Ammonia in estuaries and effects on fish

Journal of Fish Biology

Volumn 67, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 1495-1513

  Eddy, F B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Ammonia; Estuaries; Migratory fish; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT; ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT; FISH; PH; SALINITY; TEMPERATURE EFFECT; TOXICITY; WATER QUALITY;

EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

ANIMALIA; SALMONIDAE;

EID: 33845582464     PISSN: 00221112     EISSN: 10958649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00930.x     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Alabaster, J. S. & Lloyd, R. (1982). Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater Fish. London: Butterworth.
2. Alabaster, J. S., Shurben, D. G. & Knowles, G. (1979). The effect of dissolved oxygen and salinity on the toxicity of ammonia to smolts of salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Biology 15, 705-712.
3. Alabaster, J. S., Shurben, D. G. & Mallett, M. J. (1983). The acute lethal toxicity of mixtures of cyanide and ammonia to smolts of salmon (Salmo salar L.) at low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Journal of Fish Biology 22, 215-222.
4. Alderson, R. (1970). The effect of ammonia on growth of juvenile Dover sole, Solea solea L. and turbot Scophthalamus maximus L. Aquaculture 17, 291-309.
5. Arnesen, A. M., Toften, H., Agustsson, T., Handeland, S. O. & Bjornsson, B. T. (2003). Osmoregulation, feed intake, growth and growth hormone levels in 0+ Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) transferred to seawater at different stages of smolt development. Aquaculture 222, 167-187.
6. Baudrimonta, M., Schäferb, J., Mariea, V., Maury-Bracheta, R., Bossyb, C., Boudoua, A. & Blanc, G. (2005). Geochemical survey and metal bioaccumulation of three bivalve species (Crassostrea gigas, Cerastoderma edule and Ruditapes philippinarum) in the Nord Médoc salt marshes (Gironde estuary, France). The Science of the Total Environment 337, 265-280.
7. Beaumont, M. W., Butler, P. J. & Taylor, E. W. (1995a). Exposure of brown trout, Salmo trutta, to sub-lethal copper concentrations in soft acidic water and its effects upon sustained swimming performance. Aquatic Toxicology 33, 45-63.
8. Beaumont, M. W., Butler, P. J. & Taylor, E. W. (1995b). Plasma ammonia concentration in brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed to acidic water and sublethal copper concentrations and its relationship to decreased swimming performance. Journal of Experimental Biology 198, 2213-2220.
9. Beaumont, M. W., Taylor, E. W. & Butler, P. J. (1995c). The resting membrane potential of white muscle from brown trout (Salmo trutta L) exposed to copper in soft acidic water. Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 2229-2236.
10. Best, J. H., Eddy, F. B. & Codd, G. A. (2003). Effects of Microcystis cells, cell extracts and lipopolysaccharide on drinking and liver function in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. Aquatic Toxicology 64, 419-426.
11. Bouwman, A. F. (1990). Soils and the Greenhouse Effect. 1989 Conference, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
12. Bower, C. E. & Bidwell, J. P. (1978). Ionisation of ammonia in seawater; effects of temperature, pH and salinity. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35, 1012-1016.
13. Clegg, S. I. & Whitfield, M. (1995). A chemical model of seawater including dissolved ammonia and the stoichiometric dissociation constant of ammonia in estuarine water and seawater from -2 to 40°C. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 59, 2403-2421.
14. Eddy, F. B. (1999). Effects of ammonia on fish and responses of the ionic regulatory system. In Water/Air transitions in Biology (Mittal, A. K., Eddy, F. B. & Datta Munshi, J. S., eds), pp. 281-292. New Delhi: Oxford and IHB.
15. Eddy, F. B., Bamford, O. S. & Maloiy, G. M. O. (1980). Sodium and chloride balance in the African catfish Clarias mossambicus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 66A, 637-641.
16. EIFAC (European Inland Advisory Commission) (1970). Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on ammonia and inland fisheries. EIFAC Technical Paper 11:12p. FAO, Rome.
17. Elbaz-Poulichet, F., Morley, N. H., Cruzado, A., Velasquez, Z., Achterberg, E. P. & Braungardt, C. B. (1999). Trace metal and nutrient distribution in an extremely low pH (2.5) river-estuarine system, the Ria of Huelva (South-West Spain). The Science of The Total Environment 227, 73-83.
