Economic growth and ecological integrity - The impact of the hazardous waste trade on the economy and environment of developing countries

Environmental Law and Management

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 232-239

  Lipman, Zada ^a  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING WORLD; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ECONOMIC GROWTH; ECONOMIC IMPACT; ECONOMIC INSTRUMENT; EMISSIONS TRADING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; EXPORT; GLOBALIZATION; IMPORT;

EID: 33845663559     PISSN: 10676058     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (the Basel Convention) (adopted 22 March 1989, entered into force May 1992) (1989) 28 ILM 657, (1992) Austl TS No 7.
2. Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment; Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (amended by Directive 2003/108/ EC).
3. D Hackett 'An Assessment of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal' (1990) 14 The American University Journal of International Law and Policy 291, 294.
4. J Krueger International Trade and the Basel Convention (Earthscan London 1999) 11.
5. C Hamilton and R Denniss Appluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough (Allen & Unwin Crows Nest Australia 2005).
6. Productivity Commission Waste Management Draft Australian Government Productivity Report (2006) 47.
7. C Hamilton Growth Fetish (Allen & Unwin Crows Nest Australia 2003) 174.
8. UNEP' E-waste: the Hidden Side of IT Equipment's Manufacturing and Use'Early Warning on Emerging Environmental Threats No 5 (2005).
9. Greenpeace International 'Toxic Tech' at http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/ content/international/press/reports/toxic-tech-chemicals-in-elec.pdf.
10. ibid.
11. Greenpeace International 'Where Does E-Waste Go? at http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/toxics/hi-tech-highly-toxic/ ewaste-goes.
12. Greenpeace International 'High-Tech: Highly Toxic' at http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics/electronics.
13. Office Memorandum from LM Summers Ext 33774 Subject: GEP, the World Bank/IFC/MIGA (12 December 1991).
14. S Porterfield and D Weir 'The Export of US Toxic Waste' (1989) The Nation 245, 344.
15. L Westra An Environmental Proposal for Ethics: The Principle of Integrity (Rowman and Littlefield Boston 1994) 4.
16. P Jenkins 'Hazardous Wastes and the Basel Convention' (The School for International Training, International Studies, Organizations, and Social Justice, Geneva, Switzerland, Independent Study Project November 2004) available at http://www.sit-edu-geneva.ch/PJISPhtm, p 23.
17. H Marbury 'Global Environmental Racism' (1995) 28 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 251, 292.
18. US EPA environmental homepage at www.epa.gov/swerops/ej/index.html.
19. Executive Order No 12, 898 (1994) 59 Fed Reg 7629.
20. Marbury (n 17) 291.
21. ibid 293.
22. A Vir 'Toxic Trade with Africa' (1989) 23(1) Environment, Science and Technology Journal 24, 25.
23. See text of Convention at http://www.pops.int/.
24. See text of Convention at http://www.pic.int/.
25. Technical Working Group of the Basel Convention 'Report by the ERM on Part II of the Study on Implementation on Decision IV/8 18-20' (June 2001) 2.
26. Basel Convention art 2.
27. Basel Convention Annex IV.
28. Basel Convention art 4(9). This is subject to the requirement of environmentally sound management.
29. J Puckett 'The Basel Ban: A Triumph over Business-as-Usual' (Basel Action Network (BAN) 1997) at www.ban.org.
30. Greenpeace International Lead Astray: The Poisonous Lead Battery Waste Trade (Greenpeace Report 6 1994) 3;
31. BAN 'The Basel Ban Amendment: The First Step Toward Environmentally Sound Management of Hazardous Wastes' (2000) at www.ban.org.
32. Basel Convention Decision 11/12 1994.
33. Basel Convention Decision 111/1 1995.
34. J Puckett 'The Basel Treaty's Ban on Hazardous Waste Exports: An Unfinished Success Story' (BAN 2000) at www.ban.org, p 3.
35. J Puckett 'Recycling: No Excuse for Global Environmental Injustice' (BAN 2003) at www.ban.org.
36. J Puckett and others 'Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia' (BAN & Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition 2000) 34.
37. BAN & Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition High-Tech Toxic Trash from USA found to be Flooding Asia Press Release (25 February 2002) at http://www.ban.org/ban_news/ewastepr.html.
38. K Brigden and others 'Recycling of Electronic Wastes in China and India: Workplace and Environmental Contamination' (Greenpeace International August 2005).
39. J Puckett and others (n 35).
40. ibid.
41. ibid.
42. ibid 2-3.
43. ibid.
44. J Nickel 'The Battle Against Electronic Waste' (January 2006) Elektor Electronics 22, 23.
45. ibid.
46. Presidential Order No 58 The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Solid Wastes Pollution to the Environment (30 October 1995).
47. SEPA Document No 19/2000 (January 2000) 'Notification on Import of the Seventh Category of Wastes'.
48. These theories are discussed by F Adeola 'Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Abuse: The States, MNCs, and Repression of Minority Groups in the World System' (2001) 8(1) Human Ecology Review 39.
49. F Adeola 'Cross-National Environmentalism Differentials: Empirical Evidence from Core and Non-Core Nations' (1998) 11(4) Society and Natural Resources 339, 364.
50. ibid.
51. Vir (n 22) 24.
52. In any event, even when the ban comes into force, only Parties who ratify the amendment will be bound.
53. The US is permitted to trade with Basel Parties if it enters into an agreement with the Party pursuant to art 11 of the Convention. However, art 11 agreements are required to impose obligations no less rigorous as those in the Convention. No art 11 agreement exists with respect to e-trade between the US and China.
54. UNGA 'Report of the UN Conference on Environmental Development: Annex I, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development' UN Doc A/CONF 151/26 (vol I 1992).
55. B Commoner 'Why We Have Failed' (Greenpeace International September 1989) 13.
56. UNCED 'Agenda 21: Programme of Action for Sustainable Development' UN Doc A/C 151/26 (1992) para 20.17(c).
57. OCED 'Extended Producer Responsibility in the OECD Area Phase 1 Report. Legal and Administrative Approaches in Member Countries and Policy Options for EPR Programs' Group on Pollution Prevention and Control, Environment Policy Committee (OECD Paris 1996).
58. 2002/95/EC (n 2).
59. 2002/96/EC (n 2).
60. Nickel (n 43);
61. Europa 'Environment - Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment' at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/weee_index.htm.
62. S Poulter 'Why the Price of your TV Set is Soaring' Scottish Daily Mail (26 July 2006) 1.
63. ibid.
64. ibid.
65. ibid.
66. Agenda 21(n 55) Para 20.17(d).
67. Asia-Pacific Regional Inception Workshop on the ESM of Electronic and Electrical Wastes, Tokyo, Japan (November 2005) at http://www.ban.int/ centers/report_apiw.doc.
68. Basel Convention art 14.
69. ibid.
70. International Maritime Organisation 'Global Waste Survey: Final Report' (IMO 1995) 3.