History invented: The British-Transjordanian 'collusion' revisited

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 21-43

  Bradshaw, Tancred ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT; POLITICAL HISTORY;

ASIA; EURASIA; EUROPE; JORDAN; MIDDLE EAST; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 33845570338     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: 17437881     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263200601079617     Document Type: Article

References (220)

1. J. and D. Kimche, Both Sides of the Hill: Britain and the Palestine War (London: Secker & Warburg, 1960), p.39.
2. R. Crossman, 'The Arab-Israeli War', The New Statesman, 23 July 1960, p.128.
3. I. Beer, Bitahon Yisrael: Etmol, Hayom, Mahar [Israel's Security: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow] (Tel Aviv: Amikam, 1966), pp.125-6.
4. A. Shlaim, Collusion Across the Jordan: King Abdullah, The Zionist Movement, and the Partition of Palestine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp.135-7
5. idem, 'The Debate About 1948', International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.27, No.3 (1995), p.293.
6. A. Shlaim, The Politics of Partition: King Abdullah, the Zionists and Palestine, 1921-1951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, rev. ed. 1998), p.111.
7. Shlaim, Collusion, p.138.
8. I. Pappé, The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947-1949 (London: Macmillan, 1992), p.120.
9. J. Nevo, King Abdullah and Palestine: A Territorial Ambition (London:, Macmillan, 1997), p.92.
10. M. Doran, Pan-Arabism Before Nasser: Egyptian Power Politics and the Palestine Question (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp.121-6
11. B. Morris, 'Refabricating 1948', Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol.26, No.2 (1998), pp.90-2
12. M.C. Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p.168.
13. A detailed account can be found in E. Kedourie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon Correspondence and its Interpretation, 1914-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).
14. Accounts can be found in A. Klieman, The Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World: The Cairo Conference of 1921 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970);
15. Y. Gelber, Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921-1948 (London: Frank Cass, 1997), pp.14-15
16. Nevo, King Abdullah and Palestine, pp.5-6
17. Wilson, King Abdullah, pp.51-3
18. W. Kazziha, 'The Political Evolution of Transjordan', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.15, No.2 (1979), pp.243-5.
19. U. Dann, Studies in the History of Transjordan, 1920-1949: The Making of a State (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984), pp.38-9.
20. Ibid., pp.54-75
21. Samuel to Churchill, 21 July 1922, The National Archives (hereafter TNA) CO 733/ 23/37765.
22. 'The Mission of the Amir Abdullah', 26 Oct. 1922, Central Zionist Archives (hereafter CZA) Z4/ 1392/II;
23. Devonshire to Curzon, 31 Oct. 1922, TNA FO 371/7792/E11865.
24. Mandate for Palestine, together with a Note by the Secretary-General Relating to its Application to the Territory Known as Trans-Jordan, under the Provisions of Article 25, Cmd. 1785, London: December 1922
25. Y. Gil-Har, 'The Separation of Transjordan from Palestine', in L. Levine (ed.), Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel, Vol.2 (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi and Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1982), pp.287-8.
26. Beckett to Dixon, 1 Jan. 1931, TNA FO 371/15325/E17.
27. Great Britain, Colonial O.ce, Agreement between the United Kingdom and Transjordan, Cmd. 3069, London, 1928
28. P. Robins, A History of Jordan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp.36-7.
29. Shaw to Stanley, 24 April 1944, TNA PREM 4/43A/7
30. Cornwallis to FO, 11 April 1944, TNA FO 371/39987/E2244.
31. Correspondence between MacMichael and Stanley, 12 July 1941 and 26 Aug. 1941, TNA CO 831/59/ 11
32. MacMichael to Stanley, 26 Feb. 1943, TNA CO 732/87/8.
33. Martin to Howe, 10 Sept. 1945, TNA FO 371/45415/E6792
34. Hall to Attlee, 26 Oct. 1945, TNA FO 371/45394/E8459.
35. Gutch to Kirkbride, 4 Dec. 1945, TNA FO 816/22.
36. Martin to Jacob, 29 Jan. 1946, TNA CO 537/1460
37. for a detailed discussion see M.J. Cohen, Fighting World War Three from the Middle East: Allied Contingency Plans, 1945-1954 (London: Frank Cass, 1997), pp.161-90.
