Biased-interaction theory of psychosexual development: "How does one know if one is male or female?"

Sex Roles

Volumn 55, Issue 9-10, 2006, Pages 589-600

  Diamond, Milton ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

Activating factors; Female; Femininity; Gender comparisons; Gender development; Gender identity; Genetic endocrine interactions; Male; Masculinity; Organizing factor; Prenatal influences; Psychosexual development; Role models; Sexual identity

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845616716     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-006-9115-y     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. AAP: American Academy of Pediatrics (2000). Evaluation of the newborn with developmental anomalies of the external genitalia. Pediatrics, 106, 138-142.
2. Alex, R. (2004). Re Alex. 180 Family Law Review (Australia), 89, 92.
3. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association (text revision).
4. Beach, F. A. (1976a). Hormonal control of sex-related behavior. In F. A. Beach (Ed.), Human sexuality in four perspectives (pp. 247-268). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
5. Beach, F. A. (1976b). Cross-species comparisons and the human heritage. In F. A. Beach (Ed.), Human sexuality in four perspectives (pp. 296-317). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
6. Beh, H. G., & Diamond, M. (2000). An emerging ethical and medical dilemma: Should physicians perform sex assignment surgery on infants with ambiguous genitalia? Michigan Journal of Gender and Law, 7, 1-63.
7. Beh, H. G., & Diamond, M. (2005a). Transsexualism in Australian family court and its relativity to the United States. Health Matrix: Journal of Law-Medicine, 15, 239-283.
8. Beh, H. G., & Diamond, M. (2005b). David Reimer's legacy: Limiting parental discretion. Cardozo Journal of Law and Gender, 12, 5-30.
9. Bem, D. J. (1995). Exotic becomes erotic: A developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 103, 1-16.
10. Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., Bogaert, A. F., Breedlove, S. M., & Ellis, L. (2006). Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 405-414.
11. Bouchard, T. J., Lykken, D. T., McGue, M., Segal, N. L., & Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota study of twins reared apart. Science, 250, 223-228.
12. Breedlove, S. M. (1994). Sexual differentiation of the human nervous system. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 389-418.
13. Butler, J. (2001). Doing justice to someone. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 7, 621-636.
14. Butler, J. (2004). Undoing gender. Oxford: Routledge.
15. CDC (2002). Sexual behavior selected health measures: Men and women 15-44 years of age. Hyattsville, MD: CDC: National Center for Health Statistics.
16. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2005). Gender change in 46,XY persons with 5-a-reductase-2 deficiency and 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 399-410.
17. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Pfäfflin, F. (2003). Transgenderism and intersexuality in childhood and adolescence: Making choices. London: Sage.
18. Colapinto, J. (2000). As nature made him: The boy who was raised as a girl. New York, NY: Harper Collings.
19. Diamond, M. (1965). A critical evaluation of the ontogeny of human sexual behavior. Quarterly Review of Biology, 40, 147-175.
20. Diamond, M. (1976). Human sexual development: Biological foundation for social development. In F. A. Beach (Ed.), Human sexuality in four perspectives (pp. 22-61). Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.
21. Diamond, M. (1979). Sexual identity and sex roles. In V. Bullough (Ed.), The frontiers of sex research (pp. 33-56). Buffalo, NY: Prometheus.
22. Diamond, M. (1993). Some genetic considerations in the development of sexual orientation. In M. Haug, R. E. Whalen, C. Aron, & K. L. Olsen (Eds.), The development of sex differences and similarities in behaviour, vol. 73, NATO ASI Series (pp. 291-309). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
23. Diamond, M. (1995). Biological aspects of sexual orientation and identity. In L. Diamant & R. McAnulty (Eds.), The psychology of sexual orientation, behavior and identity: A handbook (pp. 45-80). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
24. Diamond, M. (1996). Self-testing among transsexuals: A check on sexual identity. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 8, 61-82.
25. Diamond, M. (1997a). Sexual identity and sexual orientation in children with traumatized or ambiguous genitalia. Journal of Sex Research, 34, 199-222.
