5 Apr. 2001), p. 5.
113. Boseley, 'School', p. 3.
114. Wright, 'Screening', p. 4.
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121. B. Bernhard, 'Compassionate conservative', New York Sun (17 May 2004), p. 1.
122. A. Daniels, 'TB and the truth that dare not speak its name', Daily Mail (10 May 2001), p. 12.
123. G. Wansell, 'Return of the white plague', Daily Mail (7 July 2001) p. 36.
124. G. Wansell, 'Return of the white plague', Daily Mail (2001) p. 36. Ibid.
125. S. Boseley, 'Vaccine shortage threat to children', Guardian (21 Nov. 2002), p. 14.
126. Turner, 'Social fluids', p. 8.
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128. cited in L.J. Ray, 'AIDS as a moral metaphor: an analysis of the politics of the "Third Epidemic'", Archives europeennes de sociologie 30 (1989), p. 243.
129. The hysterical nature of this debate has continued, with the fear of infectious disease now overtaking the fear of terrorism. See T. Jackson, 'Mystery of the imported plagues', British medical journal 326 (2003), p. 342.
130. King, 'Security', p. 772.
131. King, 'Scale', p. 64.
132. King, 'Security', pp. 771-76.
133. Department of Health, Saving lives: our healthier nation (Cm 4386, 1999), p. 16.
134. Department of Health, Getting ahead of the curve, p. 9.
135. See e.g. M. Sutphen and B. Andrews, eds, Medicine and colonial identity (London, Routledge, 2003).
136. L. Otis, Membranes: metaphors of invasion in nineteenth-century literature, science and politics (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
137. L. Otis, Membranes: metaphors of invasion in nineteenth-century literature, science and politics Ibid. p. 4.
138. Conrad, 'Mirage', p. 230.
139. W.F. Bynum, Science and the practice of medicine in the nineteenth century (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994).
140. See D. Kennedy, 'Imperial history and postcolonial theory', Journal of imperial and Commonwealth history, 24 (1996), pp. 345-63.
141. Otis, Membranes, p. 5.
142. D. Haraway, Simians, cyborgs and women: the reinvention of nature (London, Routledge, 1991), p. 223.
143. Wansell, 'Return', p. 36.
144. See Rodger, 'Built environment', pp. 26-27;
145. D. Byrne, 'Class and ethnicity in complex cities: the cases of Leicester and Bradford', Environment and planning A 30 (1998), pp. 703-20.
146. Fowler, 'Spectre', pp. 18-19;
147. C. Milmo, 'Fear grips school at the centre of TB outbreak', Independent (6 Apr. 2001), p. 10.
148. Wright, 'Screening', p. 4;
149. Milmo and Hartley, 'Number', p. 5.
150. Fowler, 'Spectre', pp. 18-19.
151. Turner, 'Social fluids', pp. 1-10
152. Castree, 'Differential geographies', p. 135.
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154. Otis, Membranes, p. 173,
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156. See P.W.G. Wright, 'Babyhood: the social construction of infant care as a medical problem in England in the years around 1900', in M. Lock and D. Gordon, eds, Biomedicine examined (Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1988), p. 322.
157. J. Watson, The Double Helix: a personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA (London, Atheneum, 1968).
158. See D. Massey, 'Geographies of responsibility', Geografiska Annaler 86 B (2004), pp. 5-18;
159. A. Amin, 'Regions unbound: towards a new politics of place', Geografiska Annaler 86 B (2004), pp. 33-44.
160. Brah, 'Cartographies', pp. 180-81.
161. Hall, 'Genes', pp. 151-52.
162. M. Richards, 'How distinctive is genetic information?', Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences 32 (2001), pp. 663-87.
163. M. Richards, Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences Ibid. p. 668.
164. M. Richards, Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences Ibid. p. 674.
165. A. Pollack, Signs of life: the language and meanings of DNA (Boston, Houghton Mifflin,1994).
166. Richards, 'How distinctive', p. 674.
167. See Cresswell, 'Weeds' p. 338.
168. Urry, Mobilities, p. 32.
169. Allan, Media, p. 76ff.
170. Greenberg and Hier, 'Crisis', pp. 565-66.
171. This is not an attempt to impose the kind of strong boundaries around place that Castree criticizes. See Castree, 'Differential geographies', p. 135.
172. See J. Urry, 'Connections', Environment and planning D: society and space 22 (2004), pp. 27-37.
173. Richards, 'How distinctive', p. 674.
174. Ewer et al., 'Comparison', pp. 1168-73.