38. Report by the Joint Planning Sta., 18 Feb. 1946, JP (46) 27 (Final), TNA CAB 84/78
39. memo by Kirkbride, 13 March 1946, TNA FO 371/61497/E2346/G.
40. TNA, 'Proposed Treaty with Transjordan', 14 March 1946, CP (46) 112, TNA CAB 129/8
41. Great Britain, Foreign Office, Treaty of Alliance between the United Kingdom and Transjordan, London, March 1946, Cmd. 6919.
42. Gort to Stanley, 23 May 1945, TNA CO 537/1499.
43. D'Arcy to GHQ Middle East, 1 March 1946, ibid.
44. Cunningham to Hall, 18 June 1946, TNA FO 371/52935/E6403.
45. 'The Military Units of the Arab Legion', 4 June 1946, TNA CO 537/1849.
46. M.A. Nowar, The Struggle for Independence 1939-1947 - A History of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Reading: Ithaca Press, 2001), p.193
47. Transjordan situation report for April 1946, TNA CO 537/1840.
48. Clayton to Smart, 28 May 1946, TNA FO 141/1098/1040/2/46
49. W.R. Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), pp.358-60.
50. R. Pundik, The Struggle for Sovereignty. Relations between Great Britain and Jordan, 1946-1951 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), p.46.
51. Kirkbride to Burrows, 29 Oct. 1947, TNA FO 371/62208/E10378
52. FO to Amman, 30 Jan. 1948, TNA FO 371/68817/E1458/G.
53. Louis, British Empire, p.367.
54. Great Britain, Foreign Office, Treaty of Alliance between the United Kingdom and Iraq, London, 1948, Cmd. 7309
55. D. Silverfarb, The Twilight of British Ascendancy in the Middle East. A Case Study of Iraq, 1941-50 (London: Macmillan, 1994), pp.128-34
56. C. Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p.120.
57. Burrows to Campbell, 7 April 1948, TNA FO 141/1285/363/18/48/G.
58. COS (48) 16, 19 Jan. 1948, TNA DEFE 5/10.
59. JP (48) 160, 13 Jan. 1948, TNA DEFE 6/4; COS (48) 45, 26 Feb. 1948, TNA DEFE 5/10.
60. Waterfield to Burrows, 3 Jan. 1948, TNA FO 371/68836/E398/G.
61. 'A Note on the Visit of a Transjordan Delegation to London', undated, Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford (hereafter MEC), Glubb Papers, Box 215.
62. Minute by Pyman, 19 Jan. 1948, TNA FO 371/68827/E878/G.
63. Kirkbride to Bevin, 28 Oct. 1947, TNA FO 371/62206/E10367
64. Dempsey to Adam, 15 Nov. 1947, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College, London (hereafter LHCMA), Pyman Papers, 7 Jan. 1911.
65. FO to Amman, 11 Jan. 1948, MEC, Cunningham Papers, III/1.
66. FO to Amman, 7 Feb. 1948, TNA FO 371/68817/E1669/G.
67. Meeting at the FO, 2 March 1948, TNA FO 371/68819/E3108/G.
68. Great Britain, Foreign O.ce, Treaty of Alliance between the United Kingdom and Transjordan, London, 1948, Cmd. 7404.
69. COS (48) 24, 29 Jan. 1948, TNA DEFE 4/10; COS (48) 30, 1 March 1948, TNA DEFE 4/11.
70. Evershed to Burrows, 1 March 1948, TNA FO 371/68819/E2995/G.
71. Sta. Study 'Intermezzo', COS (48) 111, 15 May 1948, TNA DEFE 5/11
72. Hunt to Pyman, 7 March 1948, LHCMA, Pyman Papers, 7 Jan. 1914.
73. Kirkbride to Bevin, 15 March 1948, TNA FO 371/68820/E3673
74. and 20 March 1948, TNA FO 371/ 68820/E3744
75. Transjordan Political Report for March 1948, 1 April 1948, TNA FO 371/ 68845/ E4463.
76. Campbell to FO, 22 March 1948, TNA FO 371/68820/E3748
77. Busk to FO, 26 March 1948, TNA FO 371/68820/E3919
78. minute by Walker, 1 April 1948, ibid., E3919.