18. Evans, D. H. (1993). Osmotic and Ionic Regulation. In The Physiology of Fishes (Evans, D. H., ed.), pp. 315-341. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
19. 2 saturation and ammonia on growth in spotted wolfish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen). Aquaculture 224, 105-116.
20. French, C. J., Hochachka, P. W. & Mommsen, T. P. (1983). Metabolic organisation of liver during spawning migration of sockeye salmon. American Journal of Physiology 245, R827-R830.
21. Fuentes, J. & Eddy, F. B. (1997). Drinking in marine, euryhaline and freshwater teleost fish. In Ionic Regulation in Animals (Hazon, N., Eddy, F. B. & Flik, G., eds), pp. 135-149. Berlin: Springer.
22. Gowans, A. R. D., Armstrong, J. D., Priede, I. G. & Mckelvey, S. (2003). Movements of Atlantic salmon migrating upstream through a fish-pass complex in Scotland. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 12, 177-189.
23. Handy, R. D. & Poxton, M. G. (1993). Nitrogen pollution in mariculture: toxicity and excretion of nitrogenous compounds by marine fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 3, 205-241.
24. Harader, R. R. & Allen, G. H. (1983). Ammonia toxicity to Chinook salmon parr: reduction in saline water. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112, 834-837.
25. Hazel, C. R., Thomsen, W. & Meith, S. J. (1971). Sensitivity of striped bass and stickleback to ammonia in relation to temperature and salinity. California Fish and Game 57, 138-153.
26. Herbert, D. M. W. & Shurben, D. S. (1965). The susceptibility of salmonid fish to poisons under estuarine conditions. International Journal of Air and Water Pollution 9, 89-91.
27. Howland, R. J. M., Tappin, A. D., Uncles, R. J., Plummer, D. H. & Bloomer, N. J. (2000). Distributions and seasonal variability of pH and alkalinity in the Tweed Estuary, UK. The Science of the Total Environment 251-252, 125-138.
28. Ip, Y. K., Chew, S. E. & Randall, D. J. (2001). Ammonia toxicity, tolerance and excretion. In Fish Physiology, Vol 20 (Wright, P. A. & Anderson, P. M., eds), pp. 109-148. San Diego: Academic Press.
29. Jana, B. B. (1994). Ammonification in aquatic environments. A brief review. Limnologica 24, 38-413.
30. Jarvie, H. P., Oguchi, T. & Neal, C. (2000). Pollution regimes and variability in river water quality across the Humber catchment: interrogation and mapping of an extensive and highly heterogeneous spatial dataset. The Science of the Total Environment 251-252, 27-43
31. Kaushik, S. J., Dabrowski, K. R., Dabrowska, H., Olah, E. & Luquet, P. (1983). Utilization of dietary urea in rainbow trout. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 27, 94-106.
32. Knoph, M. B. & Thorud, K. (1996). Toxicity of ammonia to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in seawater - Effects on plasma osmolality, ion, ammonia, urea and glucose levels and hematological parameters. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 113, 375-381.
33. Lim, C. B., Chew, S. F., Anderson, P. M. & Ip, Y. K. (2001). Mudskippers reduce the rate of protein and amino acid catabolism in response to terrestrial exposure. Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 1605-1614.
34. Lin, C., Wood, M., Haskins, P., Ryffel, T. & Lin, J. (2004). Controls on water acidification and de-oxygenation in an estuarine waterway, eastern Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 61, 55-63.
35. Lloyd, R. & Orr, L. D. (1969). The diuretic response by rainbow trout to sublethal concentrations of ammonia. Water Research 3, 335-344.
36. Lumbers, J. P. & Wishart, S. J. (1989). The use of a compartmental model to develop rules for the interpretation of water quality data. In Watershed 89, Future for Water Quality in Europe, Vol 2 (Wheeler, D., Richardson, M. L. & Bridges, J. eds). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
37. McKenzie, D. J., Shingles, A. & Taylor, E. W. (2003). Sub-lethal plasma ammonia accumulation and the exercise performance of salmonids. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 135, 515-526.
