Electromagnetic absorption in the head of adults and children due to mobile phone operation close to the head

Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 349-360

  De Salles, Alvaro A ^a   Bulla, Giovani ^a   Rodriguez, Claudio E Fernández ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Biological effects; Cell phones; Finite difference time domain FDTD; Mobile phones; Specific absorption rate SAR

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION; ALGORITHMS; CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEMS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ABSORPTION; FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS; TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS;

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS; FINITE DIFFERENCE TIME DOMAIN (FDTD) METHOD; MOBILE PHONES; QUARTER WAVELENGTH MONOPOLE ANTENNAS; SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE (SAR);

HEALTH RISKS;

ABSORPTION; ADULT; ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; BRAIN; CHILD; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; HEAD; HUMAN; MOBILE PHONE; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION;

ABSORPTION; ADULT; ALGORITHMS; BRAIN; CELLULAR PHONE; CHILD; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ELECTROMAGNETICS; HEAD; HUMANS; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIO WAVES;

EID: 33845632508     PISSN: 15368378     EISSN: 15368386     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15368370601054894     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. ANATEL (2002). ANATEL Agência National de Telecomunicaç ões: Regulamento sobre Limitação da Exposição a Campos Elétricos, Magnéticos e Eletromagnéticos na faixa de Radiofreqüências entre 9 kHz e 300 GHz. anexo à Resolução no 303, available at www.anatel.gov.br.
2. Anderson, V. (2003). Comparisons of peak SAR levels in concentric sphere head models of children and adults for irradiation by a dipole at 900 MHz. Phys. Med. Biol. 48:3263-3275.
3. Balanis, C. (1997). Antenna Theory Analysis and Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
4. de Salles, A. A., Bonadiman, M., Fernández, C. (2002). Far field, near field and SAR simulation for cell phones operating close to the head. IEEE - COMSOC Int. Telecommun. Symp. -ITS2002, Natal, RN, Brazil.
5. de Salles, A. A., Bonadiman, M., Fernádez, C. (2003). FDTD Simulations and measurements on planar antennas for mobile phone. Proc. SBMO/IEEE MTT-S IMOC 2003. pp. 1043-1048.
6. Fernández, C. R., Salles, A. A., Bonadiman, M. (2004). FDTD simulations and measurements for cell phone with planar antennas. Annales des Télécommunications 59(9/10):1012-1030.
7. Fernández, C. R., Bulla, G., Pedra, A. C., Salles, A. A. (2005). Comparison of electromagnetic absorption characteristics in the head of adult and a children for 1800 MHz mobile phones. Proc. SBMO/IEEE MTT-S IMOC 2005. 523-528, ISBN 0-7803-7824-5/03.
8. Gabriel C., Gabriel, S. (1996). Compilation of the dielectric properties of body tissues at RF and microwaves frequencies. Technical Report AL/OE-TR-1996-0037. http://www.brooks.af.mil/AFRL/HED/hedr/reports/
9. Gandhi, O. P., Lazzi, G., Furse, C. M. (1996). Electromagnetic absorption in the human head and neck for mobile telephones at 835 MHz and 1900MHz. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theor. Tech. 44(10):1884-1897.
10. Garg, R., Bhartia, P., Bahl, I., Ittipiboon, A. (2001). Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Artech House.
11. Hardell, L., Calberg, M., Mild, K. H. (2006). Pooled analysis of two case-control studies on use of cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for malignant brain tumours diagnosed in 1997-2003. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health DOI 10.1007/s00420-006-0088-5.
12. ICNIRP Guidelines (1998). Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). International commission on non-ionizing radiation protection. Health Phys. 74(4):494-522.
13. IEEE/ANSI (1991). American national standards institute (ANSI), IEEE c95.1-1991: ieee standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York.
14. Iskander, M. F., Yun, Z., Quintero-Iwera, R. (2000). Polarisation and human body effects on the microwave absorption in a human head exposed to radiation from hand held devices. IEEE Trans MTT 48(11):1979-1987.
15. Jensen, M. A., Rahmat-Samii, Y. (1995). EM interaction of handset antennas and a human in personal communications. Proc. IEEE 83(1):7-17.
16. Lai, H. (2005). Biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field. Encyclopaedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering. DOI: 10.1081/E-EBBE-120041846.
17. Lai, H., Singh, N. P. (1996). Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 69(4):513-521.
18. Martínez-Búrdalo, M., Martin, A., Anguiano, M., Villar, R. (2004). Comparison of FDTD-calculated specific absorption rate in adults and children when using a mobile phone at 900 and 1800 MHz. Phys. Med. Biol. 49:345-354.
19. Peyman, A., Rezazadeh, A. A., Gabriel, C. (2001). Changes in the dielectric properties of rat tissue as function of age at microwaves frequencies. Phys. Med. Biol. 46:1617-1629.
20. REFLEX Final report (2005). Risk evaluation of potential environmental hazards from low frequency electromagnetic field exposure using sensitive in vitro methods. http://www.itis.ethz.ch/downloads/REFLEX_Final%20Report_171104. pdf
21. Salford, L. G., Brun, A., Sturesson, K., Eberhardt, J. L., Persson, B. R. R. (1994). Permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by 915MHz electromagnetic radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50 and 200 Hz. Microscopy Res. Technique 27:535-542.
22. Schönborn, F., Burkhardt, F., Kuster, N. (1998). Differences in energy absorption between heads of adults and children in the near field of sources. Health Phys. 74(2):160-168.
23. Taflove, A. (1995). Computational Electrodynamics- The Finite Difference Time Domain Method. Artech House.
24. Taflove, A. (1998). Advances in Computational Electrodynamics- The Finite Difference Time Domain Method. Artech House.
25. Wang, J., Fujiwara, O. (2003). Comparison and evaluation of electromagnetic absorption characteristics in realistic human head models of adult and children for 900-MHz mobile telephones. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theor. Tech. 51(3):966-971.
26. Watanabe, S., Taki, M., Nojima, T., Fujiwara, O. (1996). Characteristics of the SAR distributions in a head exposed to electromagnetic fields radiated by a hand-held portable radio. IEEE Trans Microwaves Theory Techniques 44(10):1874-1883.
27. WHO (2004). Who Children's EMF Research Agenda, http://www.who.int/peh- emf/research/children/en/print.html