Attachment as vulnerability to the development of psychopathology

Development of Psychopathology: A Vulnerability-Stress Perspective

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 215-242

  Davila, Joanne ^a   Ramsay, Melissa ^a   Stroud, Catherine B ^a   Steinberg, Sara J ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845641639     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781452231655.n9     Document Type: Chapter

References (135)

1. Aguilar, B., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. (2000). Distinguishing the early-onset/persistent and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior types: From birth to 16 years. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 109-132. doi:10.1017/S0954579400002017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400002017
2. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
3. Allen, J. P., Hauser, S. T., & Borman-Spurrell, E. (1996). Attachment theory as a framework for understanding sequelae of severe adolescent psychopathology: An 11-year follow-up study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 254-263. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.254 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.254
4. Arbona, C, & Power, T. G. (2003). Parental attachment, self-esteem, and antisocial behaviors among African American, European American, and Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 40-51. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.1.40 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.1.40
5. Armsden, G. C., McCauley, E., Greenberg, M. T., Burke, P. M., & Mitchell, J. R. (1990). Parent and peer attachment in early adolescent depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 683-697. doi:10.1007/BF01342754 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01342754
6. Armstrong, J. G., & Roth, D. M. (1989). Attachment separation difficulties in eating disorders: A preliminary investigation. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 141-155. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198903)8:2<141::AID-EAT2260080203>3.0.CO;2-E http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X%28198903%298%3A2%3C141%3A%3AAID-EAT2260080203%3E3.0.CO%3B2-E
7. Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147-178. doi:10.1177/0265407590072001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407590072001
8. Benjamin, L. S. (1993). Interpersonal diagnosis and treatment of personality disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
9. Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2003). A multisource approach to self-critical vulnerability to depression: The moderating role of attachment. Journal of Personality, 71, 515-555. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7104002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7104002
10. Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Bolduc-Murphy, E. A., & Faraone, S. V. (1993). A 3-year follow-up of children with and without behavioral inhibition. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 814-821. doi:10.1097/00004583-199307000-00016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199307000-00016
11. Bifulco, A., Moran, P. M., Ball, C, & Bernazzani, O. (2002). Adult attachment style: I. Its relationship to clinical depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37, 50-59. doi:10.1007/s127-002-8215-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s127-002-8215-0
12. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
13. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
14. Bowlby, J. (1977) The making and breaking of affectional bonds. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 201-210, 421-431. doi:10.1192/bjp.130.3.201 http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.130.3.201
15. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss. New York: Basic Books.
16. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52, 664-678. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x
17. Bradley, S. J. (2000). Affect regulation and the development of psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press.
18. Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1995). Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 267-283. doi:10.1177/0146167295213008 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167295213008
19. Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles and personality disorders: Their connections to each other and to parental divorce, parental death, and perceptions of parental caregiving. Journal of Personality, 66, 835-878. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00034 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00034
20. Broberg, A. G., Hjalmers, I., & Nevonen, L. (2001). Eating disorders, attachment and interpersonal difficulties: A comparison between 18- to 24-year-old patients and normal controls. European Eating Disorders Review, 9, 381-396. doi:10.1002/erv.421 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.421
21. Bruch, H. (1973). Eating disorders. New York: Basic Books.
22. Bruch, H. (1978). The golden cage: The enigma of anorexia nervosa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
23. Burge, D., Hammen, C., Davila, J., Daley, S. E., Paley, B., Lindberg, N., et al. (1997). The relationship between attachment cognitions and psychological adjustment in late adolescent women. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 151-167. doi:10.1017/S0954579497001119 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579497001119
24. Candelori, C, & Ciocca, A. (1998). Attachment and eating disorders. In P. Bria, A. Ciocca, & S. De Risio (Eds.), Psychotherapeutic issues in eating disorders: Models, methods, and results (pp. 139-153). Rome: Società Editrice Universo.
