Transnational corporations as educational institutions for national development: The contrasting cases of Mexico and South Korea

Comparative Education Review

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 625-650

  Hanson, Mark ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845624867     PISSN: 00104086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/507058     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Science, Technology, and Industrial Outlook (Paris: OECD, 2002), 23.
2. Peter Meso and Robert Smith, "A Resource-Based View of Organizational Knowledge Management Systems," Journal of Knowledge Management 4, no. 3 (2000): 224-34.
3. International Labour Office (ILO), Employment and Social Policy in Respect of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) (Geneva: ILO, 2003), 2.
4. Peter Drucker, "The New Society of Organizations," Harvard Business Review 70, no. 5 (September-October 1992): 95-104.
5. Center for Educational Research and Innovation, Innovation in the Knowledge Economy: Implications for Education and Learning (Paris: OECD, 2004), 28.
6. For a discussion of organizational learning in the maquiladora industry, see Jorge Carillo and Alfredo Hualde, "Third Generation Maquiladoras? The Delphi-General Motors Case," Journal of Borderlands Studies 13, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 79-97.
7. W. Mark Fruin, Knowledge Works: Managing Intellectual Capital at Toshiba (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
8. Over a 2-year period, I made numerous trips to various parts of Mexico, gathering published reports and conducting extensive interviews with maquiladora managers, government officials, and Mexican scholars. Five Mexican graduate students also conducted numerous interviews for this project. The information on the Republic of Korea was drawn from a rich literature on the subject.
9. UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook, 1963 (Paris: United Nations, 1964), 286-89.
10. UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook, 1963, 14, 101.
11. Gross domestic product is the total output of goods and services produced by a nation in a given year; GDP per capita is the GDP divided by a nation's total population.
12. World Bank, World Development Indicators (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004), CD-ROM. The GDP data are in constant 1995 U.S. dollars. An interesting facet of this GDP comparison is that Mexico produces 175.5 million tons of oil, while Korea produces only .6 million tons (2001).
13. OECD, OECD in Figures: Statistics on the Member Countries (Paris: OECD, 2005), 6-7.
14. David de Ferranti, Guillermo Perry, Indermit Gill, J. Luis Guasch, William Maloney, Carolina Sánchez-Páramo, and Norbert Schady, Closing the Gap in Education and Technology (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003), 200.
15. Linsu Kim, "Korea's National Innovation System in Transition," in Technology, Learning, and Innovation: Experiences of Newly Industrializing Economies, ed. Linsu Kim and Richard Nelson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 337-43.
16. Informative interviews with businessmen who were pioneers in developing these first industrial parks are found in Mexiconow 2, no. 8 (2004).
17. Presidencia de la República, "Decreto que reforma al diverso para el fomento y operación de la industria maquiladora de exportación" (Mexico D.F., May 12, 2003).
18. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, "Workers' Remittances to Mexico," El Paso Business Frontier 1 (2004): 1-4.
19. Michael Hobday, Innovation in East Asia: The Challenge to Japan (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1995), 67.
20. Kim, "Korea's National Innovation System in Transition," 338.
21. OECD, Economic Surveys 2002-2003: Korea, 2003 (Paris: OECD, 2003), 162.
22. Won-Young Lee, "The Role of Science and Technology Policy in Korea's Industrial Development," in Kim and Nelson, Technology, Learning, and Innovation, 284.
23. Hobday, Innovation in East Asia, 66.
24. Sergio Ornelas, "China's Amazing Leap Forward," Mexiconow 2, no. 11 (2004): 12.
25. Gabriela Dutrénit and A. O. Vera-Cruz, "Rompiendo paradigmas: Acumulación de capacidades tecnológicas en la maquila de exportacion," Innovación y Competitividad 6 (2002): 11.
26. OECD, Economic Surveys 2002-2003: Mexico, 2004 (Paris: OECD, 2004), 110.
27. For an insightful discussion of Mexican intentions toward technology transfer, see José H. Sampedro and Argenis N. Arias, "Captura tecnológica y mecanismos de negociación maquila - Gobierno en la industria maquiladora de exportación Mexicana" (final report, Mexico D.F., June 2003).
