메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 253, Issue 1-2, 2007, Pages 37-49

Age accuracy and resolution of Quaternary corals used as proxies for sea level

Author keywords

accuracy; coral reef; Papua New Guinea; Quaternary; radiocarbon; radiometric dating; resolution; sea level; time averaging

Indexed keywords

CORAL REEF; RADIOCARBON; RADIOMETRIC DATING; TIME AVERAGING;

EID: 33845677657     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.10.014     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (38)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 0030468581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconciliation of late Quaternary sea levels derived from coral terraces at Huon Peninsula with deep sea oxygen isotope records
    • Chappell J., Omura A., Esat T., McCulloch M., Pandolfi J.M., Ota Y., and Pillans B. Reconciliation of late Quaternary sea levels derived from coral terraces at Huon Peninsula with deep sea oxygen isotope records. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 141 (1996) 227-236
    • (1996) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.141 , pp. 227-236
    • Chappell, J.1    Omura, A.2    Esat, T.3    McCulloch, M.4    Pandolfi, J.M.5    Ota, Y.6    Pillans, B.7
  • 2
    • 2942708136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late glacial to post-glacial sea level rise in the Western Indian Ocean
    • Camoin G.F., Montaggioni L.F., and Braithwatie C.J.R. Late glacial to post-glacial sea level rise in the Western Indian Ocean. Mar. Geol. 206 (2004) 119-146
    • (2004) Mar. Geol. , vol.206 , pp. 119-146
    • Camoin, G.F.1    Montaggioni, L.F.2    Braithwatie, C.J.R.3
  • 3
    • 0001047997 scopus 로고
    • Geology of coral terraces, Huon Peninsula, New Guinea : a study of Quaternary tectonic movements and sea-level changes
    • Chappell J. Geology of coral terraces, Huon Peninsula, New Guinea : a study of Quaternary tectonic movements and sea-level changes. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 85 (1974) 553-570
    • (1974) Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. , vol.85 , pp. 553-570
    • Chappell, J.1
  • 4
    • 0033534694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid fluctuations in sea level recorded at Huon Peninsula during the penultimate glaciation
    • Esat T.M., McColluch M.T., Chappell J., Pillans B., and Omura A. Rapid fluctuations in sea level recorded at Huon Peninsula during the penultimate glaciation. Science 283 (1999) 197-201
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 197-201
    • Esat, T.M.1    McColluch, M.T.2    Chappell, J.3    Pillans, B.4    Omura, A.5
  • 7
    • 30344472726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A high-precision record of mid-late Holocene sea-level events from emergent coral pavements in the Houtman Abrolhos islands, southwest Australia
    • Collins L.B., Zhao J.-X., and Freeman H. A high-precision record of mid-late Holocene sea-level events from emergent coral pavements in the Houtman Abrolhos islands, southwest Australia. Quat. Int. 145-156 (2006) 78-85
    • (2006) Quat. Int. , vol.145-156 , pp. 78-85
    • Collins, L.B.1    Zhao, J.-X.2    Freeman, H.3
  • 8
    • 0142092406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14C dates from Acropora palmata framework and intertidal mangrove peat
    • 14C dates from Acropora palmata framework and intertidal mangrove peat. Coral Reefs 22 (2003) 257-270
    • (2003) Coral Reefs , vol.22 , pp. 257-270
    • Toscano, M.A.1    Macintrye, I.G.2
  • 9
    • 21544467292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Holocene reef growth and relative sea-level changes in Atol das Rocas, equatorial South Atlantic
    • Gerhardi D.F.M., and Bosence D.W.J. Late Holocene reef growth and relative sea-level changes in Atol das Rocas, equatorial South Atlantic. Coral Reefs 24 (2005) 264-272
    • (2005) Coral Reefs , vol.24 , pp. 264-272
    • Gerhardi, D.F.M.1    Bosence, D.W.J.2
  • 10
    • 0001516595 scopus 로고
    • Zonation of the uplifted Pleistocene coral reefs on Barbados, West Indies
    • Mesolella K.J. Zonation of the uplifted Pleistocene coral reefs on Barbados, West Indies. Science 196 (1967) 638-640
    • (1967) Science , vol.196 , pp. 638-640
    • Mesolella, K.J.1