25. Carnelley, K. B., Pietromonaco, P. R., & Jaffe, K. (1994). Depression, working models of others, and relationship functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 127-140. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.127 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.127
26. Cassidy, J. (1995). Attachment and generalized anxiety disorder. In D. Cicchetti & S. Toth (Eds.), Emotion, cognition, and representation (pp. 343-370). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
27. Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L., & Lynch, M. (1995). Bowlby's dream comes full circle: The application of attachment theory to risk and psychopathology. In T. H. Ollendick & R. J. Prinz (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 1-75). New York: Plenum Press.
28. Cole-Detke, H., & Kobak, R. (1996). Attachment processes in eating disorder and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 282-290. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.282 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.282
29. Cooper, M. L., Shaver, P. R., & Collins, N. L. (1998). Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1380-1397. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1380 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1380
30. Coyne, J. C. (1976). Towards an interactional model of depression. Psychiatry, 39, 28-40.
31. Cummings, E. M., & Cicchetti, D. (1990). Toward a transactional model of relations between attachment and depression. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 339-372). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32. Davila, J., Bradbury, T. N., Cohan, C. L., & Tochluk, S. (1997). Marital functioning and depressive symptoms: Evidence for a stress generation model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 849-861. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.849 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.849
33. de Ruiter, C., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1992). Agoraphobia and anxious-ambivalent attachment: An integrative review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 6, 365-381. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(92)90006-S http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185%2892%2990006-S
34. Dodge, K. A. (1980). Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior. Child Development, 51, 162-170. doi:10.2307/1129603 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1129603
35. Dozier, M. (1990). Attachment organization and treatment use for adults with serious psychopathological disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 47-60. doi:10.1017/S0954579400000584 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400000584
36. Dozier, M., Stevenson, A. L., Lee, S. W., & Velligan, D. I. (1991). Attachment organization and familial overinvolvement for adults with serious psychopathological disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 475-489. doi:10.1017/S0954579400007641 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400007641
37. Dozier, M., Stovall, K. C., & Albus, K. E. (1999). Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 497-519). New York: Guilford Press.
38. Duggan, E. S., & Brennan, K. A. (1994). Social avoidance and its relation to Bartholomew's adult attachment typology. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 147-153. doi:10.1177/0265407594111009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407594111009
39. Eng, W., Heimberg, R. G., Hart, T. A., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2001). Attachment in individuals with social anxiety disorder: The relationship among adult attachment styles, social anxiety, and depression. Emotion, 1, 365-380. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.4.365 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.1.4.365
40. Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. (2002). Parental bonding and adult psychopathology: Results from the US national comorbidity survey. Psychological Medicine, 32, 997-1008. doi:10.1017/S0033291702005937 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702005937
41. Evans, L., & Wertheim, E. H. (1998). Intimacy patterns and relationship satisfaction of women with eating problems and the mediating effects of depression, trait anxiety and social anxiety. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 44, 355-365. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00260-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999%2897%2900260-2
42. Favazza, A. R. (1998). The coming of age of self-mutilation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 186, 259-268. doi:10.1097/00005053-199805000-00001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199805000-00001
43. Feeney, J. A. (1999). Adult romantic attachment and couple relationships. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 355-377). New York: Guilford Press.
44. Foa, E. B., Franklin, M. E., Perry, K. J., & Herbert, J. D. (1996). Cognitive biases in generalized social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 433-439. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.433 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.433
45. Fonagy, P. (1991). Thinking about thinking: Some clinical and theoretical consideration in the treatment of a borderline patient. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 72, 1-18.
46. Fonagy, P. (1994). The theory and practice of resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 231-257. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01160.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01160.x
47. Fonagy, P. (1999). Attachment, the development of the self, and its pathology in personality disorders. In J. Derksen, C. Maffei, & H. Groen (Eds.), Treatment of personality disorders (pp. 53-68). New York: Kluwer Academic.
48. Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., et al. (1996). The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 22-31. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.22 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.22
49. Fossati, A., Feeney, J. A., Donati, D., Donini, M., Novella, L., Bagnato, M., et al. (2003). Personality disorders and adult attachment dimensions in a mixed psychiatric sample: A multivariate study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 30-37. doi:10.1097/00005053-200301000-00006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200301000-00006
50. Freud, S. (1940). An outline of psychoanalysis. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 23, pp. 137-207). London: Hogarth Press.
51. Friedberg, N. L., & Lyddon, W. J. (1996). Self-other working models and eating disorders. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 10, 193-203.
52. George, C, Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). Attachment interview for adults. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley.
53. Graham, C. A., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (2000). School-aged children's vulnerability to depressive symptomatology: The role of attachment security, maternal depressive symptomatology, and economic risk. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 201-213. doi:10.1017/S0954579400002054 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400002054
54. Greenberg, M. T. (1999). Attachment and psychopathology in childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 469-496). New York: Guilford Press.
55. Greenberg, M. T., Speltz, M. L., & DeKlyen, M. (1993). The role of attachment in the early development of disruptive behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 191-213. doi:10.1017/S095457940000434X http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095457940000434X
56. Greenman, D. A., Gunderson, J. G., Cane, M., & Saltzman, P. R. (1986). An examination of the borderline diagnosis in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 998-1003.
57. Hammen, C. (1991). The generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 555-561. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.555 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.555
58. Hammen, C. L., Burge, D., Daley, S. E., Davila, J., Paley, B., & Rudolph, K. D. (1995). Interpersonal attachment cognitions and prediction of symptomatic responses to interpersonal stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 436-443. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.3.436 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.104.3.436
59. Hankin, B. L., Kassel, J. D., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2005). Adult attachment styles and specificity of emotional distress: Prospective investigations of cognitive risk and interpersonal stress generation as mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 136-151. doi:10.1177/0146167204271324 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271324
60. Hazan, C, & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
61. Hazan, C, & Shaver, P. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 1-22. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0501_1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_1
62. Heard, D. H., & Lake, B. (1986). The attachment dynamic in adult life. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 430-438. doi:10.1192/bjp.149.4.430 http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.4.430
63. Herman, J. L., Perry, J. C., & van der Kolk, B. A. (1989). Childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 490-495.
64. Kenny, M. E., & Hart, K. (1992). Relationship between parental attachment and eating disorders in an inpatient and a college sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 521-526. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.39.4.521 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.39.4.521
65. Killen, J. D., Taylor, C. B., Hayward, C, Wilson, D. M., Hammer, L. D., Robinson, T. N., et al. (1994). The pursuit of thinness and onset of eating disorder symptoms in a community sample of adolescent girls: A three-year prospective analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16, 227-238. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199411)16:3<227::AID-EAT2260160303>3.0.CO;2-L http://dx.doi.org/http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/1098-108X%28199411%2916%3A3%3C227%3A%3AAID-EAT2260160303%3E3.0.CO%3B2-L
66. Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59, 135-146. doi:10.2307/1130395 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130395
67. Kobak, R. R., Sudler, N., & Gamble, W. (1991). Attachment and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A developmental pathways analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 461-474. doi:10.1017/S095457940000763X http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095457940000763X
68. Kochanska, G. (1995). Children's temperament, mother's discipline, and security of attachment: Multiple pathways to emerging internalization. Child Development, 66, 597-615. doi:10.2307/1131937 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131937
69. LaFreniere, P. J., & Sroufe, L. A. (1985). Profiles of peer competence in the preschool: Interrelations between measures, influence of social ecology, and relation to attachment history. Developmental Psychology, 21, 56-69. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.1.56 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.21.1.56
70. Levy, K. N. (2004, April). Change in relationship representations in treated patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Presented in the Relationship Concentration Colloquia, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
71. Lewis, M., Feiring, C, McGuffog, C., & Jaskir, J. (1984). Predicting psychopathology in six-year-olds from early social relations. Child Development, 55, 123-136. doi:10.2307/1129839 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1129839
72. Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
73. Livesley, W. J., Jackson, D. N., & Schroeder, M. L. (1992). Factorial structure of traits delineating personality disorders in clinical and general population samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 432-440. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.432 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.432
74. Ludolph, P. S., Westen, D., Misle, B., Jackson, A., Wixon, J., & Wiss, F. C. (1990). The borderline diagnosis in adolescents: Symptoms and developmental history. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 470-476.