38. Mommsen, T. P. & Hochachka, P. W. (1988). The purine nucleotide cycle as two temporally separated metabolic units: a study on trout muscle. Metabolism and Clinical Experimentation 37, 552-556.
39. Neal, C., Whitehead, P. G., Jeffery, H. & Neal, M. (2005). The water quality of the River Carnon, west Cornwall, November 1992 to March 1994: the impacts of Wheal Jane discharges. The Science of the Total Environment 338, 23-39.
40. Nixon, S. C., Gunby, A., Ashley, S. J., Lewis, S. & Naismith, I. (1995). Development and testing of General Quality Assessment schemes: Dissolved oxygen and ammonia in estuaries. Environment Agency R&D Project Record PR 469/15/HO.
41. Oguchi, T., Jarvie, H. P. & Neal, C. (2000). River water quality in the Humber catchment: an introduction using GIS-based mapping and analysis. The Science of the Total Environment 251-252, 9-26.
42. - levels in rainbow trout yolk sac fry exposed to external ammonia. Journal of Experimental Biology 180, 273-284.
43. Person-Le Ruyet, J., Chartois, H. & Quemener, L. (1995). Comparative acute ammonia toxicity in marine fish and plasma ammonia response. Aquaculture 136, 181-194.
44. Person-Le Ruyet, J., Galland, R., Le Roux, A. & Chartois, H. (1997a). Chronic ammonia toxicity in juvenile turbot (Scopthalmus maximus). Aquaculture 154, 151-171.
45. Person-Le Ruyet, J., Boeuf, G., Zambonino, I., Helgason, S. & Le Roux, A. (1997b). Toxicity of ammonia to turbot juveniles: I. Effects on survival, growth and food utilisation. Aquatic Living Resources 10, 307-314.
46. Person-Le Ruyet, J., Boeuf, G., Infante, J. Z., Helgason, S. & Le Roux, A. (1997c). Short-term physiological changes in turbot and seabream juveniles exposed to exogenous ammonia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 119A, 511-518.
47. Person-Le Ruyet, J., Lamers, A., Le Roux, A., Severe, A., Boeuf, G. & Mayer-Gostan, N. (2003). Long term ammonia exposure of turbot: effects on plasma parameters. Journal of Fish Biology 62, 879-894.
48. Potts, W. T. W. & Eddy, F. B. (1973). Gill potentials and sodium fluxes in the flounder Platichthys flesus. Journal of Comparative Physiology 87, 29-48.
49. Potts, W. T. W., Talbot, C., Eddy, F. B., Primmett, D. R. N. & Williams, E. M. (1989). Sodium balance in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) during migration into neutral and acid freshwater. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 92A, 247-253.
50. Priede, I. G., Solbe, J. F. D. G., Nott, J. E., O'Grady, K. T. & Cragghine, D. (1988). Behavior of adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. in the estuary of the river Ribble in relation to variations in dissolved-oxygen and tidal flow. Journal of Fish Biology 33 (Suppl. A), 133-139.
51. Prosser, C. L. (1991). Environmental and metabolic animal physiology. New York: Wiley-Liss.
52. Prosser, J. I. & Embley, T. (2002). Cultivation-based and molecular approaches to characterisation of terrestrial and aquatic nitrifiers. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 81, 165-179.
53. Randall, D. J. & Tsui, T. K. N. (2002). Ammonia toxicity in fish. Marine Pollution Bulletin 45, 17-23.
54. + against a concentration gradient. American Journal of Physiology 277, R1562-R1567.
55. Russo, R. C. & Thurston, R. V. (1991). Toxicity of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to fishes. In Aquaculture and Water Quality (Brune, D. E. & Tomasso, J. R., eds), pp. 58-89. Baton Rouge, LA: The World Aquaculture Society.
56. Saha, N., Das, L., Dutta, S. & Goswami, U. C. (2001). Role of ureogenesis in the mud-dwelled catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) under conditions of water shortage. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 128A, 137-146.
57. Sampaio, L. A., Wasielesky, W. & Miranda-Filho, K. C. (2002). Effects of salinity on acute toxicity to ammonia and nitrite to juvenile Mugil platanus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 68, 163-168.
58. Seager, J., Wolff, E. & Cooper, V. A. (1988). Proposed environmental quality standards for list II substances in water. Ammonia. WRC Technical Report 260.