26. Diamond, M. (1997b). Self-testing: A check on sexual identity and other levels of sexuality. In B. Bullough, V. L. Bullough, & J. Elias (Eds.), Gender blending (pp. 103-125). Amhearst, NY: Prometheus.
27. Diamond, M. (1999). Pediatric management of ambiguous and traumatized genitalia. The Journal of Urology, 162, 1021-1028.
28. Diamond, M. (2000a). The Joan/Joan case : Another perspective, the Position. 〈http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/intersex/heidenry. html〉.
29. Diamond, M. (2000b). Componentes basicos de la sexualidad humana (PRIMO: Basic components). Psicoterapia. (Spanish Psychology Journal), X, 23-40.
30. Diamond, M. (2002a). Sex and gender are different: Sexual identity and gender identity are different. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 320-334.
31. Diamond, M. (2002b). Conversation with Milton Diamond: Interview - Transsexuality and intersexuality. In B. D. Katula & W. E. Parker (Eds.), In the realm of the Phallus Palace (pp. 35-56). Los Angeles, CA: Alyson.
32. Diamond, M. (2004). Sex, gender, and identity over the years: A changing perspective. In M. Diamond & A. Yates (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America: Sex & gender (vol. 13, pp. 591-607). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
33. Diamond, M. (2005). Traditionalist vs. feminists in contemporary Japanese culture: Nature vs. nurture vs. interaction and social implications. JASE (Japanese Association of Sex Educators), 24, 1-5.
34. Diamond, M., & Beh, H. G. (2006). The right to be wrong: Sex and gender decisions. In S. Sytsma (Ed.), Ethics and intersex (pp. 103-113). Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer.
35. Diamond, M., Binstock, T., & Kohl, J. V. (1996). From fertilization to adult sexual behavior: Nonhormonal influences on sexual behavior. Hormones and Behavior, 30, 333-353.
36. Diamond, M., & Hawk, S. T. (2004). Concordance for gender identity among monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI (August).
37. Diamond, M., & Karlen, A. (1980). Sexual decisions. Boston, MA: Little Brown.
38. Diamond, M., & Sigmundson, H. K. (1997a). Sex reassignment at birth: Long term review and clinical implications. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 151, 298-304.
39. Diamond, M., & Sigmundson, H. K. (1997b). Management of intersexuality: Guidelines for dealing with persons with ambiguous genitalia. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 151, 1046-1050.
40. Diamond, M., & Watson, L. A. (2000). Identity, orientation and gender-typical behaviors in individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome. Paper presented at the Second International Behavioral Development Symposium, Minot, North Dakota.
41. Diamond, M., & Watson, L. A. (2004). Androgen insensitivity syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics: Sex and Gender, 13, 623-640.
42. Diamond, M., Watson, L. A., Miyamoto, H., & Fee, J. (2006). Gender Identity; Why I did or did not change: Passing and body configuration (in preparation).
43. Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books.
44. Foucault, M. (1980). The history of sexuality: An introduction. New York: Viking (US edition).
45. GIRES et al. (2006). Atypical gender development - A review. International Journal of Transgenderism, (in press).
46. Goldman, R., & Goldman, J. (1982). Children's sexual thinking: A comparative study of children aged 5 to 15 years in Australia, North America, Britain, and Sweden. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
47. Gorski, R. (1991). Sexual differentiation of the endocrine brain and its control. In M. Motta (Ed.), Brain endocrinology: Comprehensive endocrinology (pp. 71-104). New York: Raven.
48. Goy, R. W., Bercovitch, F. B., & McBrair, M. C. (1988). Behavioral masculinization is independent of genital masculinization in prenatally androgenized female rhesus macaques. Hormones and Behavior, 22, 552-571.
49. Green, J. (2004). Becoming a visible man. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
50. Harris, J. R. (1998). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. New York: Free Press.
51. Henningsson, S., Westberg, L., Nilsson, S., Lundstrom, B., Ekselius, L., Bodlund, O., et al. (2005). Sex steroid-related genes and male-to-female transsexualism. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 657-664.
52. ISNA (1997). Diamond & Sigmundson publish recommendations. Press Release @ 〈http://www.isna.org/search/node/diamond〉.
53. Kimura, D. (1992). Sex differences in the brain. Scientific American, September, 81-87.
54. Kipnis, K., & Diamond, M. (1998). Pediatric ethics and the surgical assignment of sex. The Journal of Clinical Ethics, 9, 398-410.