75. Lyddon, W. J., & Sherry, A. (2001). Development of personality styles: An attachment theory conceptualization of personality disorders. Journal of Counseling and Development, 79, 405-414. doi:10.1002/jcad.2001.79.issue-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcad.2001.79.issue-4
76. Lynch, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1991). Patterns of relatedness in maltreated and non-maltreated children: Connections among multiple representational models. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 207-226. doi:10.1017/S0954579400000080 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400000080
77. Lyons-Ruth, K., & Jacobvitz, D. (1999). Attachment disorganization: Unresolved loss, relational violence, and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 520-554). New York: Guilford Press.
78. Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of a new, insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In T. B. Brazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 95-124). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
79. Manassis, K., Bradley, S., Goldberg, S., Hood, J., & Swinson, R. P. (1994). Attachment in mothers with anxiety disorders and their children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1106-1113. doi:10.1097/00004583-199410000-00006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199410000-00006
80. Meyer, B., Pilkonis, P. A., Proietti, J. M., Heape, C, and Egan, M. (2001). Attachment styles and personality disorders as predictors of symptom course. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 371-389. doi:10.1521/pedi.15.5.371.19200 http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.15.5.371.19200
81. Mickelson, K. D., Kessler, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1092-1106. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.1092 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.1092
82. Mikulincer, M., & Orbach, I. (1995). Attachment styles and repressive defensiveness: The accessibility and architecture of affective memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 917-925. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.917 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.917
83. Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-710. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.674 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.674
84. Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., & Milne, B. J. (2002). Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: Follow-up at age 26 years. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 179-207. doi:10.1017/S0954579402001104 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579402001104
85. Muris, P., Mayer, B., & Meesters, C. (2000). Self-reported attachment style, anxiety, and depression in children. Social Behavior and Personality, 28, 157-162. doi:10.2224/sbp.2000.28.2.157 http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2000.28.2.157
86. Muris, P., Meesters, C, van Melick, M., & Zwambag, L. (2001). Self-reported attachment style, attachment quality, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in young adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 809-818. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00074-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2800%2900074-X
87. Murphy, B., & Bates, G. W. (1997). Adult attachment style and vulnerability to depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 835-844. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00277-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2896%2900277-2
88. Nakashi-Eisikovits, O., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2002). Relationship between attachment patterns and personality pathology in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1111-1123. doi:10.1097/00004583-200209000-00012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200209000-00012
89. Nickell, A. D., Waudby, C. J., & Trull, T. J. (2002). Attachment, parental bonding and borderline personality disorder features in young adults. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16, 148-159. doi:10.1521/pedi.16.2.148.22544 http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.16.2.148.22544
90. O’Kearney, R. (1996). Attachment disruption in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A review of theory and empirical research. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 115-127. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199609)20:2<115::AID-EAT1>3.0.CO;2-J http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/%28SICI%291098-108X%28199609%2920:2%3C115::AID-EAT1%3E3.0.CO;2-J
91. Paris, J. (1998). Anxious traits, anxious attachment, and anxious-cluster personality disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 6, 142-148. doi:10.3109/10673229809000322 http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10673229809000322
92. Paris, J. (2004). Half in love with easeful death: The meaning of chronic suicidality in borderline personality disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12, 42-48.