  • 11
    • 0000977179 scopus 로고
    • Acropora palmata reef framework: a reliable indicator of sea level in the western Atlantic for the past 10,000 years
    • Lighty R.G., Macintyre I.G., and Stuckenrath R. Acropora palmata reef framework: a reliable indicator of sea level in the western Atlantic for the past 10,000 years. Coral Reefs 1 (1982) 125-130
    • (1982) Coral Reefs , vol.1 , pp. 125-130
    • Lighty, R.G.1    Macintyre, I.G.2    Stuckenrath, R.3
  • 12
    • 0036261259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sea level changes forced ice breakouts in the Last Glacial cycle: new results from coral terraces
    • Chappell J. Sea level changes forced ice breakouts in the Last Glacial cycle: new results from coral terraces. Quat. Sci. Rev. 21 (2002) 1229-1240
    • (2002) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.21 , pp. 1229-1240
    • Chappell, J.1
  • 14
    • 0034815560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coral microatolls and 20th century sea level in the eastern Indian Ocean
    • Smithers S.G., and Woodroffe C.D. Coral microatolls and 20th century sea level in the eastern Indian Ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 191 (2001) 173-184
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.191 , pp. 173-184
    • Smithers, S.G.1    Woodroffe, C.D.2
  • 15
    • 0345475071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The limits of paleontological resolution
    • High Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology. Harries P.J. (Ed), Plenum Press, New York
    • Kowalewski M., and Bambach R.K. The limits of paleontological resolution. In: Harries P.J. (Ed). High Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology. Topics in Geobiology Series vol. 21 (2003), Plenum Press, New York 1-48
    • (2003) Topics in Geobiology Series , vol.21 , pp. 1-48
    • Kowalewski, M.1    Bambach, R.K.2
  • 16
    • 0036909622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quality of the fossil record: implications for evolutionary analyses
    • Kidwell S.M., and Holland S.M. The quality of the fossil record: implications for evolutionary analyses. Ann. Rev. Ecolog. Syst. 33 (2002) 561-588
    • (2002) Ann. Rev. Ecolog. Syst. , vol.33 , pp. 561-588
    • Kidwell, S.M.1    Holland, S.M.2
  • 18
    • 0029749635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time-averaging, overcompleteness, and the geological record
    • Kowalewski M. Time-averaging, overcompleteness, and the geological record. J. Geol. 104 (1996) 317-326
    • (1996) J. Geol. , vol.104 , pp. 317-326
    • Kowalewski, M.1
  • 19
    • 0031284444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of transportation and time-averaging in fossil assemblages from the Pennsylvanian of Oklahoma
    • Olszewski T.D., and West R. Influence of transportation and time-averaging in fossil assemblages from the Pennsylvanian of Oklahoma. Lethaia 30 (1997) 315-329
    • (1997) Lethaia , vol.30 , pp. 315-329
    • Olszewski, T.D.1    West, R.2
  • 20
    • 24644524637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taphonomic trade-offs in tropical marine death assemblages: differential time-averaging, shell loss, and probable bias in siliciclastic vs carbonate facies
    • Kidwell S.M., Best M.M.R., and Kaufman D.S. Taphonomic trade-offs in tropical marine death assemblages: differential time-averaging, shell loss, and probable bias in siliciclastic vs carbonate facies. Geology 33 (2005) 729-732
    • (2005) Geology , vol.33 , pp. 729-732
    • Kidwell, S.M.1    Best, M.M.R.2    Kaufman, D.S.3
  • 21
    • 0019698327 scopus 로고
    • Sediment accumulation rates and the completeness of stratigraphic sections
    • Sadler P.M. Sediment accumulation rates and the completeness of stratigraphic sections. J. Geol. 89 (1981) 569-584
    • (1981) J. Geol. , vol.89 , pp. 569-584
    • Sadler, P.M.1
  • 22
    • 0001059214 scopus 로고
    • Reefs and mounds
    • Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Walker R.G. (Ed), Geological Association of Canada, St. John's
    • James N.P., and Bourque P.-A. Reefs and mounds. In: Walker R.G. (Ed). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. GeoText vol. 1 (1992), Geological Association of Canada, St. John's 323-347