55. Kipnis, K., & Diamond, M. (1999). Pediatric ethics and the surgical assignment of sex. In A. D. Dreger (Ed.), Intersex in the age of ethics (pp. 172-193). Hagerstown, MD: University Publishing Group.
56. Kotula, B. D. (2002). The Phallus Palace: Female to male transsexuals. Los Angeles, CA: Alyson.
57. Kruijver, F. P. M., Zhou, J. N., Pool, C. W., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L. J. G., & Swaab, D. F. (2000). Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85, 2034-2041.
58. Martin, N. G. (1978). Genetics of sexual and social attitudes in twins. Twin Research: Psychology and Methodology, 24A, 13-23.
59. Mathews, R. I., Perlman, E., Marsh, D. W., & Gearhart, J. P. (1999). Gonadal morphology in cloacal exstrophy; implications in gender assignment. British Journal of Urology International, 84, 99-100.
60. May, L. (2005). Transgenders and intersexuals: Everything you wanted to know but couldn't think of the question. Bowden, Australia: East Street.
61. Mayer, A., Lahr, G., Swaab, D. F., Pilgrim, C., & Reisert, I. (1998). The Y-chromosomeal genes SRY and SFY are transcribed in adult human brain. Neurogenetics, 1, 281-288.
62. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. (2005). Gender identity outcome in female-raised 46,XY persons with penile agenesis, cloacal exstrophy of the bladder, or penile ablation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 423-438.
63. Money, J. (1963). Cytogenetic and psychosexual incongruities with a note on space form blindness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 820-827.
64. Money, J. (1975). Ablatio penis: Normal male infant sex-reassignment as a girl. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 4, 65-71.
65. Money, J., & Ehrhardt, A. (1972). Man & woman, boy & girl. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.
66. Money, J., Hampson, J. G., & Hampson, J. L. (1955). An examination of some basic sexual concepts: The evidence of human hermaphroditism. Bulletin of The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 97, 301-319.
67. NOVA (2001). Sex unknown. In B. Burns (Ed.), PBS, WGBH-TV, Boston.
68. Perkins, A., & Fitzgerald, J. A. (1992). Luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and behavioral response of male-oriented rams to estrous ewes and rams. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 1787-1794.
69. Phoenix, C. H., Goy, R. W., Gerall, A. A., & Young, W. C. (1959). Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. Endocrinology, 65, 369-382.
70. Plomin, R. (1990). The role of inheritance in behavior. Science, 248, 183-188.
71. Plomin, R., & Asbury, K. (2005). Nature and nurture: Genetic and environmental influences on behavior. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 600, 86-98.
72. Rangecroft, L. (2003). Surgical management of ambiguous genitalia. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88, 799-801.
73. Rangecroft, L., Brain, C., Creighton, S., Di Ceglie, D., Amanda, O.-S., Malone, P., et al. (2001). Statement of the British Association of Paediaric Surgeons Working Party on the surgical management of children born with ambiguous genitalia. Downloaded from http://www.baps.org.uk/documents/ intersex%20statement.htm.
74. Reiner, W. G. (2004). Psychosexual development in genetic males assigned female: The cloacal exstrophy experience. In M. Diamond & A. Yates (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of north america: Sex & gender (vol. 13, pp. 657-674). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
75. Reiner, W. G. (2005). Gender identity and sex-of-rearing in children with disorders of sexual differentiation. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 18, 549-553.
76. Ridley, M. (2003). Nature via nurture: Genes, experience, & what makes us human. New York: Harper Collins.
77. Schober, J. M. (2001). Sexual behaviors, sexual orientation and gender identity in adult intersexuals: A pilot study. Journal of Urology, 165, 2350-2353.
78. Segal, N. L. (2000). Entwined lives: Twins and what they tell us about human behavior. New York: Plume.
79. Short, R. V. (1979). Sexual behavior in red deer. In H. W. Hawk (Ed.), BARC Symposium (Beltsville Symposia in Agricultural Research), vol. 3: Animal reproduction (pp. 365-372). New York: Wiley.
80. Wong, J. (2004). Twin peaks. The Globe and Mail (Toronto, Canada newspaper), June 25, F1, F3-F5.
81. Zderic, S. A., Canning, D. A., Carr, M. C., & Snyder, H. M. (2002). Pediatric gender assignment: A critical reappraisal. New York: Plenum.
82. Zhou, J.-N., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L. J. G., & Swaab, D. F. (1995). A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature, 378, 68-70.