Sadness, anger, and frustration: Gendered patterns in early adolescents' and their parents' emotion talk

Sex Roles

Volumn 55, Issue 11-12, 2006, Pages 775-785

  Aldrich, Naomi J ^a,b   Tenenbaum, Harriet R ^c  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^c KINGSTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Emotions; Gender; Parent child conversations

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845616718     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-006-9131-y     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Alfieri, T., Ruble, D. N., & Higgins, E. T. (1996). Gender stereotypes during adolescence: Developmental changes and the transition to junior high school. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1129-1137.
2. Allen, J. G., & Haccoun, D. M. (1976). Sex differences in emotionality: A multidimensional approach. Human Relations, 29, 711-722.
3. Anderson, K. J. (1998). Situating gender and emotion: Moderators of emotion talk in friends' conversations. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.
4. Anderson, K. J., & Leaper, C. (1998). Emotion talk between sameand cross-gender friends: Form and function. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 17, 419-448.
5. Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development: Six theories of child development, vol. 6 (pp. 1-60). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
6. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
7. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (1990). The role of attitudes and interventions in gender-schematic processing. Child Development, 61, 1440-1452.
8. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (1992). Cognitive mechanisms in children's gender stereotyping: Theoretical and educational implications of a cognitive-based intervention. Child Development, 63, 1351-1363.
9. Bosacki, S. L., & Moore, C. (2004). Preschoolers' understanding of simple and complex emotions: Links with gender and language. Sex Roles, 50, 659-675.
10. Brody, L. R. (1984). Sex and age variations in the quality and intensity of children's emotional attributions to hypothetical situations. Sex Roles, 11, 51-59.
11. Brody, L. R. (1985). Gender differences in emotional development: A review of theories and research. Journal of Personality, 53, 102-131.
12. Brody, L. R. (1996). Gender, emotional expression, and parent-child boundaries. In R. D. Kavanaugh, B. Zimmerberg, & S. Fein (Eds.), Emotion: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 139-170). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Brody, L., & Carter, A. (1982). Children's emotional attributions to self vs. other: An exploration of an assumption underlying projective techniques. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 665-671.
14. Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (1993). Gender and emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 447-460). New York: Guilford.
15. Bronstein, P., Briones, M., Brooks, T., & Cowan, B. (1996). Gender and family factors as predictors of late adolescent emotional expressiveness and adjustment: A longitudinal study. Sex Roles, 34, 739-765.
16. Carver, P. R., Yunger, J. L., & Perry, D. G. (2003). Gender identity and adjustment in middle childhood. Sex Roles, 49, 95-109.
17. Cervantes, C. A., & Callanan, M. A. (1998). Labels and explanations in mother-child emotion talk: Age and gender differentiation. Developmental Psychology, 34, 88-98.
18. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Crouter, A. C., Manke, B. A., & McHale, S. M. (1995). The family context of gender intensification in early adolescence. Child Development, 66, 317-329.
20. Crowley, K., Callanan, M. A., Tenenbaum, H. R., & Allen, E. (2001). Parents explain more often to boys than to girls during shared scientific thinking. Psychological Science, 12, 258-261.
21. Dunn, J., Bretherton, I., & Munn, P. (1987). Conversations about feeling states between mothers and their young children. Developmental Psychology, 23, 132-139.
22. Fischer, A. H. (1993). Sex differences in emotionality: Fact or stereotype? Feminism & Psychology, 3, 303-318.
23. Fivush, R. (1989). Exploring sex differences in the emotional content in mother-child conversations about the past. Sex Roles, 20, 675-691.
24. Fivush, R. (1991). Gender and emotion in mother-child conversations about the past. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 1, 325-341.
25. Fivush, R., Berlin, L. J., Sales, J. M., Mennuti-Washburn, J., & Cassidy, J. (2003). Functions of parent-child reminiscing about emotionally negative events. Memory, 11, 179-192.
26. Fivush, R., Brotman, M. A., Buckner, J. P., & Goodman, S. H. (2000). Gender differences in parent-child emotion narratives. Sex Roles, 42, 233-253.
27. Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Balanced incomplete block designs for inter-rater reliability studies. Applied Psychological Measurement, 5, 105-112.