    • (1992) GeoText , vol.1 , pp. 323-347
    • James, N.P.1    Bourque, P.-A.2
  • 23
    • 0035712631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community structure of Quaternary reefs compared with Recent life and death assemblages
    • Edinger E.N., Pandolfi J.M., and Kelley R.A. Community structure of Quaternary reefs compared with Recent life and death assemblages. Paleobiology 27 (2001) 669-694
    • (2001) Paleobiology , vol.27 , pp. 669-694
    • Edinger, E.N.1    Pandolfi, J.M.2    Kelley, R.A.3
  • 24
    • 0032752960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking advantage of time-averaging
    • Olszewski T.D. Taking advantage of time-averaging. Paleobiology 25 (1999) 226-238
    • (1999) Paleobiology , vol.25 , pp. 226-238
    • Olszewski, T.D.1
  • 25
    • 0032414060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-resolution estimates of temporal mixing within shell-beds: the evils and virtues of time-averaging
    • Kowalewski M., Goodfriend G.A., and Flessa K.W. High-resolution estimates of temporal mixing within shell-beds: the evils and virtues of time-averaging. Paleobiology 24 (1998) 287-304
    • (1998) Paleobiology , vol.24 , pp. 287-304
    • Kowalewski, M.1    Goodfriend, G.A.2    Flessa, K.W.3
  • 26
    • 84879887562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dead deltas former productivity: two trillion shells at the mouth of the Colorado River
    • Kowalewski M., Avila Serrano G.E., Flessa K.W., and Goodfriend G.A. Dead deltas former productivity: two trillion shells at the mouth of the Colorado River. Geology 28 (2000) 1059-1062
    • (2000) Geology , vol.28 , pp. 1059-1062
    • Kowalewski, M.1    Avila Serrano, G.E.2    Flessa, K.W.3    Goodfriend, G.A.4
  • 27
    • 0041410158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative estimates of time-averaging in terebratulid brachiopod shell accumulations from a modern tropical shelf
    • Carroll M., Kowalewski M., Simoes M.G., and Goodfriend G.A. Quantitative estimates of time-averaging in terebratulid brachiopod shell accumulations from a modern tropical shelf. Paleobiology 29 (2003) 381-402
    • (2003) Paleobiology , vol.29 , pp. 381-402
    • Carroll, M.1    Kowalewski, M.2    Simoes, M.G.3    Goodfriend, G.A.4
  • 28
    • 0030813765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time-averaging and postmortem skeletal survival in benthic fossil assemblages: quantitative comparisons among Holocene environments
    • Meldahl K.H., Flessa K.W., and Autler A.H. Time-averaging and postmortem skeletal survival in benthic fossil assemblages: quantitative comparisons among Holocene environments. Paleobiology 23 (1997) 207-229
    • (1997) Paleobiology , vol.23 , pp. 207-229
    • Meldahl, K.H.1    Flessa, K.W.2    Autler, A.H.3
  • 31
    • 0000784071 scopus 로고
    • Reef response to sea level rise: keep-up, catch-up, or give-up
    • Neumann A.C., and Macintyre I.G. Reef response to sea level rise: keep-up, catch-up, or give-up. Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Sym. vol. 3 (1985) 105-111
    • (1985) Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Sym. , vol.3 , pp. 105-111
    • Neumann, A.C.1    Macintyre, I.G.2
  • 32
    • 0025942876 scopus 로고
    • Post-glacial sea-level rise from a coral record at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea
    • Chappell J., and Polach H. Post-glacial sea-level rise from a coral record at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Nature 349 (1991) 147-149
    • (1991) Nature , vol.349 , pp. 147-149
    • Chappell, J.1    Polach, H.2
  • 33
    • 0033004209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene sea-level rise and coral reef growth on a tectonically rising coast, Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea
    • Ota Y., and Chappell J. Holocene sea-level rise and coral reef growth on a tectonically rising coast, Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Quat Int 55 (1999) 51-59
    • (1999) Quat Int , vol.55 , pp. 51-59
    • Ota, Y.1    Chappell, J.2
  • 34
    • 33845622663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R.S. Steneck, A. Yeates, J.M. Pandolfi, Large temporal and spatial scale patterns in coralline algae abundance across the Indo-Pacific, (unpublished results).