28. James Gerber, "Uncertainty and Growth in Mexico's Maquiladora Sector," Borderlines 9, no. 3 (March 2001): 2.
29. Under the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Canada, and Mexico, the maquiladora industry could progressively sell a percentage of its product to the Mexican market.
30. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografia e Informática (INEGI), El ABC de la estadística de la industria maquiladora de exportación (Aguascalientes: Dirección General de Defusion, 2001), 3.
31. "USA in Mexico," Mexiconow 3, no. 14 (2005): 34.
32. In a personal communication to a senior World Trade Organization economist asking for clarification of why the data report that Mexico is the owner of the goods while they are in Mexico for assembly but not sale, the response was that the "Concepts and Definitions (IMTS) for Merchandise Trade Statistics recommend that all goods sent abroad for processing (either between related parties or not) should be included in a country's imports and exports statistics, valued on a gross basis before and after processing. These statistics are used as input for compiling the Balance of Payments for a country" (personal correspondence, June 10, 2004).
33. Sergio Ornelas, "NAFTA's Shadowy 10th Anniversary," Mexiconow 2, no. 9 (2004): 14.
34. UNESCO, "Republic of Korea," in World Data on Education, 4th ed. (Paris: United Nations, 2001), 1, 2, 10.
35. Gilberto Guevara Niebla, ed., La catástrofe silenciosa (Mexico D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1992).
36. Carlos Ornelas, "The Politics of Educational Decentralization in Mexico," Journal of Educational Administration 38, no. 5 (2000): 426-41.
37. The structure of education in Mexico and South Korea is the same: six grades in elementary school, three grades lower secondary, and three grades upper secondary (together referred to as secondary school).
38. OECD, Economic Surveys 2002-2003: Mexico, 107.
39. OECD, OECD in Figures, 66-67.
40. OECD, Education at a Glance (Paris: OECD, 2005), 205, http://www.OECD.org/edu/eag2005.
41. OECD, OECD in Figures, 38.
42. Sergio Ornelas, "NAFTA Trade: NAFTA 10th Year Anniversary," Mexiconow 2, no. 9 (2004): 18.
43. OECD, OECD in Figures, 7.
44. OECD, Education at a Glance, 36.
45. Education at a Glance, 36. Ibid.
46. Education at a Glance, Ibid., 248.
47. OECD, OECD in Figures, 68-69.
48. OECD, Science, Technology, and Industry Scoreboard (Paris: OECD, 2003), 50.
49. OECD, Education at a Glance, 37.
50. OECD, Science and Technology Statistical Compendium (Paris: OECD, 2004), 23.
51. Sanjaya Lall, "Technological Change and Industrialization in the Asian Newly Industrializing Economies: Achievements and Challenges," in Kim and Nelson, Technology, Learning, and Innovation, 58.
52. Note that 31.5 percent of the science and engineering degrees go to women; see OECD, Science, Technology, and Industry Scoreboard, 51.
53. CONACYT, Tercer informe de gobierno apartado de ciencia y tecnología (Mexico D.F.: Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 2003), 128.
54. Maria Isabel Rivera Vargas, Technology Transfer via University-Industry Relationship (New York: Routledge Falmer, 2002), 112-13.
55. Coordinación General de Universidades Tecnológicas, Universidades tecnológicas: Mandos medios para la industria (Mexico D.F.: Editorial Limusa, 2000).
56. Dirección Adjunta de Información, Sistemas y Normatividad, Programa especial de ciencia y tecnologia, 2001-2006 (Mexico D.F.: CONACYT, 2003), 21.
57. OECD, Science and Technology Statistical Compendium, 8.
58. Lee, "The Role of Science and Technology Policy in Korea's Industrial Development," 273-74.
59. OECD, OECD in Figures, 70-71.
60. OECD in Figures, Ibid., 70-73.
61. OECD in Figures, Ibid., 70-71.
62. CONACYT, Tercer informe de gobierno apartado de ciencia y tecnología, 169-71.
63. OECD, OECD in Figures, 70-71.
64. CONACYT, Science and Technology Indicators at a Glance (Mexico D.F.: National Council of Science and Technology, 2003), 22.
65. Regarding some of the innovative science-and-technology-driven enterprises underway in Mexico, see http://innovationmexico.com/.
66. Such family investment reflects what one reviewer termed the "culturally and historically constructed zeal of educational demand from the people."
67. Ramiro Villeda and Miguel Díaz Marín, "Mexico's and China's Programs to Attract Foreign Investment," Mexiconow 2, no. 9 (2004): 55.