79. Louis, British Empire, pp.369 and 373.
80. Minute by Pirie-Gordon, 28 Jan. 1948, TNA FO 371/68366/E1730/G.
81. FO to Amman, 12 Jan. 1948, No.11, TNA FO 816/112.
82. FO to Amman, 10 Jan. 1948, MEC Cunningham Papers III/1.
83. Note by Burrows, 24 Jan. 1948, TNA FO 371/68817/E1458/G.
84. Minute by Bevin, 24 Jan. 1948, ibid.
85. Memo by Wright, 6 Feb. 1948, TNA FO 371/68367/E1980/G
86. minute by Walker, 9 Feb. 1948, TNA FO 371/68366/E1832/G.
87. J.B. Glubb, A Soldier With the Arabs (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1957), pp.63 and 66
88. cf. Imperial War Museum (hereafter IWM) Sound Archive, interview with Glubb in 1979, accession 004410/6
89. A. Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary 1945-1951 (New York: Norton, 1983), p.509.
90. Bevin to Kirkbride, 9 Feb. 1948, TNA FO 371/68366/E1916/G.
91. B. Morris, The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews (London: I.B. Tauris, 2002), pp.112-13.
92. According to Morris this minute can be found in TNA FO 371/68368/E2696. The National Archives has lost this file since 1998.
93. Abu al-Huda to the Royal Diwan, 8 Feb. 1948, TNA FO 816/112.
94. Morris, The Road, p.113.
95. FO to Amman, 11 Feb. 1948, No.87, TNA FO 816/116.
96. Kirkbride to FO, 14 Feb. 1948, ibid.
97. Morris, The Road, p.114.
98. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1948, Vol.V/2 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1976), pp.1099-100, 1315, 1585.
99. FRUS, 1947, Vol.V, 1971, p.1300
100. Department of State Bulletin, 14 Dec. 1947, p.1197.
101. FRUS 1948, Vol.V/2, pp.1031-2, 1292
102. JP (48) 76, 15 June 1948, TNA DEFE 6/6
103. COS (48) 82, 16 June 1948, TNA DEFE 4/13.
104. Memo by Wright, 6 Feb. 1948, TNA FO 371/68367/E1980/G.
105. DO (48) 11, 23 Jan. 1948, TNA CAB 131/6
106. DO (48) 5, 29 Jan. 1948, TNA CAB 131/5.
107. JP (48) 49, 14 Jan. 1948, TNA DEFE 6/5.
108. MELF to WO, 5 March 1948 and 10 March 1948, TNA FO 371/68828/E3005
109. Eastern Department to Chancery, Washington, 10 March 1948, TNA FO 371/ 68829/E3786/G
110. A. Ilan, The Origin of the Arab-Israeli Arms Race: Arms Embargo, Military Power and Decision in the 1948 Palestine War (London: Macmillan, 1996), pp.119-22.
111. Kirkbride to Bevin, 23 May 1948, No.376
112. and 24 May 1948, No.379, TNA FO 816/121.
113. As detailed in Middle East Land Forces (MELF) toWO, 21 Aug. 1948,TNAFO371/68415/E11868/G
114. British Middle East O.ce (BMEO) to Eastern Department, 4 Sept. 1948,TNA FO 371/68831/E11710.
115. Transjordan Political Report for February 1948, TNA FO 371/68845/E3364.
116. Pyman diary, 1 March 1948, LHCMA, Pyman Papers, 7 Jan. 1914.
117. Kirkbride to Burrows, 16 Feb. 1948, TNA FO 371/68819/E2832/G.
118. Glubb to Montgomery, 'A Note on Partition as a Solution to the Palestine Problem', 13 July 1946, TNA WO 216/207.
119. Packard (WO) to Hayter, 5 March 1948, TNA FO 371/68369/E3371/G.
120. Kirkbride to FO, 1 May 1948, No.274, TNA FO 816/118.
121. Kirkbride to FO, 1 May 1948, No.273, ibid.
122. Minute by Burrows, 22 May 1948, TNA FO 371/68373/E6694.
123. Kirkbride to FO, 21 April 1948, TNA FO 816/117
124. Minute by Walker, 23 April 1948, TNA FO 371/ 68852/E5013
125. minute by Burrows, 24 April 1948, TNA FO 371/68852/E5068. 85. JIC (48) 3, 13 Feb. 1948, TNA CAB 158/3
126. JIC (48) 9, 23 July 1948, ibid.
127. Cunningham to Martin, 24 Feb. 1948, MEC, Cunningham Papers, VI/1
128. details of the Arab states' orders of battle can be found in Ilan, The Origin, pp.28-57.