  • 36
    • 0029756876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary coseismic uplift events on the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, deduced from coral terrace data
    • Ota Y., and Chappell J. Late Quaternary coseismic uplift events on the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, deduced from coral terrace data. J. Geophys. Res. 101 B3 (1996) 6071-6082
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , Issue.B3 , pp. 6071-6082
    • Ota, Y.1    Chappell, J.2
  • 37
    • 0025693003 scopus 로고
    • Isotope-ratio and background corrections for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry radiocarbon measurements
    • Donahue D.J., Linick T.W., and Jull A.J.T. Isotope-ratio and background corrections for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry radiocarbon measurements. Radiocarbon 32 (1990) 135-142
    • (1990) Radiocarbon , vol.32 , pp. 135-142
    • Donahue, D.J.1    Linick, T.W.2    Jull, A.J.T.3
  • 42
    • 84985671084 scopus 로고
    • Procedures for comparing and combining radiocarbon age determinations: a critique
    • Ward G.K., and Wilson S.R. Procedures for comparing and combining radiocarbon age determinations: a critique. Archaeometry 20 (1978) 19-31
    • (1978) Archaeometry , vol.20 , pp. 19-31
    • Ward, G.K.1    Wilson, S.R.2
  • 44
    • 0141724823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power, precaution, Type II error and sampling design in assessment of environmental impacts
    • Underwood A.J., and Chapman M.G. Power, precaution, Type II error and sampling design in assessment of environmental impacts. J. Exp. Mar Biol. Ecol. 296 1 (2003) 49-70
    • (2003) J. Exp. Mar Biol. Ecol. , vol.296 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-70
    • Underwood, A.J.1    Chapman, M.G.2
  • 45
    • 0026309960 scopus 로고
    • Statistical power and design requirements for environmental monitoring
    • Fairweather P.G. Statistical power and design requirements for environmental monitoring. Austr. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 42 5 (1991) 555-567
    • (1991) Austr. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. , vol.42 , Issue.5 , pp. 555-567
    • Fairweather, P.G.1
  • 47
    • 2342478620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ESR and TIMS U/Th dating of marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e, 5c, and 5a coral from Barbados - implications for palaeo sea-level changes in the Caribbean
    • Schellmann G., Radtke U., Potter E.-K., Esat T.M., and McCulloch M.T. Comparison of ESR and TIMS U/Th dating of marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e, 5c, and 5a coral from Barbados - implications for palaeo sea-level changes in the Caribbean. Quat. Int. 120 (2004) 41-50
    • (2004) Quat. Int. , vol.120 , pp. 41-50
    • Schellmann, G.1    Radtke, U.2    Potter, E.-K.3    Esat, T.M.4    McCulloch, M.T.5
  • 48
    • 17244368382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open-system coral ages reveal persistent suborbital sea-level cycles
    • Thompson W.G., and Goldstein S.L. Open-system coral ages reveal persistent suborbital sea-level cycles. Science 308 (2005) 401-404
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 401-404
    • Thompson, W.G.1    Goldstein, S.L.2
  • 49
    • 84874992156 scopus 로고
    • Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: evidence for catastrophic sea-level rise and ice-sheet collapse
    • Blanchon P., and Shaw J. Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: evidence for catastrophic sea-level rise and ice-sheet collapse. Geology 23 (1995) 4-8
    • (1995) Geology , vol.23 , pp. 4-8
    • Blanchon, P.1    Shaw, J.2
  • 50
    • 0030513511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid sea-level changes at the close of the last interglacial (substage 5e) recorded in Bahamian island geology
    • Neumann A.C., and Hearty P.J. Rapid sea-level changes at the close of the last interglacial (substage 5e) recorded in Bahamian island geology. Geology 24 (1996) 775-778
    • (1996) Geology , vol.24 , pp. 775-778
    • Neumann, A.C.1    Hearty, P.J.2
  • 51
    • 0032100967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bahamian coral reefs yield evidence of a brief sea-level lowstand during the last interglacial
    • White B., Curran A., and Wilson M.A. Bahamian coral reefs yield evidence of a brief sea-level lowstand during the last interglacial. Carbonates Evaporites 13 (1998) 10-22
    • (1998) Carbonates Evaporites , vol.13 , pp. 10-22
    • White, B.1    Curran, A.2    Wilson, M.A.3
  • 52
    • 0035681850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupled climate and sea-level changes deduced from Huon Peninsula coral terraces of the last ice age
    • Yokoyama Y., Esat T.M., and Lambeck K. Coupled climate and sea-level changes deduced from Huon Peninsula coral terraces of the last ice age. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 193 (2001) 579-587
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.193 , pp. 579-587
    • Yokoyama, Y.1    Esat, T.M.2    Lambeck, K.3
  • 53
    • 1542744877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. Blanchon, C.T. Perry, Taphonomic differentiation of Acropora palmata facies in cores from Campeche Bank reefs, Gulf of Mexico. Sedimentol. 51: 53-76.