59. Shingles, A., McKenzie, D., Taylor, E. W., Moretti, A., Butler, P. J. & Cerdini, S. (2001). The effects of sublethal ammonia on swimming performance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 2691-2698.
60. Solderberg, R. N. & Meade, J. W. (1991). The effects of ionic strength on unionised ammonia concentration. Progressive Fish-Culturist 53, 118-120.
61. Talbot, C., Eddy, F. B., Potts, W. T. W. & Primmett, D. R. N. (1989). Renal function in migrating adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 92A, 241-245.
62. Thurston, R. V. & Russo, R. C. (1983). Acute toxicity of ammonia to rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112, 698-704.
63. Thurston, R. V., Russo, R. C. & Phillips, G. R. (1983). Acute toxicity of ammonia to fathead minnows. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112, 705-711.
64. Thurston, R. V., Russo, R. C., Leudtke, R. J., Smith, C., Meyn, E. L., Chakournakos, C., Wang, K. C. & Brown, C. J. D. (1984). Chronic toxicity of ammonia to rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113, 573.
65. Trott, L. A. & Alongi, D. M. (2000). The Impact of Shrimp Pond Effluent on Water Quality and Phytoplankton Biomass in a Tropical Mangrove Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40, 947-951.
66. 3 volatilization from alkaline regions of the body surface during ammonia loading and exposure to air in the weather loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 651-659.
67. Twitchen, I. D. & Eddy, F. B. (1993). Sublethal effects of ammonia on freshwater fish. In Sublethal and chronic effects of pollutants on freshwater fish (Muller, C. & Lloyd, R. eds). EIFAC (European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission) Symposium on Sublethal and Chronic Effects of Pollutants on Freshwater Fish. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications (Fishing News Books).
68. Twitchen, I. D. & Eddy, F. B. (1994). Effects of ammonia on sodium balance in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. Aquatic Toxicology 30, 2745.
69. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1984). Ambient water quality criteria for ammonia - 1984. Springfield VA: National Technical Information Service.
70. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1989). Ambient water quality criteria for ammonia (saltwater) - 1989. Springfield VA: National Technical Information Service.
71. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1998). Addendum to Ambient water quality criteria for ammonia - 1984. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service.
72. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1999). Update of ambient water quality criteria for ammonia - Technical version - 1999. EPA-823-F99024. USE-PA, Washington DC, USA.
73. Weihrauch, D., Morris, S. & Towle, D. W. (2004). Ammonia excretion in aquatic and terrestrial crabs. Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 4491-4504.
74. Wicks, B. J. & Randall, D. J. (2002a). The effect of feeding and fasting on ammonia toxicity on juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquatic Toxicology 59, 71-82.
75. Wicks, B. J. & Randall, D. J. (2002b). The effect of sublethal ammonia exposure on fed and unfed rainbow trout: role of glutamine in the regulation of ammonia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 132, 275-285.
76. Wicks, B. J., Tang, Q., Joensen, R. & Randall, D. J. (2002). Swimming and ammonia toxicity in salmonids: effects of sublethal ammonia exposure on swimming performance of coho salmon and the acute toxicity of ammonia in swimming and resting rainbow trout. Aquatic Toxicology 59, 55-69.
77. Wilkie, M. P. (1997). Mechanisms of ammonia excretion across fish gills. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 118, 39-50.
78. Wilson, J. M., Iwata, K., Iwama, G. K. & Randall, D. J. (1998). Inhibition of ammonia excretion and production in rainbow trout during severe alkaline exposure. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 121, 99-109.
79. Wilson, R. W. & Taylor, E. W. (1992). Transbranchial ammonia gradients and acid-base responses to high external ammonia concentration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to different salinities. Journal of Experimental Biology 166, 95-112.
80. Wood, C. M. (2004). Dogmas and controversies in the handling of nitrogenous wastes: Is exogenous ammonia a growth stimulant for fish? Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2034-2054.
81. Wright, P. A., Fleskie, A. & Anderson, P. M. (1995). Induction of ornithine urea cycle enzymes and nitrogen metabolism and excretion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during early life stages. Journal of Experimental Biology 198, 127-135.