93. Patrick, M., Hobson, R. P., Castle, D., Howard, R., & Maughan, B. (1994). Personality disorder and the mental representation of early social experience. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 375-388. doi:10.1017/S0954579400004648 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400004648
94. Perry, D. G., Perry, L. C., & Boldizar, J. P. (1990). Learning and aggression. In M. Lewis & S. M. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 135-144). New York: Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7142-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7142-1
95. Pianta, R. C., Egeland, B., & Adam, E. K. (1996). Adult attachment classification and self-reported psychiatric symptoms as assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 273-281. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.273 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.273
96. Ramacciotti, A., Sorbello, M., Pazzagli, A., Vismara, L., Mancone, A., & Pallanti, S. (2001). Attachment processes in eating disorders. Eating and Weight Disorders, 6, 166-170.
97. Reinecke, M. A., & Rogers, G. M. (2001). Dysfunctional attitudes and attachment style among clinically depressed adults. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 129-141. doi:10.1017/S1352465801002016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1352465801002016
98. Renken, B., Egeland, B., Marvinney, D., Mangelsdorf, S., & Sroufe, L. A. (1989). Early childhood antecedents of aggression and passive-withdrawal in early elementary school. Journal of Personality, 57, 257-281. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00483.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00483.x
99. Roberts, J. E., Gotlib, I. H., & Kassel, J. D. (1996). Adult attachment security and symptoms of depression: The mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 310-320. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.310 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.310
100. Rosenstein, D. S., & Horowitz, H. A. (1996). Adolescent attachment and psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 244-253. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.244 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.244
101. Rutter, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Developmental psychopathology: Concepts and challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 265-296. doi:10.1017/S0954579400003023 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400003023
102. Sack, A., Sperling, M. B., Fagen, G., & Foelsch, P. (1996). Attachment style, history, and behavioral contrasts for a borderline and normal sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 10, 88-102. doi:10.1521/pedi.1996.10.1.88 http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1996.10.1.88
103. Saltzman, J. (1996). Primary attachment in female adolescents: Association of depression, self-esteem, and maternal identification. Psychiatry, 59, 20-33.
104. Schneider-Rosen, K. (1990). The developmental reorganization of attachment relationships: Guidelines for classification beyond infancy. In M. T. Greenberg & D. Cicchetti (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 185-220). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
105. Shapiro, E. R. (1978). The psychodynamics and developmental psychology of the borderline patient: A review of the literature. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 1305-1315.
106. Sharpe, T. M., Killen, J. D., Bryson, S. W., Shisslak, C. M., Estes, L. S., Gray, N., et al. (1998). Attachment style and weight concerns in preadolescents and adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 39-44. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199801)23:1<39::AID-EAT5>3.0.CO;2-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/%28SICI%291098-108X%28199801%2923%3A1%3C39%3A%3AAID-EAT5%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2
107. Shaver, P. R., & Clark, C. L. (1994). The psychodynamics of adult romantic attachment. In J. M. Masling & R. F. Bornstein (Eds.), Empirical perspective on object relations theory (pp. 105-156). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11100-004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11100-004
108. Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. (1993). Adult romantic attachment: Theory and evidence. Advances in Personal Relationships, 4, 29-70.
109. Sloman, L., Gilbert, P., & Hasey, G. (2003). Evolved mechanisms in depression: The role and interaction of attachment and social rank in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 107-121. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00116-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327%2802%2900116-7
110. Soloff, P., & Millward, J. (1983). Developmental histories of borderline patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 24, 574-588. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(83)90026-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X%2883%2990026-3
111. Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., & Greenberg, M. T. (1999). Attachment in boys with early onset conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 269-285. doi:10.1017/S0954579499002059 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579499002059
112. Sperry, L., & Mosak, H. H. (1993). Personality disorders. In L. Sperry & J. Carlson (Eds.), Psychopathology and psychotherapy: From diagnosis to treatment (pp. 299-367). Philadelphia: Accelerated Development.
113. Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaptation and competence. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Minnesota symposia in child psychology (Vol. 16). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
114. Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E. A., Levy, A. K., & Egeland, B. (1999). Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 1-13. doi:10.1017/S0954579499001923 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579499001923
115. Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development, 48, 1184-1199. doi:10.2307/1128475 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1128475
116. Strober, M., & Humphrey, L. (1987). Familial contributions to the etiology and course of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 654-659. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.55.5.654 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.5.654
117. Strodl, E., & Noller, P. (2003). The relationship of adult attachment dimensions to depression and agoraphobia. Personal Relationships, 10, 171-185. doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00044 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00044
118. Sund, A. M., & Wichstrom, L. (2002). Insecure attachment as a risk factor for future depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1478-1486. doi:10.1097/00004583-200212000-00020 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200212000-00020
119. Thompson-Pope, S. K., & Turkat, I. D. (1993). Schizotypal, schizoid, paranoid, and avoidant personality disorders. In P. B. Sutker & H. E. Adams (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 411-434). New York: Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3008-4_17 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3008-4_17
120. Vertue, F. M. (2003). From adaptive emotion to dysfunction: An attachment perspective on social anxiety disorder. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 170-191. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0702_170-191 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0702_170-191
121. Vivona, J. M. (2000). Parental attachment styles of late adolescents: Qualities of attachment relationships and consequences for adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 316-329. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.3.316 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.3.316
122. Ward, A., Ramsay, R., & Treasure, J. (2000). Attachment research in eating disorders. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73, 35-51. doi:10.1348/000711200160282 http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000711200160282
123. Ward, A., Ramsay, R., Turnbull, S., Benedettini, M., & Treasure, J. (2000). Attachment patterns in eating disorders: Past in present. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 370-376. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(200012)28:4<370::AID-EAT4>3.0.CO;2-P http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X%28200012%2928%3A4%3C370%3A%3AAID-EAT4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P
124. Ward, A., Ramsay, R., Turnbull, S., Steele, M., Steele, H., & Treasure, J. (2001). Attachment in anorexia nervosa: A transgenerational perspective. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 497-505. doi:10.1348/000711201161145 http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000711201161145
125. Warren, S. L., Huston, L., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (1997). Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 637-644. doi:10.1097/00004583-199705000-00014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199705000-00014
126. Waters, E. (1997, April). The secure base concept in Bowlby's theory and current research. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, Washington, DC.
127. Weinfield, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. A. (1999). The nature of individual differences in infant-caregiver attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 68-88). New York: Guilford Press.
128. West, M., & George, C. (2002). Attachment and dysthymia: The contributions of preoccupied attachment and agsency of self to depression in women. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 278-293. doi:10.1080/14616730210167258 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616730210167258
129. West, M., Keller, A., Links, P. S., & Patrick, J. (1993). Borderline disorder and attachment theory. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 16-22.
130. West, M., Rose, S., & Sheldon-Keller, A. (1994). Assessment of patterns of insecure attachment in adults and application to dependent and schizoid personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 8, 249-256. doi:10.1521/pedi.1994.8.3.249 http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1994.8.3.249
131. West, M., & Sheldon, A. (1988). Classification of pathological attachment patterns in adults. Journal of Personality Disorders, 2, 153-159. doi:10.1521/pedi.1988.2.2.153 http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1988.2.2.153
132. West, M., & Sheldon-Keller, A. E. (1994). Patterns of relating: An adult attachment perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
133. Westen, D. (1991). Cognitive-behavioral interventions in the psychoanalytic psychotherapy of borderline personality disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 211-230. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(91)90101-Y http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358%2891%2990101-Y
134. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., & Silk, K. R. (2003). The longitudinal course of borderline psychopathology: 6-year prospective follow-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 274-283. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.274 http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.274
135. Zanarini, M. C., Gunderson, J. G., Marion, M. F., & Schwartz, E. O. (1989). Childhood experiences of borderline patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30, 18-25. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(89)90114-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X%2889%2990114-4