28. Galambos, N. L., Leadbeater, B. J., & Barker, E. T. (2004). Gender differences in and risk factors for depression in adolescence: A 4-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 16-25.
29. Garside, R. B., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2002). Socialization of discrete negative emotions: Gender differences and links with psychological distress. Sex Roles, 47, 115-128.
30. Goldschmidt, O. T., & Weller, L. (2000). Talking emotions: Gender differences in a variety of conversational contexts. Symbolic Interaction, 23, 117-134.
31. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.
32. Grossman, M., & Wood, W. (1993). Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: A social role interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1010-1022.
33. Hill, J. P., & Lynch, M. E. (1983). The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence. In J. Brooks-Gunn & A. C. Petersen (Eds.), Girls at puberty: Biological and psychosocial perspectives (pp. 201-228). New York: Plenum.
34. Katz, P. A., & Ksansnak, K. R. (1994). Developmental aspects of gender role flexibility and traditionality in middle childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30, 272-282.
35. Kelly, J. R., & Hutson-Comeaux, S. L. (1999). Gender-emotion stereotypes are context specific. Sex Roles, 40, 107-120.
36. LaFrance, M., & Banaji, M. (1992). Toward a reconsideration of the gender-emotion relationship. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Emotion and social behavior (pp. 178-201). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
37. Leaper, C. (2000). The social construction and socialization of gender during development. In P. H. Miller & E. K. Scholnick (Eds.), Towards a feminist developmental psychology (pp. 127-152). New York: Routledge.
38. Leaper, C. (2002). Parenting girls and boys. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting, Children and parenting, vol. 1 (2nd ed., pp. 127-152). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
39. Levy, G. D., & Fivush, R. (1993). Scripts and gender: A new approach for examining gender-role development. Developmental Review, 13, 126-146.
40. Martin, C. L., & Halverson, C. F. (1983). The effects of sex-typing schemas on young children's memory. Child Development, 54, 563-574.
41. National Institute of Mental Health (2001). The numbers count: Mental disorders in America (NIH publication no. 01-4584). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
42. O'Kearney, R., & Dadds, M. (2004). Developmental and gender differences in the language for emotions across the adolescent years. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 913-938.
43. Saarni, C. (1984). An observational study of children's attempts to monitor their expressive behavior. Child Development, 55, 1504-1513.
44. Saarni, C. (1989). Children's understanding of strategic control of emotional expression in social transactions. In C. Saarni & P. L. Harris (Eds.), Children's understanding of emotion (pp. 3-24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
45. Safyer, A. W., & Hauser, S. T. (1994). A microanalytic method for exploring adolescent emotional expression. Journal of Adolescent Research, 9, 50-66.
46. Selman, R. J., Beardslee, W., Schultz, L. H., Krupa, M., & Podorefsky, D. (1986). Assessing adolescent interpersonal negotiation strategies: Toward the integration of structural and functional models. Developmental Psychology, 22, 450-459.
47. Shields, S. A. (1984). Distinguishing between emotion and non-emotion: Judgments about experience. Motivation and Emotion, 8, 355-369.
48. Shields, S. A. (1987). Women, men, and the dilemma of emotions. In P. Shaver & C. Hendrick (Eds.), Sex and gender (pp. 229-250). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
49. Shields, S. A. (2002). Speaking from the heart: Gender and the social meaning of emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50. Shimanoff, S. B. (1985). Expressing emotion in words: Verbal patterns of interaction. Journal of Communication, 35, 16-31.
51. Siegal, M. (1987). Are sons and daughters treated more differently by fathers than by mothers? Developmental Review, 7, 183-209.
52. Stapley, J. C., & Haviland, J. M. (1989). Beyond depression: Gender differences in normal adolescents' emotional experiences. Sex Roles, 20, 295-308.
53. Stoddart, T., & Turiel, E. (1985). Children's concepts of cross-gender activities. Child Development, 56, 1241-1252.
54. Tenenbaum, H. R., & Leaper, C. (2003). Parent-child conversations about science: The socialization of gender inequities? Developmental Psychology, 39, 34-47.
55. Welch-Ross, M. K., & Schmidt, C. R. (1996). Gender-schema development and children's constructive story memory: Evidence for a developmental model. Child Development, 67, 820-835.