129. JIC (48) 80, 6 Jan. 1948, TNA CAB 158/2
130. OCP (48) 3, 10 Jan. 1948, TNA CAB 134/527.
131. A detailed account of Truman's Palestine policy can be found in M.J. Cohen, Truman and Israel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
132. Memo by Montgomery, 'The General World Situation', 18 Aug. 1948, TNA FO 800/453.
133. Minute by Wright, 15 May 1948, TNA FO 371/68665/E6758
134. M.J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 1945-1948 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp.379-90.
135. FRUS 1948, Vol.V/2, p.1099.
136. Lord Listowel to Bevin, 28 April 1948, TNA FO 371/68853/E6409/G
137. Pundik, Struggle, pp.110-13.
138. Bevin to Alexander, 9 Feb. 1948, ME/48/4, TNA FO 800/477
139. FO to Amman, 6May 1948, TNA FO 371/68853/E6410/G.
140. COS (48) 58th Meeting, 27 April 1948, TNA DEFE 4/12
141. A.V. Alexander to Bevin, 27 April 1948, TNA FO 371/68853/E6408/G.
142. FO to Amman, 6 May 1948, TNA FO 371/68853/E6410/G.
143. Kirkbride to FO, 8 May 1948, No.302, TNA FO 816/118.
144. FO to Amman, 7 May 1948, TNA FO 371/68852/E6007
145. minute by Walker, 11 May 1948, TNA FO 371/68852/E6008/G.
146. Kirkbride to Bevin, 13 May 1948, TNA FO 371/68854/E702.
147. A.S. Kirkbride, From the Wings: Amman Memoirs 1947-1951 (London: Frank Cass, 1976), pp.35-6.
148. Morris, The Road, p.123.
149. Silverman/Rosette meeting with Bevin, 20 May 1948, in Y. Freundlich (ed.), Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel, May-September 1948, Vol.1 (hereafter DFPI) (Jerusalem: Government Printing Office, 1981), p.41.
150. Lecture by Glubb at GHQ MELF, 15 June 1948, LHCMA, Pyman Papers, 7 Jan. 1917
151. memo by Glubb, 21 Oct. 1950, FO 816/170.
152. Detailed accounts can be found in A. Sela, 'Transjordan, Israel and the 1948 War: Myth, Historiography and Reality', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.28, No.4 (1992), pp.646-59
153. D. Tal, War in Palestine: Strategy and Diplomacy (London: Frank Cass, 2004), pp.219-31.
154. Memo by Glubb, 12 Aug. 1948, TNA FO 141/1246/1/94/48/G.
155. Variations of this argument can be found in U. Bar-Joseph, The Best of Enemies: Israel and Transjordan in the War of 1948 (London: Frank Cass, 1987), pp.73-4
156. I. Pappé, Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948-1951 (London: Macmillan, 1988), p.32
157. Shlaim, Collusion, p.239.
158. Glubb, Soldier, pp.110-11.
159. Kirkbride to Bevin, 19 May 1948, No.348, TNA FO 816/120.
160. Minutes by Beith, 20 May 1948
161. and Burrows, 21 May 1948, TNA FO 371/68829/E6577/G.
162. Sela, Transjordan, Israel and the 1948 War, pp.651-3.
163. Memo by Herzog, 21 May 1948, DFPI I, p.50.
164. Memo by Glubb, 8 Aug. 1948, TNA FO 141/1246/1/94/48/G.
165. Kirkbride to Bevin, 24 May 1948
166. and 25 May 1948, nos.386 and 390, TNA FO 816/121.
167. Kirkbride to Bevin, 26 May 1948, No.399, TNA FO 816/120.
168. FRUS 1948, Vol.V/2, p.1038.
169. Minute by Burrows, 21 May 1948
170. Wright to Lewis Douglas (US Embassy, London), 22 May 1948, TNA FO 371/ 68830/E7224/G.
171. Monroe interview with Kirkbride, Sept. 1959, MEC, Monroe Papers.
172. Kirkbride to Bevin, 8 May 1948, No.302, TNA FO 816/118.
173. Bevin to Kirkbride, 24 May 1948, No.421,
174. and 27 May 1948, No.458, TNA FO 816/121.
