Science and technology policy in transition: new challenges for Cardoso’s legacy

International Journal of Technology and Globalisation

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 162-184

  Invernizzi, Noela ^a  

^a NONE   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Brazil; F.H. Cardoso s administration; innovation; L.I. da Silva s administration; science and technology policy; social development

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845544063     PISSN: 14765667     EISSN: 17418194     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2005.007049     Document Type: Article

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75. The two main federal research and scientific human resources funding institutions, the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) [National Council for Scientific and Technological Development] and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) [Coordination for High Level Manpower Education] were created in 1951, only one year after the National Science Foundation in the United States.
76. Issued by the end of Cardoso’s administration as part of the preparation of a National Conference on S&T, the Livro Verde remains the most complete diagnosis and proposal of ST&I policy under Cardoso’s second term.
77. I maintain the indicators of 1999 and 2000 presented by the Livro Verde, but they present some variation in 2003.
78. Considerable discussion exists about the quantification of the private investments in R&D. On this topic, see Mani (2001, p.21) and Velho and Saens (2002, p.41).
79. Some Latin-American researchers on innovation consider inappripiate to transfer the neo-shumpeterian analitical framework developed to analyse innovation in industrialised countries to the different situation of the late industrialising countries, where the difusion of technologies and learning processes occur instead of innovation strictu sensu. See Dagnino and Thomas (2001) and Viotti (2002).
80. In 1995, the F. H. Cardoso administration promulgated a ‘State Reform’ that proposed significant modifications in the relationship between the State, the public institutions and the public functions. The Reform proposed four levels for the State’s activities: strategic nucleus and executive agencies, both charged with those activities that are exclusive of the State ‘social organisations’ (quasi governmental), for activities that are not exclusive State activities market production, which involved the privatisation of the former State-owned companies. The social organization institutional format was proposed for public research institutions; however, this transformation had not been completed. For further information see Salles (2000).
81. The Sectorial Funds are the most visible tool for innovation promotion developed during Cardoso’s administration. However, other incentives to private investments in R&D, such as fiscal incentives, were created at the same time.
82. For an analysis of the problems faced by public research institutions in the context of the State Reform see Salles (2000).
83. The Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science is a civil institution founded in 1948 to promote scientific and technological as well as educational and cultural development within Brazil. It is characterised by its independence in relation to the government and its critical activism in S&T issues.
84. By the end of Cardoso’s second term, in 2002, the Minister of Science and Technology, Ronaldo Sardenberg launched the ‘Science and Technology Program for Development’, gathering diverse initiatives oriented to the solution of social problems, such as support to familiar agriculture, nuclear applications in the health area, ethnic minorities problems, etc. (http://www.mct.gov.br/prog/programact.pdf).
85. The document refers to the three mega-goals referred to in MCT (2003).
86. This debate has taken place through the main newspapers such as Folha de São Paulo, O Estado de São Paulo, O Globo, Valor Econômico, Gazeta Mercantil, etc. In the academic sphere, the Jornal da Ciência, a daily on line journal of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science, with wide diffusion within the scientific community, has been a privileged forum of discussion.
87. Roberto Amaral is a leading figure of the Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB), a left-wing Party which never jointed the PT as other left-wing parties did by the time of the foundation of the PT. In fact, during the first round of the presidential election, the PSB’s candidate often acted as Lula’s strongest opposition.
88. Through initiatives as ‘Knowledge for Development’ presented in the 1998 World Development Report, the World Bank has promoted ‘scientific excelence centers’ trhougouth the developing countries. This policy attempted to prevent the dissolution of the research potential of those countries within the massive expansion of university education (Dickson, 2003) ‘Does the World Bank really care about science?’ SCIDEVNET, 07/04/2003. The Cardoso’s government made a clear disctintion between a few universities with excellence level and the rest of the federal universities – they are 51 between universities and other centers of tertiary education –, whose primary goal was considered to be education and not research activities.
89. The UNDP (2003) has described the 1990’s as the ‘decade of desperation’ because of the backward movement experienced in the poorest countries’ living conditions. Several studies show that the inequality grew in the world during this decade, as much between countries, as within them (see Wade, 2001; Weller, 2002; Galbraith, 2002).