  • 54
    • 0001387943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth and metabolic responses of Acropora palifera to long term nutrient enrichment
    • Steven A.D.L., and Broadbent A.D. Growth and metabolic responses of Acropora palifera to long term nutrient enrichment. Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Sym. vol. 1 (1997) 867-872
    • (1997) Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Sym. , vol.1 , pp. 867-872
    • Steven, A.D.L.1    Broadbent, A.D.2
  • 55
    • 0031737193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth of the staghorn coral Acropora formosa at Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia
    • Harriott V.J. Growth of the staghorn coral Acropora formosa at Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia. Mar. Biol. (Berlin) 13 (1998) 319-325
    • (1998) Mar. Biol. (Berlin) , vol.13 , pp. 319-325
    • Harriott, V.J.1
  • 56
    • 28444491431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sediment impacts on growth rates of Acropora and Porites corals from fringing reefs of Sulawesi, Indonesia
    • Crabbe M.J.C., and Smith D.J. Sediment impacts on growth rates of Acropora and Porites corals from fringing reefs of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Coral Reefs 24 (2005) 437-441
    • (2005) Coral Reefs , vol.24 , pp. 437-441
    • Crabbe, M.J.C.1    Smith, D.J.2
  • 58
    • 0030455538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limited membership in Pleistocene reef coral assemblages from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea: Constancy during global change
    • Pandolfi J.M. Limited membership in Pleistocene reef coral assemblages from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea: Constancy during global change. Paleobiology 22 (1996) 152-176
    • (1996) Paleobiology , vol.22 , pp. 152-176
    • Pandolfi, J.M.1
  • 59
    • 0035127892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community structure of Pleistocene coral reefs of Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles
    • Pandolfi J.M., and Jackson J.B.C. Community structure of Pleistocene coral reefs of Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. Ecol. Monogr. 71 (2001) 49-67
    • (2001) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.71 , pp. 49-67
    • Pandolfi, J.M.1    Jackson, J.B.C.2
  • 60
    • 33745084878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological persistence interrupted in Caribbean reef coral communities
    • Pandolfi J.M., and Jackson J.B.C. Ecological persistence interrupted in Caribbean reef coral communities. Ecol. Lett. 9 (2006) 818-826
    • (2006) Ecol. Lett. , vol.9 , pp. 818-826
    • Pandolfi, J.M.1    Jackson, J.B.C.2
  • 61
    • 0021549455 scopus 로고
    • The boring of Silurian stromatoporoids - towards an understanding of larval behaviour in the Trypanites organism
    • Nield E.W. The boring of Silurian stromatoporoids - towards an understanding of larval behaviour in the Trypanites organism. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 48 (1984) 229-243
    • (1984) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.48 , pp. 229-243
    • Nield, E.W.1
  • 62
    • 0030825677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taphonomic alteration of reef corals: effects of reef environment and coral growth form. I: The Great Barrier Reef
    • Pandolfi J.M., and Greenstein B.J. Taphonomic alteration of reef corals: effects of reef environment and coral growth form. I: The Great Barrier Reef. Palaios 12 (1997) 27-42
    • (1997) Palaios , vol.12 , pp. 27-42
    • Pandolfi, J.M.1    Greenstein, B.J.2
  • 63
    • 3042771391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental and substrate control on Paleozoic bioerosion in corals and stromatoporoids, Anticosti Island, Eastern Canada
    • Tapanila L.M., Copper P., and Edinger E.N. Environmental and substrate control on Paleozoic bioerosion in corals and stromatoporoids, Anticosti Island, Eastern Canada. Palaios 19 (2004) 292-306
    • (2004) Palaios , vol.19 , pp. 292-306
    • Tapanila, L.M.1    Copper, P.2    Edinger, E.N.3
  • 64
    • 33845618296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Best M.M.R., and Caron J.-B. (Eds), Geological Association of Canada, St. John's
    • Estrada Alvarez L.M., Edinger E.N., and Pandolfi J.M. In: Best M.M.R., and Caron J.-B. (Eds). Taphonomy of Modern Corals from Madang Lagoon Papua New Guinea. Canadian Paleontology Conference Proceedings vol. 2 (2004), Geological Association of Canada, St. John's 23-28
    • (2004) Canadian Paleontology Conference Proceedings , vol.2 , pp. 23-28
    • Estrada Alvarez, L.M.1    Edinger, E.N.2    Pandolfi, J.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.