175. Minute by Beeley, 5 July 1948, TNA FO 371/68822/E9296/G
176. JIC (48) 71, 13 July 1948, TNA CAB 159/4/pt.1.
177. Louis, British Empire, p.369.
178. Amman to FO, 12 July 1948, ME/48/22, TNA FO 800/477.
179. Kirkbride to FO, 6 June 1948, TNA FO 371/68413/E7625
180. Glubb to Pyman, 6 June 1948, LHCMA, Pyman Papers, 7 Jan. 1917.
181. Bevin to Kirkbride, 9 July 1948, TNA FO 371/68830/E10351/G.
182. Bevin to Kirkbride, 20 Aug. 1948, ME 48/31, TNA FO 800/477
183. Bevin to Kirkbride, 26 Aug. 1948, No.829, TNA FO 816/128.
184. Pyman to WO, 23 May 1948, LHCMA, Pyman Papers, 7 Jan. 1916
185. Ilan, The Origin, p.120
186. Silverfarb, British Ascendancy, pp.103-4.
187. JP (48) 33, 1 April 1948, TNA DEFE 6/5.
188. JP (48) 76, 15 June 1948, TNA DEFE 6/6.
189. Bevin to Alexander, 25 Aug. 1948, TNA FO 371/68415/E11184/G.
190. Alexander to Bevin, 4 Aug. 1948, TNA CAB 21/1922.
191. COS (48) 107, 30 July 1948, TNA DEFE 4/15.
192. JP (48) 76, 15 June 1948, TNA DEFE 6/6.
193. COS (48) 112, 11 Aug. 1948, TNA DEFE 4/15.
194. COS (48) 120, 28 Aug. 1948, ibid.
195. Record of a meeting with Marshall and Douglas, 30 Oct. 1948, TNA FO 371/ 68594/E14148/G
196. FRUS 1948, Vol.V/2, pp.1520-2.
197. CM (48) 71, 12 Nov. 1948, TNA CAB 128/13
198. Bevin to Attlee, 15 Nov. 1948, PA/48/94, TNA FO 800/487.
199. FO to Amman, 30 Dec. 1948, TNA FO 371/68644/E16384/G.
200. Mack to FO, 26 May 1948, TNA FO 371/68386/E7383/G
201. Houston Boswall to FO, 14 Aug. 1948, TNA FO 141/1246/1/45/48/G
202. Broadmead to Wright, 2 June 1948, TNA FO 371/68809/E8249/G
203. Damascus Political Reports for June and July 1948, TNA FO 371/68808/ E9905 and E12623.
204. Glubb to Pyman, 1 Aug. 1948, LHCMA, Pyman Papers, 7 Jan. 1919
205. Glubb, Soldier, pp.157-64.
206. Pirie-Gordon to Bevin, 25 July 1948, S/1014/48, TNA FO 816/127.
207. Kirkbride to Bevin, 6 Aug. 1948, TNA FO 371/68822/E11049/G
208. cf. Douglas to Marshall, 9 Aug. 1948, National Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Maryland (hereafter NARA) RG59/890i.00/ 8-948.
209. Glubb to Pyman, 11 Aug. 1948, LHCMA, Pyman Papers, 7 Jan. 1919.
210. Glubb to Pyman, 15 July 1948, ibid., 7 Jan. 1918.
211. Transjordan Political Report for July 1948, 8 Aug. 1948, TNA FO 371/ 68845/E10720.
212. Kirkbride to Bevin, 7 July 1948, TNA FO 371/68375/E9169/G
213. Glubb, Soldier, p.166.
214. Pirie-Gordon to Bevin, 14 July 1948, TNA FO 816/126.
215. Kirkbride to Bevin, 5 Aug. 1948, TNA FO 371/68830/E10466/G.
216. Glubb, Soldier, pp.178-9.
217. Transjordan Political Report for August 1948, 1 Sept. 1948, TNA FO 371/ 68845/E11747
218. Glubb to Burrows, 22 Sept. 1948, TNA FO 371/68861/E12651/G.
219. Kirkbride to FO, 5 Aug. 1948, TNA FO 371/68830/E10502.
220. Kirkbride to FO, 25 Sept. 1948, TNA FO 371/68832/E12875.